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lab1_word_count_student.html
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lab1_word_count_student.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>lab1_word_count_student</title>
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<h1><img src="http://spark-mooc.github.io/web-assets/images/ta_Spark-logo-small.png" alt="Spark Logo"> + <img src="http://spark-mooc.github.io/web-assets/images/python-logo-master-v3-TM-flattened_small.png" alt="Python Logo"></h1>
<h1 id="Word-Count-Lab:-Building-a-word-count-application"><strong>Word Count Lab: Building a word count application</strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#Word-Count-Lab:-Building-a-word-count-application">¶</a></h1><h4 id="This-lab-will-build-on-the-techniques-covered-in-the-Spark-tutorial-to-develop-a-simple-word-count-application.--The-volume-of-unstructured-text-in-existence-is-growing-dramatically,-and-Spark-is-an-excellent-tool-for-analyzing-this-type-of-data.--In-this-lab,-we-will-write-code-that-calculates-the-most-common-words-in-the-Complete-Works-of-William-Shakespeare-retrieved-from-Project-Gutenberg.--This-could-also-be-scaled-to-find-the-most-common-words-on-the-Internet.">This lab will build on the techniques covered in the Spark tutorial to develop a simple word count application. The volume of unstructured text in existence is growing dramatically, and Spark is an excellent tool for analyzing this type of data. In this lab, we will write code that calculates the most common words in the <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/100">Complete Works of William Shakespeare</a> retrieved from <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page">Project Gutenberg</a>. This could also be scaled to find the most common words on the Internet.<a class="anchor-link" href="#This-lab-will-build-on-the-techniques-covered-in-the-Spark-tutorial-to-develop-a-simple-word-count-application.--The-volume-of-unstructured-text-in-existence-is-growing-dramatically,-and-Spark-is-an-excellent-tool-for-analyzing-this-type-of-data.--In-this-lab,-we-will-write-code-that-calculates-the-most-common-words-in-the-Complete-Works-of-William-Shakespeare-retrieved-from-Project-Gutenberg.--This-could-also-be-scaled-to-find-the-most-common-words-on-the-Internet.">¶</a></h4><h4 id="-During-this-lab-we-will-cover:-"><strong> During this lab we will cover: </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-During-this-lab-we-will-cover:-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Part-1:-Creating-a-base-RDD-and-pair-RDDs"><em>Part 1:</em> Creating a base RDD and pair RDDs<a class="anchor-link" href="#Part-1:-Creating-a-base-RDD-and-pair-RDDs">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Part-2:-Counting-with-pair-RDDs"><em>Part 2:</em> Counting with pair RDDs<a class="anchor-link" href="#Part-2:-Counting-with-pair-RDDs">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Part-3:-Finding-unique-words-and-a-mean-value"><em>Part 3:</em> Finding unique words and a mean value<a class="anchor-link" href="#Part-3:-Finding-unique-words-and-a-mean-value">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Part-4:-Apply-word-count-to-a-file"><em>Part 4:</em> Apply word count to a file<a class="anchor-link" href="#Part-4:-Apply-word-count-to-a-file">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Note-that,-for-reference,-you-can-look-up-the-details-of-the-relevant-methods-in-Spark's-Python-API">Note that, for reference, you can look up the details of the relevant methods in <a href="https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/pyspark.html#pyspark.RDD">Spark's Python API</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#Note-that,-for-reference,-you-can-look-up-the-details-of-the-relevant-methods-in-Spark's-Python-API">¶</a></h4>
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<h3 id="-Part-1:-Creating-a-base-RDD-and-pair-RDDs-"><strong> Part 1: Creating a base RDD and pair RDDs </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Part-1:-Creating-a-base-RDD-and-pair-RDDs-">¶</a></h3>
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<h4 id="In-this-part-of-the-lab,-we-will-explore-creating-a-base-RDD-with-parallelize-and-using-pair-RDDs-to-count-words.">In this part of the lab, we will explore creating a base RDD with <code>parallelize</code> and using pair RDDs to count words.<a class="anchor-link" href="#In-this-part-of-the-lab,-we-will-explore-creating-a-base-RDD-with-parallelize-and-using-pair-RDDs-to-count-words.">¶</a></h4>
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<h4 id="-(1a)-Create-a-base-RDD-"><strong> (1a) Create a base RDD </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(1a)-Create-a-base-RDD-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="We'll-start-by-generating-a-base-RDD-by-using-a-Python-list-and-the-sc.parallelize-method.--Then-we'll-print-out-the-type-of-the-base-RDD.">We'll start by generating a base RDD by using a Python list and the <code>sc.parallelize</code> method. Then we'll print out the type of the base RDD.<a class="anchor-link" href="#We'll-start-by-generating-a-base-RDD-by-using-a-Python-list-and-the-sc.parallelize-method.--Then-we'll-print-out-the-type-of-the-base-RDD.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="n">wordsList</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'elephant'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">wordsRDD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parallelize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordsList</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Print out the type of wordsRDD</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordsRDD</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre><class 'pyspark.rdd.RDD'>
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<h4 id="-(1b)-Pluralize-and-test-"><strong> (1b) Pluralize and test </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(1b)-Pluralize-and-test-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Let's-use-a-map()-transformation-to-add-the-letter-'s'-to-each-string-in-the-base-RDD-we-just-created.-We'll-define-a-Python-function-that-returns-the-word-with-an-'s'-at-the-end-of-the-word.--Please-replace-<FILL-IN>-with-your-solution.--If-you-have-trouble,-the-next-cell-has-the-solution.--After-you-have-defined-makePlural-you-can-run-the-third-cell-which-contains-a-test.--If-you-implementation-is-correct-it-will-print-1-test-passed.">Let's use a <code>map()</code> transformation to add the letter 's' to each string in the base RDD we just created. We'll define a Python function that returns the word with an 's' at the end of the word. Please replace <code><FILL IN></code> with your solution. If you have trouble, the next cell has the solution. After you have defined <code>makePlural</code> you can run the third cell which contains a test. If you implementation is correct it will print <code>1 test passed</code>.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Let's-use-a-map()-transformation-to-add-the-letter-'s'-to-each-string-in-the-base-RDD-we-just-created.-We'll-define-a-Python-function-that-returns-the-word-with-an-'s'-at-the-end-of-the-word.--Please-replace-<FILL-IN>-with-your-solution.--If-you-have-trouble,-the-next-cell-has-the-solution.--After-you-have-defined-makePlural-you-can-run-the-third-cell-which-contains-a-test.--If-you-implementation-is-correct-it-will-print-1-test-passed.">¶</a></h4><h4 id="This-is-the-general-form-that-exercises-will-take,-except-that-no-example-solution-will-be-provided.--Exercises-will-include-an-explanation-of-what-is-expected,-followed-by-code-cells-where-one-cell-will-have-one-or-more-<FILL-IN>-sections.--The-cell-that-needs-to-be-modified-will-have-#-TODO:-Replace-<FILL-IN>-with-appropriate-code-on-its-first-line.--Once-the-<FILL-IN>-sections-are-updated-and-the-code-is-run,-the-test-cell-can-then-be-run-to-verify-the-correctness-of-your-solution.--The-last-code-cell-before-the-next-markdown-section-will-contain-the-tests.">This is the general form that exercises will take, except that no example solution will be provided. Exercises will include an explanation of what is expected, followed by code cells where one cell will have one or more <code><FILL IN></code> sections. The cell that needs to be modified will have <code># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</code> on its first line. Once the <code><FILL IN></code> sections are updated and the code is run, the test cell can then be run to verify the correctness of your solution. The last code cell before the next markdown section will contain the tests.<a class="anchor-link" href="#This-is-the-general-form-that-exercises-will-take,-except-that-no-example-solution-will-be-provided.--Exercises-will-include-an-explanation-of-what-is-expected,-followed-by-code-cells-where-one-cell-will-have-one-or-more-<FILL-IN>-sections.--The-cell-that-needs-to-be-modified-will-have-#-TODO:-Replace-<FILL-IN>-with-appropriate-code-on-its-first-line.--Once-the-<FILL-IN>-sections-are-updated-and-the-code-is-run,-the-test-cell-can-then-be-run-to-verify-the-correctness-of-your-solution.--The-last-code-cell-before-the-next-markdown-section-will-contain-the-tests.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">makePlural</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Adds an 's' to `word`.</span>
<span class="sd"> Note:</span>
<span class="sd"> This is a simple function that only adds an 's'. No attempt is made to follow proper</span>
<span class="sd"> pluralization rules.</span>
<span class="sd"> Args:</span>
<span class="sd"> word (str): A string.</span>
<span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
<span class="sd"> str: A string with 's' added to it.</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">word</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'s'</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">makePlural</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>cats
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># One way of completing the function</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">makePlural</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">word</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">word</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'s'</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">makePlural</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>cats
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># Load in the testing code and check to see if your answer is correct</span>
<span class="c"># If incorrect it will report back '1 test failed' for each failed test</span>
<span class="c"># Make sure to rerun any cell you change before trying the test again</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">test_helper</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Test</span>
<span class="c"># TEST Pluralize and test (1b)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">makePlural</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'rats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'incorrect result: makePlural does not add an s'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(1c)-Apply-makePlural-to-the-base-RDD-"><strong> (1c) Apply <code>makePlural</code> to the base RDD </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(1c)-Apply-makePlural-to-the-base-RDD-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Now-pass-each-item-in-the-base-RDD-into-a-map()-transformation-that-applies-the-makePlural()-function-to-each-element.-And-then-call-the-collect()-action-to-see-the-transformed-RDD.">Now pass each item in the base RDD into a <a href="http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/pyspark.html#pyspark.RDD.map">map()</a> transformation that applies the <code>makePlural()</code> function to each element. And then call the <a href="http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/pyspark.html#pyspark.RDD.collect">collect()</a> action to see the transformed RDD.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Now-pass-each-item-in-the-base-RDD-into-a-map()-transformation-that-applies-the-makePlural()-function-to-each-element.-And-then-call-the-collect()-action-to-see-the-transformed-RDD.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">pluralRDD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordsRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">makePlural</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">pluralRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>['cats', 'elephants', 'rats', 'rats', 'cats']
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Apply makePlural to the base RDD(1c)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pluralRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'cats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'elephants'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'cats'</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect values for pluralRDD'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(1d)-Pass-a-lambda-function-to-map-"><strong> (1d) Pass a <code>lambda</code> function to <code>map</code> </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(1d)-Pass-a-lambda-function-to-map-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Let's-create-the-same-RDD-using-a-lambda-function.">Let's create the same RDD using a <code>lambda</code> function.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Let's-create-the-same-RDD-using-a-lambda-function.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">pluralLambdaRDD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordsRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s">'s'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">pluralLambdaRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>['cats', 'elephants', 'rats', 'rats', 'cats']
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Pass a lambda function to map (1d)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pluralLambdaRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'cats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'elephants'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'rats'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'cats'</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect values for pluralLambdaRDD (1d)'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(1e)-Length-of-each-word-"><strong> (1e) Length of each word </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(1e)-Length-of-each-word-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Now-use-map()-and-a-lambda-function-to-return-the-number-of-characters-in-each-word.--We'll-collect-this-result-directly-into-a-variable.">Now use <code>map()</code> and a <code>lambda</code> function to return the number of characters in each word. We'll <code>collect</code> this result directly into a variable.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Now-use-map()-and-a-lambda-function-to-return-the-number-of-characters-in-each-word.--We'll-collect-this-result-directly-into-a-variable.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">pluralLengths</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pluralRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">pluralLengths</span>
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<pre>[4, 9, 4, 4, 4]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Length of each word (1e)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pluralLengths</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect values for pluralLengths'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(1f)-Pair-RDDs-"><strong> (1f) Pair RDDs </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(1f)-Pair-RDDs-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="The-next-step-in-writing-our-word-counting-program-is-to-create-a-new-type-of-RDD,-called-a-pair-RDD.-A-pair-RDD-is-an-RDD-where-each-element-is-a-pair-tuple-(k,-v)-where-k-is-the-key-and-v-is-the-value.-In-this-example,-we-will-create-a-pair-consisting-of-('<word>',-1)-for-each-word-element-in-the-RDD.">The next step in writing our word counting program is to create a new type of RDD, called a pair RDD. A pair RDD is an RDD where each element is a pair tuple <code>(k, v)</code> where <code>k</code> is the key and <code>v</code> is the value. In this example, we will create a pair consisting of <code>('<word>', 1)</code> for each word element in the RDD.<a class="anchor-link" href="#The-next-step-in-writing-our-word-counting-program-is-to-create-a-new-type-of-RDD,-called-a-pair-RDD.-A-pair-RDD-is-an-RDD-where-each-element-is-a-pair-tuple-(k,-v)-where-k-is-the-key-and-v-is-the-value.-In-this-example,-we-will-create-a-pair-consisting-of-('<word>',-1)-for-each-word-element-in-the-RDD.">¶</a></h4><h4 id="We-can-create-the-pair-RDD-using-the-map()-transformation-with-a-lambda()-function-to-create-a-new-RDD.">We can create the pair RDD using the <code>map()</code> transformation with a <code>lambda()</code> function to create a new RDD.<a class="anchor-link" href="#We-can-create-the-pair-RDD-using-the-map()-transformation-with-a-lambda()-function-to-create-a-new-RDD.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">wordPairs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordsRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">wordPairs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>[('cat', 1), ('elephant', 1), ('rat', 1), ('rat', 1), ('cat', 1)]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Pair RDDs (1f)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordPairs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">(),</span>
<span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'elephant'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect value for wordPairs'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h3 id="-Part-2:-Counting-with-pair-RDDs-"><strong> Part 2: Counting with pair RDDs </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Part-2:-Counting-with-pair-RDDs-">¶</a></h3>
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<h4 id="Now,-let's-count-the-number-of-times-a-particular-word-appears-in-the-RDD.-There-are-multiple-ways-to-perform-the-counting,-but-some-are-much-less-efficient-than-others.">Now, let's count the number of times a particular word appears in the RDD. There are multiple ways to perform the counting, but some are much less efficient than others.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Now,-let's-count-the-number-of-times-a-particular-word-appears-in-the-RDD.-There-are-multiple-ways-to-perform-the-counting,-but-some-are-much-less-efficient-than-others.">¶</a></h4><h4 id="A-naive-approach-would-be-to-collect()-all-of-the-elements-and-count-them-in-the-driver-program.-While-this-approach-could-work-for-small-datasets,-we-want-an-approach-that-will-work-for-any-size-dataset-including-terabyte--or-petabyte-sized-datasets.-In-addition,-performing-all-of-the-work-in-the-driver-program-is-slower-than-performing-it-in-parallel-in-the-workers.-For-these-reasons,-we-will-use-data-parallel-operations.">A naive approach would be to <code>collect()</code> all of the elements and count them in the driver program. While this approach could work for small datasets, we want an approach that will work for any size dataset including terabyte- or petabyte-sized datasets. In addition, performing all of the work in the driver program is slower than performing it in parallel in the workers. For these reasons, we will use data parallel operations.<a class="anchor-link" href="#A-naive-approach-would-be-to-collect()-all-of-the-elements-and-count-them-in-the-driver-program.-While-this-approach-could-work-for-small-datasets,-we-want-an-approach-that-will-work-for-any-size-dataset-including-terabyte--or-petabyte-sized-datasets.-In-addition,-performing-all-of-the-work-in-the-driver-program-is-slower-than-performing-it-in-parallel-in-the-workers.-For-these-reasons,-we-will-use-data-parallel-operations.">¶</a></h4>
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<h4 id="-(2a)-groupByKey()-approach-"><strong> (2a) <code>groupByKey()</code> approach </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(2a)-groupByKey()-approach-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="An-approach-you-might-first-consider-(we'll-see-shortly-that-there-are-better-ways)-is-based-on-using-the-groupByKey()-transformation.-As-the-name-implies,-the-groupByKey()-transformation-groups-all-the-elements-of-the-RDD-with-the-same-key-into-a-single-list-in-one-of-the-partitions.-There-are-two-problems-with-using-groupByKey():">An approach you might first consider (we'll see shortly that there are better ways) is based on using the <a href="http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/pyspark.html#pyspark.RDD.groupByKey">groupByKey()</a> transformation. As the name implies, the <code>groupByKey()</code> transformation groups all the elements of the RDD with the same key into a single list in one of the partitions. There are two problems with using <code>groupByKey()</code>:<a class="anchor-link" href="#An-approach-you-might-first-consider-(we'll-see-shortly-that-there-are-better-ways)-is-based-on-using-the-groupByKey()-transformation.-As-the-name-implies,-the-groupByKey()-transformation-groups-all-the-elements-of-the-RDD-with-the-same-key-into-a-single-list-in-one-of-the-partitions.-There-are-two-problems-with-using-groupByKey():">¶</a></h4><ul>
<li>#### The operation requires a lot of data movement to move all the values into the appropriate partitions.</li>
<li>#### The lists can be very large. Consider a word count of English Wikipedia: the lists for common words (e.g., the, a, etc.) would be huge and could exhaust the available memory in a worker.</li>
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<h4 id="Use-groupByKey()-to-generate-a-pair-RDD-of-type-('word',-iterator).">Use <code>groupByKey()</code> to generate a pair RDD of type <code>('word', iterator)</code>.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Use-groupByKey()-to-generate-a-pair-RDD-of-type-('word',-iterator).">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="c"># Note that groupByKey requires no parameters</span>
<span class="n">wordsGrouped</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordPairs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupByKey</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">wordsGrouped</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'{0}: {1}'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<pre>rat: [1, 1]
elephant: [1]
cat: [1, 1]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST groupByKey() approach (2a)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordsGrouped</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mapValues</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()),</span>
<span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'elephant'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect value for wordsGrouped'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(2b)-Use-groupByKey()-to-obtain-the-counts-"><strong> (2b) Use <code>groupByKey()</code> to obtain the counts </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(2b)-Use-groupByKey()-to-obtain-the-counts-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Using-the-groupByKey()-transformation-creates-an-RDD-containing-3-elements,-each-of-which-is-a-pair-of-a-word-and-a-Python-iterator.">Using the <code>groupByKey()</code> transformation creates an RDD containing 3 elements, each of which is a pair of a word and a Python iterator.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Using-the-groupByKey()-transformation-creates-an-RDD-containing-3-elements,-each-of-which-is-a-pair-of-a-word-and-a-Python-iterator.">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Now-sum-the-iterator-using-a-map()-transformation.--The-result-should-be-a-pair-RDD-consisting-of-(word,-count)-pairs.">Now sum the iterator using a <code>map()</code> transformation. The result should be a pair RDD consisting of (word, count) pairs.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Now-sum-the-iterator-using-a-map()-transformation.--The-result-should-be-a-pair-RDD-consisting-of-(word,-count)-pairs.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">wordCountsGrouped</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordsGrouped</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">wordCountsGrouped</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>[('rat', 2), ('elephant', 1), ('cat', 2)]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Use groupByKey() to obtain the counts (2b)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordCountsGrouped</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()),</span>
<span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'elephant'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect value for wordCountsGrouped'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(2c)-Counting-using-reduceByKey-"><strong> (2c) Counting using <code>reduceByKey</code> </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(2c)-Counting-using-reduceByKey-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="A-better-approach-is-to-start-from-the-pair-RDD-and-then-use-the-reduceByKey()-transformation-to-create-a-new-pair-RDD.-The-reduceByKey()-transformation-gathers-together-pairs-that-have-the-same-key-and-applies-the-function-provided-to-two-values-at-a-time,-iteratively-reducing-all-of-the-values-to-a-single-value.-reduceByKey()-operates-by-applying-the-function-first-within-each-partition-on-a-per-key-basis-and-then-across-the-partitions,-allowing-it-to-scale-efficiently-to-large-datasets.">A better approach is to start from the pair RDD and then use the <a href="http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/pyspark.html#pyspark.RDD.reduceByKey">reduceByKey()</a> transformation to create a new pair RDD. The <code>reduceByKey()</code> transformation gathers together pairs that have the same key and applies the function provided to two values at a time, iteratively reducing all of the values to a single value. <code>reduceByKey()</code> operates by applying the function first within each partition on a per-key basis and then across the partitions, allowing it to scale efficiently to large datasets.<a class="anchor-link" href="#A-better-approach-is-to-start-from-the-pair-RDD-and-then-use-the-reduceByKey()-transformation-to-create-a-new-pair-RDD.-The-reduceByKey()-transformation-gathers-together-pairs-that-have-the-same-key-and-applies-the-function-provided-to-two-values-at-a-time,-iteratively-reducing-all-of-the-values-to-a-single-value.-reduceByKey()-operates-by-applying-the-function-first-within-each-partition-on-a-per-key-basis-and-then-across-the-partitions,-allowing-it-to-scale-efficiently-to-large-datasets.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="c"># Note that reduceByKey takes in a function that accepts two values and returns a single value</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">operator</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">add</span>
<span class="n">wordCounts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordPairs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduceByKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">wordCounts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<pre>[('rat', 2), ('elephant', 1), ('cat', 2)]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Counting using reduceByKey (2c)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordCounts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()),</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'elephant'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect value for wordCounts'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h4 id="-(2d)-All-together-"><strong> (2d) All together </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(2d)-All-together-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="The-expert-version-of-the-code-performs-the-map()-to-pair-RDD,-reduceByKey()-transformation,-and-collect-in-one-statement.">The expert version of the code performs the <code>map()</code> to pair RDD, <code>reduceByKey()</code> transformation, and <code>collect</code> in one statement.<a class="anchor-link" href="#The-expert-version-of-the-code-performs-the-map()-to-pair-RDD,-reduceByKey()-transformation,-and-collect-in-one-statement.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">wordCountsCollected</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordsRDD</span>
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduceByKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">wordCountsCollected</span>
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<pre>[('rat', 2), ('elephant', 1), ('cat', 2)]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST All together (2d)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wordCountsCollected</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'elephant'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'rat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="s">'incorrect value for wordCountsCollected'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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<h3 id="-Part-3:-Finding-unique-words-and-a-mean-value-"><strong> Part 3: Finding unique words and a mean value </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Part-3:-Finding-unique-words-and-a-mean-value-">¶</a></h3>
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<h4 id="-(3a)-Unique-words-"><strong> (3a) Unique words </strong><a class="anchor-link" href="#-(3a)-Unique-words-">¶</a></h4><h4 id="Calculate-the-number-of-unique-words-in-wordsRDD.--You-can-use-other-RDDs-that-you-have-already-created-to-make-this-easier.">Calculate the number of unique words in <code>wordsRDD</code>. You can use other RDDs that you have already created to make this easier.<a class="anchor-link" href="#Calculate-the-number-of-unique-words-in-wordsRDD.--You-can-use-other-RDDs-that-you-have-already-created-to-make-this-easier.">¶</a></h4>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TODO: Replace <FILL IN> with appropriate code</span>
<span class="n">uniqueWords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wordsRDD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distinct</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">uniqueWords</span>
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<pre>3
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython2"><pre><span class="c"># TEST Unique words (3a)</span>
<span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uniqueWords</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'incorrect count of uniqueWords'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>1 test passed.
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