Fake News Detection.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "93a6faa8",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Importing dependencies\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import re\n",
    "from nltk.corpus import stopwords\n",
    "from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer\n",
    "from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
    "from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression\n",
    "from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "3a7b1995",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th>title</th>\n",
       "      <th>author</th>\n",
       "      <th>text</th>\n",
       "      <th>label</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Darrell Lucus</td>\n",
       "      <td>House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Woman on Campus - ...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Daniel J. Flynn</td>\n",
       "      <td>Ever get the feeling your life circles the rou...</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Why the Truth Might Get You Fired</td>\n",
       "      <td>Consortiumnews.com</td>\n",
       "      <td>Why the Truth Might Get You Fired October 29, ...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstrike Hav...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Jessica Purkiss</td>\n",
       "      <td>Videos 15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstr...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>Iranian woman jailed for fictional unpublished...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Howard Portnoy</td>\n",
       "      <td>Print \\nAn Iranian woman has been sentenced to...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   id                                              title              author  \\\n",
       "0   0  House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...       Darrell Lucus   \n",
       "1   1  FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Woman on Campus - ...     Daniel J. Flynn   \n",
       "2   2                  Why the Truth Might Get You Fired  Consortiumnews.com   \n",
       "3   3  15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstrike Hav...     Jessica Purkiss   \n",
       "4   4  Iranian woman jailed for fictional unpublished...      Howard Portnoy   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                text  label  \n",
       "0  House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...      1  \n",
       "1  Ever get the feeling your life circles the rou...      0  \n",
       "2  Why the Truth Might Get You Fired October 29, ...      1  \n",
       "3  Videos 15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstr...      1  \n",
       "4  Print \\nAn Iranian woman has been sentenced to...      1  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Loading the data\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv('train.csv')\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "c9556d45",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[nltk_data] Downloading package stopwords to\n",
      "[nltk_data]     C:\\Users\\hp\\AppData\\Roaming\\nltk_data...\n",
      "[nltk_data]   Package stopwords is already up-to-date!\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Download stop words\n",
    "import nltk\n",
    "nltk.download('stopwords')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "ac959aaa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['i', 'me', 'my', 'myself', 'we', 'our', 'ours', 'ourselves', 'you', \"you're\", \"you've\", \"you'll\", \"you'd\", 'your', 'yours', 'yourself', 'yourselves', 'he', 'him', 'his', 'himself', 'she', \"she's\", 'her', 'hers', 'herself', 'it', \"it's\", 'its', 'itself', 'they', 'them', 'their', 'theirs', 'themselves', 'what', 'which', 'who', 'whom', 'this', 'that', \"that'll\", 'these', 'those', 'am', 'is', 'are', 'was', 'were', 'be', 'been', 'being', 'have', 'has', 'had', 'having', 'do', 'does', 'did', 'doing', 'a', 'an', 'the', 'and', 'but', 'if', 'or', 'because', 'as', 'until', 'while', 'of', 'at', 'by', 'for', 'with', 'about', 'against', 'between', 'into', 'through', 'during', 'before', 'after', 'above', 'below', 'to', 'from', 'up', 'down', 'in', 'out', 'on', 'off', 'over', 'under', 'again', 'further', 'then', 'once', 'here', 'there', 'when', 'where', 'why', 'how', 'all', 'any', 'both', 'each', 'few', 'more', 'most', 'other', 'some', 'such', 'no', 'nor', 'not', 'only', 'own', 'same', 'so', 'than', 'too', 'very', 's', 't', 'can', 'will', 'just', 'don', \"don't\", 'should', \"should've\", 'now', 'd', 'll', 'm', 'o', 're', 've', 'y', 'ain', 'aren', \"aren't\", 'couldn', \"couldn't\", 'didn', \"didn't\", 'doesn', \"doesn't\", 'hadn', \"hadn't\", 'hasn', \"hasn't\", 'haven', \"haven't\", 'isn', \"isn't\", 'ma', 'mightn', \"mightn't\", 'mustn', \"mustn't\", 'needn', \"needn't\", 'shan', \"shan't\", 'shouldn', \"shouldn't\", 'wasn', \"wasn't\", 'weren', \"weren't\", 'won', \"won't\", 'wouldn', \"wouldn't\"]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Printing the stop words\n",
    "print(stopwords.words(\"English\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "e01268c2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "id           0\n",
       "title      558\n",
       "author    1957\n",
       "text        39\n",
       "label        0\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Checking for missing values\n",
    "df.isnull().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "d5e20b07",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Replacing missing values with an empty string\n",
    "df.fillna('', inplace =True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "78abde6b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Merging the author and the title columns\n",
    "df['content'] = df['author'] + ' ' + df['title']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "531248ff",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>id</th>\n",
       "      <th>title</th>\n",
       "      <th>author</th>\n",
       "      <th>text</th>\n",
       "      <th>label</th>\n",
       "      <th>content</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Darrell Lucus</td>\n",
       "      <td>House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Darrell Lucus House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even S...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Woman on Campus - ...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Daniel J. Flynn</td>\n",
       "      <td>Ever get the feeling your life circles the rou...</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>Daniel J. Flynn FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Wo...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>Why the Truth Might Get You Fired</td>\n",
       "      <td>Consortiumnews.com</td>\n",
       "      <td>Why the Truth Might Get You Fired October 29, ...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Consortiumnews.com Why the Truth Might Get You...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstrike Hav...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Jessica Purkiss</td>\n",
       "      <td>Videos 15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstr...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Jessica Purkiss 15 Civilians Killed In Single ...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>Iranian woman jailed for fictional unpublished...</td>\n",
       "      <td>Howard Portnoy</td>\n",
       "      <td>Print \\nAn Iranian woman has been sentenced to...</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>Howard Portnoy Iranian woman jailed for fictio...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   id                                              title              author  \\\n",
       "0   0  House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...       Darrell Lucus   \n",
       "1   1  FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Woman on Campus - ...     Daniel J. Flynn   \n",
       "2   2                  Why the Truth Might Get You Fired  Consortiumnews.com   \n",
       "3   3  15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstrike Hav...     Jessica Purkiss   \n",
       "4   4  Iranian woman jailed for fictional unpublished...      Howard Portnoy   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                                text  label  \\\n",
       "0  House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even See Comey’s Let...      1   \n",
       "1  Ever get the feeling your life circles the rou...      0   \n",
       "2  Why the Truth Might Get You Fired October 29, ...      1   \n",
       "3  Videos 15 Civilians Killed In Single US Airstr...      1   \n",
       "4  Print \\nAn Iranian woman has been sentenced to...      1   \n",
       "\n",
       "                                             content  \n",
       "0  Darrell Lucus House Dem Aide: We Didn’t Even S...  \n",
       "1  Daniel J. Flynn FLYNN: Hillary Clinton, Big Wo...  \n",
       "2  Consortiumnews.com Why the Truth Might Get You...  \n",
       "3  Jessica Purkiss 15 Civilians Killed In Single ...  \n",
       "4  Howard Portnoy Iranian woman jailed for fictio...  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1ee542a8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Processing the text data"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "192df505",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "port_stem = PorterStemmer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "d43c0077",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def stemming(content):\n",
    "    stemmed_content = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z]', ' ', content) #Getting only alphabets replacing numbers and punctuation with an empty string\n",
    "    stemmed_content = stemmed_content.lower()\n",
    "    stemmed_content = stemmed_content.split()\n",
    "    stemmed_content = [port_stem.stem(word) for word in stemmed_content if not word in stopwords.words('English')] # removing stopwords\n",
    "    stemmed_content = ' '.join(stemmed_content)\n",
    "    return stemmed_content"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "169f0337",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df['content'] = df['content'].apply(stemming)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "83beba96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    darrel lucu hous dem aid even see comey letter...\n",
       "1    daniel j flynn flynn hillari clinton big woman...\n",
       "2               consortiumnew com truth might get fire\n",
       "3    jessica purkiss civilian kill singl us airstri...\n",
       "4    howard portnoy iranian woman jail fiction unpu...\n",
       "Name: content, dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['content'].head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "aec04240",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Splitting into X and y variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "842b8bca",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Separating the data and the label\n",
    "X = df['content'].values\n",
    "y = df['label'].values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "1f39137a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['darrel lucu hous dem aid even see comey letter jason chaffetz tweet'\n",
      " 'daniel j flynn flynn hillari clinton big woman campu breitbart'\n",
      " 'consortiumnew com truth might get fire' ...\n",
      " 'michael j de la merc rachel abram maci said receiv takeov approach hudson bay new york time'\n",
      " 'alex ansari nato russia hold parallel exercis balkan'\n",
      " 'david swanson keep f aliv']\n",
      "[1 0 1 ... 0 1 1]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(X)\n",
    "print(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0c67c56a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Applying TfidfVectorizer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "2a16862d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Converting the text data into numbers\n",
    "vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer() # assigns values to the significant repeated words \n",
    "X = vectorizer.fit_transform(X)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "948f64db",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "  (0, 15686)\t0.28485063562728646\n",
      "  (0, 2483)\t0.3676519686797209\n",
      "  (0, 7692)\t0.24785219520671603\n",
      "  (0, 8630)\t0.29212514087043684\n",
      "  (0, 2959)\t0.2468450128533713\n",
      "  (0, 13473)\t0.2565896679337957\n",
      "  (0, 4973)\t0.233316966909351\n",
      "  (0, 267)\t0.27010124977708766\n",
      "  (0, 3792)\t0.2705332480845492\n",
      "  (0, 7005)\t0.21874169089359144\n",
      "  (0, 8909)\t0.3635963806326075\n",
      "  (0, 3600)\t0.3598939188262559\n",
      "  (1, 1894)\t0.15521974226349364\n",
      "  (1, 2223)\t0.3827320386859759\n",
      "  (1, 16799)\t0.30071745655510157\n",
      "  (1, 1497)\t0.2939891562094648\n",
      "  (1, 2813)\t0.19094574062359204\n",
      "  (1, 6816)\t0.1904660198296849\n",
      "  (1, 5503)\t0.7143299355715573\n",
      "  (1, 3568)\t0.26373768806048464\n",
      "  (2, 5389)\t0.3866530551182615\n",
      "  (2, 5968)\t0.3474613386728292\n",
      "  (2, 9620)\t0.49351492943649944\n",
      "  (2, 15611)\t0.41544962664721613\n",
      "  (2, 2943)\t0.3179886800654691\n",
      "  :\t:\n",
      "  (20797, 1287)\t0.3353805680413986\n",
      "  (20797, 13122)\t0.24825263521976057\n",
      "  (20797, 12344)\t0.27263457663336677\n",
      "  (20797, 14967)\t0.3115945315488075\n",
      "  (20797, 12138)\t0.24778257724396505\n",
      "  (20797, 9518)\t0.29542040034203126\n",
      "  (20797, 8364)\t0.22322585870464115\n",
      "  (20797, 3643)\t0.2115550061362374\n",
      "  (20797, 7042)\t0.21799048897828685\n",
      "  (20797, 9588)\t0.17455348025522197\n",
      "  (20797, 15295)\t0.08159261204402356\n",
      "  (20797, 16996)\t0.08315655906109998\n",
      "  (20797, 10306)\t0.08038079000566466\n",
      "  (20798, 1125)\t0.4460515589182236\n",
      "  (20798, 5032)\t0.4083701450239529\n",
      "  (20798, 588)\t0.3112141524638974\n",
      "  (20798, 350)\t0.28446937819072576\n",
      "  (20798, 11052)\t0.4460515589182236\n",
      "  (20798, 6889)\t0.32496285694299426\n",
      "  (20798, 10177)\t0.3192496370187028\n",
      "  (20798, 13046)\t0.22363267488270608\n",
      "  (20799, 377)\t0.5677577267055112\n",
      "  (20799, 14852)\t0.5677577267055112\n",
      "  (20799, 3623)\t0.37927626273066584\n",
      "  (20799, 8036)\t0.45983893273780013\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(X)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "265227d3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Splitting to training and test data\n",
    "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size = 0.2, stratify = y, random_state = 42)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "36111518",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Builidng the Model"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "60b4df8d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "model = LogisticRegression()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "819e74da",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>#sk-container-id-1 {\n",
       "  /* Definition of color scheme common for light and dark mode */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-text: black;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-line: gray;\n",
       "  /* Definition of color scheme for unfitted estimators */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0: #fff5e6;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1: #f6e4d2;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2: #ffe0b3;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3: chocolate;\n",
       "  /* Definition of color scheme for fitted estimators */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-0: #f0f8ff;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-1: #d4ebff;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-2: #b3dbfd;\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-fitted-level-3: cornflowerblue;\n",
       "\n",
       "  /* Specific color for light theme */\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-text-on-default-background: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, black)));\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-background: var(--sg-background-color, var(--theme-background, var(--jp-layout-color0, white)));\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-border-box: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, black)));\n",
       "  --sklearn-color-icon: #696969;\n",
       "\n",
       "  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {\n",
       "    /* Redefinition of color scheme for dark theme */\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-text-on-default-background: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, white)));\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-background: var(--sg-background-color, var(--theme-background, var(--jp-layout-color0, #111)));\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-border-box: var(--sg-text-color, var(--theme-code-foreground, var(--jp-content-font-color1, white)));\n",
       "    --sklearn-color-icon: #878787;\n",
       "  }\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 pre {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-hidden--visually {\n",
       "  border: 0;\n",
       "  clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);\n",
       "  clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\n",
       "  height: 1px;\n",
       "  margin: -1px;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  position: absolute;\n",
       "  width: 1px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {\n",
       "  border: 1px dashed var(--sklearn-color-line);\n",
       "  margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 0.4em;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-container {\n",
       "  /* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }`\n",
       "     but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }`\n",
       "     so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the\n",
       "     default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org.\n",
       "     See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.sk-parallel-item,\n",
       "div.sk-serial,\n",
       "div.sk-item {\n",
       "  /* draw centered vertical line to link estimators */\n",
       "  background-image: linear-gradient(var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background), var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background));\n",
       "  background-size: 2px 100%;\n",
       "  background-repeat: no-repeat;\n",
       "  background-position: center center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Parallel-specific style estimator block */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item::after {\n",
       "  content: \"\";\n",
       "  width: 100%;\n",
       "  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);\n",
       "  flex-grow: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  align-items: stretch;\n",
       "  justify-content: center;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {\n",
       "  align-self: flex-end;\n",
       "  width: 50%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {\n",
       "  align-self: flex-start;\n",
       "  width: 50%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {\n",
       "  width: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Serial-specific style estimator block */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-serial {\n",
       "  display: flex;\n",
       "  flex-direction: column;\n",
       "  align-items: center;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  padding-right: 1em;\n",
       "  padding-left: 1em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Toggleable style: style used for estimator/Pipeline/ColumnTransformer box that is\n",
       "clickable and can be expanded/collapsed.\n",
       "- Pipeline and ColumnTransformer use this feature and define the default style\n",
       "- Estimators will overwrite some part of the style using the `sk-estimator` class\n",
       "*/\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Pipeline and ColumnTransformer style (default) */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable {\n",
       "  /* Default theme specific background. It is overwritten whether we have a\n",
       "  specific estimator or a Pipeline/ColumnTransformer */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Toggleable label */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  cursor: pointer;\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  width: 100%;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "  padding: 0.5em;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {\n",
       "  /* Arrow on the left of the label */\n",
       "  content: \"▸\";\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  margin-right: 0.25em;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-icon);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Toggleable content - dropdown */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content {\n",
       "  max-height: 0;\n",
       "  max-width: 0;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-align: left;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {\n",
       "  margin: 0.2em;\n",
       "  border-radius: 0.25em;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content.fitted pre {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {\n",
       "  /* Expand drop-down */\n",
       "  max-height: 200px;\n",
       "  max-width: 100%;\n",
       "  overflow: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {\n",
       "  content: \"▾\";\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Pipeline/ColumnTransformer-specific style */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Estimator-specific style */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Colorize estimator box */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator.fitted input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label.sk-toggleable__label,\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label {\n",
       "  /* The background is the default theme color */\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text-on-default-background);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* On hover, darken the color of the background */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Label box, darken color on hover, fitted */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label.fitted:hover label.sk-toggleable__label.fitted {\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Estimator label */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label {\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  line-height: 1.2em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label-container {\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Estimator-specific */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator {\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  border: 1px dotted var(--sklearn-color-border-box);\n",
       "  border-radius: 0.25em;\n",
       "  box-sizing: border-box;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* on hover */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator:hover {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Specification for estimator info (e.g. \"i\" and \"?\") */\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Common style for \"i\" and \"?\" */\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link,\n",
       "a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link,\n",
       "a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "  font-size: smaller;\n",
       "  line-height: 1em;\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  border-radius: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1em;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  text-decoration: none !important;\n",
       "  margin-left: 1ex;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,\n",
       "a:link.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted,\n",
       "a:visited.sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* On hover */\n",
       "div.sk-estimator:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
       "div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.sk-estimator.fitted:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
       "div.sk-label-container:hover .sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover,\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted:hover {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Span, style for the box shown on hovering the info icon */\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link span {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  z-index: 9999;\n",
       "  position: relative;\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  right: .2ex;\n",
       "  padding: .5ex;\n",
       "  margin: .5ex;\n",
       "  width: min-content;\n",
       "  min-width: 20ex;\n",
       "  max-width: 50ex;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-text);\n",
       "  box-shadow: 2pt 2pt 4pt #999;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-0);\n",
       "  border: .5pt solid var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link.fitted span {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-0);\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".sk-estimator-doc-link:hover span {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* \"?\"-specific style due to the `<a>` HTML tag */\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "  font-size: 1rem;\n",
       "  line-height: 1em;\n",
       "  font-family: monospace;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  border-radius: 1rem;\n",
       "  height: 1rem;\n",
       "  width: 1rem;\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1);\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  border: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1) 1pt solid;\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-1);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* On hover */\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link:hover {\n",
       "  /* unfitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-unfitted-level-3);\n",
       "  color: var(--sklearn-color-background);\n",
       "  text-decoration: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#sk-container-id-1 a.estimator_doc_link.fitted:hover {\n",
       "  /* fitted */\n",
       "  background-color: var(--sklearn-color-fitted-level-3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-1\" class=\"sk-top-container\"><div class=\"sk-text-repr-fallback\"><pre>LogisticRegression()</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator fitted sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-1\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-1\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label fitted sk-toggleable__label-arrow fitted\">&nbsp;&nbsp;LogisticRegression<a class=\"sk-estimator-doc-link fitted\" rel=\"noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://scikit-learn.org/1.4/modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.LogisticRegression.html\">?<span>Documentation for LogisticRegression</span></a><span class=\"sk-estimator-doc-link fitted\">i<span>Fitted</span></span></label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content fitted\"><pre>LogisticRegression()</pre></div> </div></div></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "LogisticRegression()"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "model.fit(X_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f463737f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Model Evaluation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "6542540f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "train_pred = model.predict(X_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "119a9684",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy score of training data:  0.9871995192307692\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Train data evaluation\n",
    "train_pred_accuracy = accuracy_score(train_pred, y_train)\n",
    "print('Accuracy score of training data: ', train_pred_accuracy)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "84950ed0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "test_pred = model.predict(X_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "5bb8d4cd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy score of training data:  0.9752403846153846\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Test data evaluation\n",
    "test_pred_accuracy = accuracy_score(test_pred, y_test)\n",
    "print('Accuracy score of test data: ', test_pred_accuracy)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e6cd8a40",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Conclusion:** The Logistic Regression Model had a 97% accuracy in classifying fake news"
   ]
  }
 ],
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