diff --git a/_typos.toml b/_typos.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98af6e1aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_typos.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[default.extend-identifiers]
+bck = "bck" # BiMap uses abbreviation
+ser_it = "ser_it"
+SerCollection = "SerCollection"
+strat = "strat" # common abbreviation for strategy
+# some arithmetic op names:
+inot = "inot"
+fle = "fle"
+ine = "ine"
diff --git a/hugr-cli/CHANGELOG.md b/hugr-cli/CHANGELOG.md
index 018e58f46..b1390be3c 100644
--- a/hugr-cli/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/hugr-cli/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # Changelog
 
+
 ## 0.1.1 (2024-06-07)
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/hugr-cli/Cargo.toml b/hugr-cli/Cargo.toml
index 0d6d01264..27fd2d13f 100644
--- a/hugr-cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/hugr-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "hugr-cli"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.2"
 edition = { workspace = true }
 rust-version = { workspace = true }
 license = { workspace = true }
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ categories = ["compilers"]
 clap = {workspace = true, features = ["derive"]}
 clap-stdin.workspace = true
 clap-verbosity-flag.workspace = true
-hugr-core = { path = "../hugr-core", version = "0.2.0" }
+hugr-core = { path = "../hugr-core", version = "0.3.0" }
 serde_json.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 
diff --git a/hugr-core/CHANGELOG.md b/hugr-core/CHANGELOG.md
index bc0079bfa..d5e6875fb 100644
--- a/hugr-core/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/hugr-core/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,32 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 0.3.0 (2024-06-28)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- SimpleReplacement panic on multiports ([#1191](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1191))
+- Add some validation for const nodes ([#1222](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1222))
+- Cfg not validating entry/exit types ([#1229](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1229))
+- `extract_hugr` not removing root node ports ([#1239](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1239))
+
+### Documentation
+
+- Fix documentation of `ValidationError::ConstTypeError` ([#1227](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1227))
+
+### Features
+
+- CircuitBuilder::add_constant ([#1168](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1168))
+- [**breaking**] Make the rewrite errors more useful ([#1174](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1174))
+- [**breaking**] Validate Extensions using hierarchy, ignore input_extensions, RIP inference ([#1142](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1142))
+- [**breaking**] Infer extension deltas for Case, Cfg, Conditional, DataflowBlock, Dfg, TailLoop  ([#1195](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1195))
+- Helper functions for requesting inference, use with builder in tests ([#1219](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1219))
+
+### Refactor
+
+- [**breaking**] Remove NodeType and input_extensions ([#1183](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1183))
+- [**breaking**] FunctionBuilder takes impl Into<PolyFuncType> ([#1220](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1220))
+
+
 ## 0.2.0 (2024-06-07)
 
 ### Bug Fixes
diff --git a/hugr-core/Cargo.toml b/hugr-core/Cargo.toml
index 21c52a5ec..2be3268df 100644
--- a/hugr-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/hugr-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "hugr-core"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 edition = { workspace = true }
 rust-version = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/extension/prelude.rs b/hugr-core/src/extension/prelude.rs
index 8065c30fa..c96b9194f 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/extension/prelude.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/extension/prelude.rs
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ pub struct ConstExternalSymbol {
     pub symbol: String,
     /// The type of the value found at this symbol reference.
     pub typ: Type,
-    /// Whether the value at the symbol referenence is constant or mutable.
+    /// Whether the value at the symbol reference is constant or mutable.
     pub constant: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/hugr.rs b/hugr-core/src/hugr.rs
index c039d58e2..1cd8504e2 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/hugr.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/hugr.rs
@@ -327,6 +327,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Opening files is not supported in (isolated) miri
     #[ignore = "issue 1225: In serialisation we do not distinguish between unknown CustomConst serialised value invalid but known CustomConst serialised values"]
     fn hugr_validation_0() {
         // https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/issues/1091 bad case
@@ -341,6 +342,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Opening files is not supported in (isolated) miri
     fn hugr_validation_1() {
         // https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/issues/1091 good case
         let mut hugr: Hugr = serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(
@@ -351,6 +353,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Opening files is not supported in (isolated) miri
     fn hugr_validation_2() {
         // https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/issues/1185 bad case
         let mut hugr: Hugr = serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(
@@ -364,6 +367,7 @@ mod test {
     }
 
     #[test]
+    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Opening files is not supported in (isolated) miri
     fn hugr_validation_3() {
         // https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/issues/1185 good case
         let mut hugr: Hugr = serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views.rs b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views.rs
index fd4974f31..a592b5f94 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use itertools::{Itertools, MapInto};
 use portgraph::render::{DotFormat, MermaidFormat};
 use portgraph::{multiportgraph, LinkView, PortView};
 
-use super::internal::HugrInternals;
+use super::internal::{HugrInternals, HugrMutInternals};
 use super::{
     Hugr, HugrError, HugrMut, NodeMetadata, NodeMetadataMap, ValidationError, DEFAULT_OPTYPE,
 };
@@ -511,6 +511,7 @@ pub trait ExtractHugr: HugrView + Sized {
         let old_root = hugr.root();
         let new_root = hugr.insert_from_view(old_root, &self).new_root;
         hugr.set_root(new_root);
+        hugr.set_num_ports(new_root, 0, 0);
         hugr.remove_node(old_root);
         hugr
     }
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/descendants.rs b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/descendants.rs
index 35a6e46c6..d2b66b250 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/descendants.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/descendants.rs
@@ -201,6 +201,9 @@ where
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(super) mod test {
+    use rstest::rstest;
+
+    use crate::extension::PRELUDE_REGISTRY;
     use crate::{
         builder::{Container, Dataflow, DataflowSubContainer, HugrBuilder, ModuleBuilder},
         type_row,
@@ -269,4 +272,20 @@ pub(super) mod test {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    #[rstest]
+    fn extract_hugr() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+        let (hugr, def, _inner) = make_module_hgr()?;
+
+        let region: DescendantsGraph = DescendantsGraph::try_new(&hugr, def)?;
+        let extracted = region.extract_hugr();
+        extracted.validate(&PRELUDE_REGISTRY)?;
+
+        let region: DescendantsGraph = DescendantsGraph::try_new(&hugr, def)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(region.node_count(), extracted.node_count());
+        assert_eq!(region.root_type(), extracted.root_type());
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling.rs b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling.rs
index 787cad1a2..7131c2451 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling.rs
@@ -491,12 +491,13 @@ mod test {
 
     #[rstest]
     fn extract_hugr() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-        let (hugr, def, _inner) = make_module_hgr()?;
+        let (hugr, _def, inner) = make_module_hgr()?;
 
-        let region: SiblingGraph = SiblingGraph::try_new(&hugr, def)?;
+        let region: SiblingGraph = SiblingGraph::try_new(&hugr, inner)?;
         let extracted = region.extract_hugr();
+        extracted.validate(&PRELUDE_REGISTRY)?;
 
-        let region: SiblingGraph = SiblingGraph::try_new(&hugr, def)?;
+        let region: SiblingGraph = SiblingGraph::try_new(&hugr, inner)?;
 
         assert_eq!(region.node_count(), extracted.node_count());
         assert_eq!(region.root_type(), extracted.root_type());
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling_subgraph.rs b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling_subgraph.rs
index 889e5e5ae..fee4af9df 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling_subgraph.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/hugr/views/sibling_subgraph.rs
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl SiblingSubgraph {
     /// The in- and out-arity of the signature will match the
     /// number of incoming and outgoing edges respectively. In particular, the
     /// assumption is made that no two incoming edges have the same source
-    /// (no copy nodes at the input bounary).
+    /// (no copy nodes at the input boundary).
     pub fn try_from_nodes(
         nodes: impl Into<Vec<Node>>,
         hugr: &impl HugrView,
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/proptest.rs b/hugr-core/src/proptest.rs
index 344b32a70..5598cf75e 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/proptest.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/proptest.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::Hugr;
 /// [TypeParam], as well as several others, form a mutually recursive hierarchy.
 ///
 /// The proptest [proptest::strategy::Strategy::prop_recursive] is inadequate to
-/// generate values for these types.  Instead, ther Arbitrary instances take a
+/// generate values for these types.  Instead, the Arbitrary instances take a
 /// `RecursionDepth` as their (or part of their)
 /// [proptest::arbitrary::Arbitrary::Parameters]. We then use that parameter to
 /// generate children of that value. Usually we forward it unchanged, but in
diff --git a/hugr-core/src/types/type_param.rs b/hugr-core/src/types/type_param.rs
index c59411604..94d90fb16 100644
--- a/hugr-core/src/types/type_param.rs
+++ b/hugr-core/src/types/type_param.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl TypeParam {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Make a new `TypeParam::List` (an arbitrary-length homogenous list)
+    /// Make a new `TypeParam::List` (an arbitrary-length homogeneous list)
     pub fn new_list(elem: impl Into<TypeParam>) -> Self {
         Self::List {
             param: Box::new(elem.into()),
@@ -491,15 +491,15 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn type_arg_fits_param() {
         let rowvar = TypeRV::new_row_var_use;
-        fn check(arg: impl Into<TypeArg>, parm: &TypeParam) -> Result<(), TypeArgError> {
-            check_type_arg(&arg.into(), parm)
+        fn check(arg: impl Into<TypeArg>, param: &TypeParam) -> Result<(), TypeArgError> {
+            check_type_arg(&arg.into(), param)
         }
         fn check_seq<T: Clone + Into<TypeArg>>(
             args: &[T],
-            parm: &TypeParam,
+            param: &TypeParam,
         ) -> Result<(), TypeArgError> {
             let arg = args.iter().cloned().map_into().collect_vec().into();
-            check_type_arg(&arg, parm)
+            check_type_arg(&arg, param)
         }
         // Simple cases: a TypeArg::Type is a TypeParam::Type but singleton sequences are lists
         check(USIZE_T, &TypeBound::Eq.into()).unwrap();
diff --git a/hugr-passes/CHANGELOG.md b/hugr-passes/CHANGELOG.md
index dee4ec6c3..667dd35ee 100644
--- a/hugr-passes/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/hugr-passes/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 0.3.0 (2024-06-28)
+
+### Features
+
+- [**breaking**] Validate Extensions using hierarchy, ignore input_extensions, RIP inference ([#1142](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1142))
+- Helper functions for requesting inference, use with builder in tests ([#1219](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1219))
+
+
 ## 0.2.0 (2024-06-07)
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/hugr-passes/Cargo.toml b/hugr-passes/Cargo.toml
index 231b04d05..a714d39e6 100644
--- a/hugr-passes/Cargo.toml
+++ b/hugr-passes/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "hugr-passes"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 edition = { workspace = true }
 rust-version = { workspace = true }
 license = { workspace = true }
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ keywords = ["Quantum", "Quantinuum"]
 categories = ["compilers"]
 
 [dependencies]
-hugr-core = { path = "../hugr-core", version = "0.2.0" }
+hugr-core = { path = "../hugr-core", version = "0.3.0" }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 lazy_static = { workspace = true }
 paste = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/hugr-passes/src/const_fold/test.rs b/hugr-passes/src/const_fold/test.rs
index 258ff8617..928ad519c 100644
--- a/hugr-passes/src/const_fold/test.rs
+++ b/hugr-passes/src/const_fold/test.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn orphan_output() {
     // x2 := or(x0,x1)
     // output x2 == true;
     //
-    // We arange things so that the `or` folds away first, leaving the not
+    // We arrange things so that the `or` folds away first, leaving the not
     // with no outputs.
     use hugr_core::ops::handle::NodeHandle;
 
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/.gitignore b/hugr-py/docs/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..378eac25d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+build
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/_static/Quantinuum_logo_black.png b/hugr-py/docs/_static/Quantinuum_logo_black.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5569581b8
Binary files /dev/null and b/hugr-py/docs/_static/Quantinuum_logo_black.png differ
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/_static/Quantinuum_logo_white.png b/hugr-py/docs/_static/Quantinuum_logo_white.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e896db91c
Binary files /dev/null and b/hugr-py/docs/_static/Quantinuum_logo_white.png differ
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/_static/custom.css b/hugr-py/docs/_static/custom.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce78012b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/_static/custom.css
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+.wy-side-nav-search,
+.wy-nav-top {
+    background: #5A46BE;
+}
+
+.wy-grid-for-nav,
+.wy-body-for-nav,
+.wy-nav-side,
+.wy-side-scroll,
+.wy-menu,
+.wy-menu-vertical {
+    background-color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+.wy-menu-vertical a:hover {
+    background-color: #d9d9d9;
+}
+
+.btn-link:visited,
+.btn-link,
+a:visited,
+.a.reference.external,
+.a.reference.internal,
+.wy-menu-vertical a,
+.wy-menu-vertical li,
+.wy-menu-vertical ul,
+.span.pre,
+.sig-param,
+.std.std-ref,
+
+
+html[data-theme=light] {
+    --pst-color-inline-code: rgb(199, 37, 78) !important;
+}
+
+.sig-name {
+    font-size: 1.25rem;
+}
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/.gitignore b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd6936e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+_autosummary
+_build
+generated
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/base.rst b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/base.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5536fa108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/base.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{{ name | escape | underline}}
+
+.. currentmodule:: {{ module }}
+
+.. auto{{ objtype }}:: {{ objname }}
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/class.rst b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/class.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd41a4111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/class.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+..
+   Custom class template to make sphinx-autosummary list the full API doc after
+   the summary. See https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/7912
+
+{{ name | escape | underline}}
+
+.. currentmodule:: {{ module }}
+
+.. autoclass:: {{ objname }}
+   :members:
+   :show-inheritance:
+   :inherited-members:
+
+   {% block methods %}
+   {% if methods %}
+   .. rubric:: {{ _('Methods') }}
+
+   .. autosummary::
+      :nosignatures:
+   {% for item in methods %}
+      {%- if not item.startswith('_') %}
+      ~{{ name }}.{{ item }}
+      {%- endif -%}
+   {%- endfor %}
+   {% endif %}
+   {% endblock %}
+
+   {% block attributes %}
+   {% if attributes %}
+   .. rubric:: {{ _('Attributes') }}
+
+   .. autosummary::
+   {% for item in attributes %}
+      ~{{ name }}.{{ item }}
+   {%- endfor %}
+   {% endif %}
+   {% endblock %}
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/module.rst b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/module.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..981555c13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/_templates/autosummary/module.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+..
+   Custom module template to make sphinx-autosummary list the full API doc after
+   the summary. See https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx/issues/7912
+
+{{ name | escape | underline}}
+
+.. automodule:: {{ fullname }}
+
+   {% block attributes %}
+   {% if attributes %}
+   .. rubric:: Module attributes
+
+   .. autosummary::
+      :toctree:
+   {% for item in attributes %}
+      {{ item }}
+   {%- endfor %}
+   {% endif %}
+   {% endblock %}
+
+   {% block functions %}
+   {% if functions %}
+   .. rubric:: {{ _('Functions') }}
+
+   .. autosummary::
+      :toctree:
+      :nosignatures:
+   {% for item in functions %}
+      {{ item }}
+   {%- endfor %}
+   {% endif %}
+   {% endblock %}
+
+   {% block classes %}
+   {% if classes %}
+   .. rubric:: {{ _('Classes') }}
+
+   .. autosummary::
+      :toctree:
+      :nosignatures:
+   {% for item in classes %}
+      {{ item }}
+   {%- endfor %}
+   {% endif %}
+   {% endblock %}
+
+   {% block exceptions %}
+   {% if exceptions %}
+   .. rubric:: {{ _('Exceptions') }}
+
+   .. autosummary::
+      :toctree:
+   {% for item in exceptions %}
+      {{ item }}
+   {%- endfor %}
+   {% endif %}
+   {% endblock %}
+
+{% block modules %}
+{% if modules %}
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree:
+   :recursive:
+{% for item in modules %}
+   {{ item }}
+{%- endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/conf.py b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/conf.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98ecdd0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/conf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.  # noqa: INP001
+# See https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html
+
+
+project = "HUGR Python"
+copyright = "2024, Quantinuum"
+author = "Quantinuum"
+
+extensions = [
+    "sphinx.ext.napoleon",
+    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.coverage",
+    "sphinx.ext.autosummary",
+    "sphinx.ext.viewcode",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+]
+
+html_theme = "sphinx_book_theme"
+
+html_title = "HUGR python package API documentation."
+
+html_theme_options = {
+    "repository_url": "https://github.com/CQCL/hugr",
+    "use_repository_button": True,
+    "navigation_with_keys": True,
+    "logo": {
+        "image_light": "_static/Quantinuum_logo_black.png",
+        "image_dark": "_static/Quantinuum_logo_white.png",
+    },
+}
+
+html_static_path = ["../_static"]
+html_css_files = ["custom.css"]
+
+autosummary_generate = True
+
+templates_path = ["_templates"]
+exclude_patterns = ["_build", "Thumbs.db", ".DS_Store", "conftest.py"]
+
+intersphinx_mapping = {
+    "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
+}
+
+html_show_sourcelink = False
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/index.rst b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc7be3bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/api-docs/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+HUGR Python API Documentation
+==================================
+
+This is the API documentation for the HUGR Python package.
+
+
+.. autosummary::
+   :toctree: generated
+   :template: autosummary/module.rst
+   :recursive:
+
+   hugr
+
+
+Indices and tables
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
diff --git a/hugr-py/docs/build.sh b/hugr-py/docs/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..57eef23b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/docs/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#! /bin/bash
+
+mkdir build
+
+touch build/.nojekyll  # Disable jekyll to keep files starting with underscores
+
+sphinx-build -b html ./api-docs ./build/api-docs
diff --git a/hugr-py/poetry.lock b/hugr-py/poetry.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2006a16d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/poetry.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.8.2 and should not be changed by hand.
+
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+doc = ["ablog (>=0.11.8)", "colorama", "graphviz", "ipykernel", "ipyleaflet", "ipywidgets", "jupyter_sphinx", "jupyterlite-sphinx", "linkify-it-py", "matplotlib", "myst-parser", "nbsphinx", "numpy", "numpydoc", "pandas", "plotly", "rich", "sphinx-autoapi (>=3.0.0)", "sphinx-copybutton", "sphinx-design", "sphinx-favicon (>=1.0.1)", "sphinx-sitemap", "sphinx-togglebutton", "sphinxcontrib-youtube (>=1.4.1)", "sphinxext-rediraffe", "xarray"]
+i18n = ["Babel", "jinja2"]
+test = ["pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-regressions", "sphinx[test]"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pygments"
+version = "2.18.0"
+description = "Pygments is a syntax highlighting package written in Python."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "pygments-2.18.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b8e6aca0523f3ab76fee51799c488e38782ac06eafcf95e7ba832985c8e7b13a"},
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+
+[package.extras]
+windows-terminal = ["colorama (>=0.4.6)"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "requests"
+version = "2.32.3"
+description = "Python HTTP for Humans."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "requests-2.32.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:70761cfe03c773ceb22aa2f671b4757976145175cdfca038c02654d061d6dcc6"},
+    {file = "requests-2.32.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:55365417734eb18255590a9ff9eb97e9e1da868d4ccd6402399eaf68af20a760"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+certifi = ">=2017.4.17"
+charset-normalizer = ">=2,<4"
+idna = ">=2.5,<4"
+urllib3 = ">=1.21.1,<3"
+
+[package.extras]
+socks = ["PySocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7)"]
+use-chardet-on-py3 = ["chardet (>=3.0.2,<6)"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "snowballstemmer"
+version = "2.2.0"
+description = "This package provides 29 stemmers for 28 languages generated from Snowball algorithms."
+optional = false
+python-versions = "*"
+files = [
+    {file = "snowballstemmer-2.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c8e1716e83cc398ae16824e5572ae04e0d9fc2c6b985fb0f900f5f0c96ecba1a"},
+    {file = "snowballstemmer-2.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:09b16deb8547d3412ad7b590689584cd0fe25ec8db3be37788be3810cbf19cb1"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "soupsieve"
+version = "2.5"
+description = "A modern CSS selector implementation for Beautiful Soup."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "soupsieve-2.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:eaa337ff55a1579b6549dc679565eac1e3d000563bcb1c8ab0d0fefbc0c2cdc7"},
+    {file = "soupsieve-2.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5663d5a7b3bfaeee0bc4372e7fc48f9cff4940b3eec54a6451cc5299f1097690"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinx"
+version = "7.3.7"
+description = "Python documentation generator"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinx-7.3.7-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:413f75440be4cacf328f580b4274ada4565fb2187d696a84970c23f77b64d8c3"},
+    {file = "sphinx-7.3.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a4a7db75ed37531c05002d56ed6948d4c42f473a36f46e1382b0bd76ca9627bc"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+alabaster = ">=0.7.14,<0.8.0"
+babel = ">=2.9"
+colorama = {version = ">=0.4.5", markers = "sys_platform == \"win32\""}
+docutils = ">=0.18.1,<0.22"
+imagesize = ">=1.3"
+Jinja2 = ">=3.0"
+packaging = ">=21.0"
+Pygments = ">=2.14"
+requests = ">=2.25.0"
+snowballstemmer = ">=2.0"
+sphinxcontrib-applehelp = "*"
+sphinxcontrib-devhelp = "*"
+sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp = ">=2.0.0"
+sphinxcontrib-jsmath = "*"
+sphinxcontrib-qthelp = "*"
+sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml = ">=1.1.9"
+tomli = {version = ">=2", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
+
+[package.extras]
+docs = ["sphinxcontrib-websupport"]
+lint = ["flake8 (>=3.5.0)", "importlib_metadata", "mypy (==1.9.0)", "pytest (>=6.0)", "ruff (==0.3.7)", "sphinx-lint", "tomli", "types-docutils", "types-requests"]
+test = ["cython (>=3.0)", "defusedxml (>=0.7.1)", "pytest (>=6.0)", "setuptools (>=67.0)"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinx-book-theme"
+version = "1.1.3"
+description = "A clean book theme for scientific explanations and documentation with Sphinx"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinx_book_theme-1.1.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a554a9a7ac3881979a87a2b10f633aa2a5706e72218a10f71be38b3c9e831ae9"},
+    {file = "sphinx_book_theme-1.1.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1f25483b1846cb3d353a6bc61b3b45b031f4acf845665d7da90e01ae0aef5b4d"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+pydata-sphinx-theme = ">=0.15.2"
+sphinx = ">=5"
+
+[package.extras]
+code-style = ["pre-commit"]
+doc = ["ablog", "folium", "ipywidgets", "matplotlib", "myst-nb", "nbclient", "numpy", "numpydoc", "pandas", "plotly", "sphinx-copybutton", "sphinx-design", "sphinx-examples", "sphinx-tabs", "sphinx-thebe", "sphinx-togglebutton", "sphinxcontrib-bibtex", "sphinxcontrib-youtube", "sphinxext-opengraph"]
+test = ["beautifulsoup4", "coverage", "defusedxml", "myst-nb", "pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-regressions", "sphinx_thebe"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinxcontrib-applehelp"
+version = "1.0.8"
+description = "sphinxcontrib-applehelp is a Sphinx extension which outputs Apple help books"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_applehelp-1.0.8-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:cb61eb0ec1b61f349e5cc36b2028e9e7ca765be05e49641c97241274753067b4"},
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_applehelp-1.0.8.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c40a4f96f3776c4393d933412053962fac2b84f4c99a7982ba42e09576a70619"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
+standalone = ["Sphinx (>=5)"]
+test = ["pytest"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinxcontrib-devhelp"
+version = "1.0.6"
+description = "sphinxcontrib-devhelp is a sphinx extension which outputs Devhelp documents"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_devhelp-1.0.6-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:6485d09629944511c893fa11355bda18b742b83a2b181f9a009f7e500595c90f"},
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_devhelp-1.0.6.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:9893fd3f90506bc4b97bdb977ceb8fbd823989f4316b28c3841ec128544372d3"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
+standalone = ["Sphinx (>=5)"]
+test = ["pytest"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp"
+version = "2.0.5"
+description = "sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp is a sphinx extension which renders HTML help files"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_htmlhelp-2.0.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:393f04f112b4d2f53d93448d4bce35842f62b307ccdc549ec1585e950bc35e04"},
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_htmlhelp-2.0.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0dc87637d5de53dd5eec3a6a01753b1ccf99494bd756aafecd74b4fa9e729015"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
+standalone = ["Sphinx (>=5)"]
+test = ["html5lib", "pytest"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinxcontrib-jsmath"
+version = "1.0.1"
+description = "A sphinx extension which renders display math in HTML via JavaScript"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.5"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib-jsmath-1.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a9925e4a4587247ed2191a22df5f6970656cb8ca2bd6284309578f2153e0c4b8"},
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_jsmath-1.0.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2ec2eaebfb78f3f2078e73666b1415417a116cc848b72e5172e596c871103178"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+test = ["flake8", "mypy", "pytest"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinxcontrib-qthelp"
+version = "1.0.7"
+description = "sphinxcontrib-qthelp is a sphinx extension which outputs QtHelp documents"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_qthelp-1.0.7-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e2ae3b5c492d58fcbd73281fbd27e34b8393ec34a073c792642cd8e529288182"},
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_qthelp-1.0.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:053dedc38823a80a7209a80860b16b722e9e0209e32fea98c90e4e6624588ed6"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
+standalone = ["Sphinx (>=5)"]
+test = ["pytest"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml"
+version = "1.1.10"
+description = "sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml is a sphinx extension which outputs \"serialized\" HTML files (json and pickle)"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+files = [
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_serializinghtml-1.1.10-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:326369b8df80a7d2d8d7f99aa5ac577f51ea51556ed974e7716cfd4fca3f6cb7"},
+    {file = "sphinxcontrib_serializinghtml-1.1.10.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:93f3f5dc458b91b192fe10c397e324f262cf163d79f3282c158e8436a2c4511f"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
+standalone = ["Sphinx (>=5)"]
+test = ["pytest"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tomli"
+version = "2.0.1"
+description = "A lil' TOML parser"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
+    {file = "tomli-2.0.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:939de3e7a6161af0c887ef91b7d41a53e7c5a1ca976325f429cb46ea9bc30ecc"},
+    {file = "tomli-2.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:de526c12914f0c550d15924c62d72abc48d6fe7364aa87328337a31007fe8a4f"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typing-extensions"
+version = "4.12.2"
+description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:04e5ca0351e0f3f85c6853954072df659d0d13fac324d0072316b67d7794700d"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a7ead55c7e559dd4dee8856e3a88b41225abfe1ce8df57b7c13915fe121ffb8"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "urllib3"
+version = "2.2.2"
+description = "HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more."
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "urllib3-2.2.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a448b2f64d686155468037e1ace9f2d2199776e17f0a46610480d311f73e3472"},
+    {file = "urllib3-2.2.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dd505485549a7a552833da5e6063639d0d177c04f23bc3864e41e5dc5f612168"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+brotli = ["brotli (>=1.0.9)", "brotlicffi (>=0.8.0)"]
+h2 = ["h2 (>=4,<5)"]
+socks = ["pysocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7,<2.0)"]
+zstd = ["zstandard (>=0.18.0)"]
+
+[metadata]
+lock-version = "2.0"
+python-versions = ">=3.10"
+content-hash = "0e927e63660da3f23f2e241a006c7255a780303326e967baec4f0436f16bbd84"
diff --git a/hugr-py/pyproject.toml b/hugr-py/pyproject.toml
index 0c55a9476..739ced174 100644
--- a/hugr-py/pyproject.toml
+++ b/hugr-py/pyproject.toml
@@ -27,9 +27,12 @@ repository = "https://github.com/CQCL/hugr"
 python = ">=3.10"
 pydantic = "~2.7.0"
 
-[tool.pytest.ini_options]
-# Lark throws deprecation warnings for `src_parse` and `src_constants`.
-filterwarnings = "ignore::DeprecationWarning:lark.*"
+[tool.poetry.group.docs]
+optional = true
+
+[tool.poetry.group.docs.dependencies]
+sphinx = "^7.2.6"
+sphinx-book-theme = "^1.1.2"
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core"]
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/cfg.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/cfg.py
index 0cec794b1..61b4a8750 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/cfg.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/cfg.py
@@ -1,18 +1,24 @@
+"""Builder classes for HUGR control flow graphs."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-import hugr.ops as ops
+from hugr import ops, val
 
 from .dfg import _DfBase
-from .exceptions import NoSiblingAncestor, NotInSameCfg, MismatchedExit
+from .exceptions import MismatchedExit, NoSiblingAncestor, NotInSameCfg
 from .hugr import Hugr, ParentBuilder
-from .node_port import Node, Wire, ToNode
-from .tys import TypeRow, Type
-import hugr.val as val
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .node_port import Node, ToNode, Wire
+    from .tys import Type, TypeRow
 
 
 class Block(_DfBase[ops.DataflowBlock]):
+    """Builder class for a basic block in a HUGR control flow graph."""
+
     def set_block_outputs(self, branching: Wire, *other_outputs: Wire) -> None:
         self.set_outputs(branching, *other_outputs)
 
@@ -27,13 +33,13 @@ def _wire_up_port(self, node: Node, offset: int, p: Wire) -> Type:
         src_parent = self.hugr[src.node].parent
         try:
             super()._wire_up_port(node, offset, p)
-        except NoSiblingAncestor:
+        except NoSiblingAncestor as e:
             # note this just checks if there is a common CFG ancestor
             # it does not check for valid dominance between basic blocks
             # that is deferred to full HUGR validation.
             while cfg_node != src_parent:
                 if src_parent is None or src_parent == self.hugr.root:
-                    raise NotInSameCfg(src.node.idx, node.idx)
+                    raise NotInSameCfg(src.node.idx, node.idx) from e
                 src_parent = self.hugr[src_parent].parent
 
             self.hugr.add_link(src, node.inp(offset))
@@ -42,15 +48,32 @@ def _wire_up_port(self, node: Node, offset: int, p: Wire) -> Type:
 
 @dataclass
 class Cfg(ParentBuilder[ops.CFG]):
+    """Builder class for a HUGR control flow graph, with the HUGR root node
+    being a :class:`CFG <hugr.ops.CFG>`.
+
+    Args:
+        input_types: The input types for the CFG. Outputs are computed
+        by propagating types through the control flow graph to the exit block.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool, tys.Unit)
+        >>> cfg.parent_op
+        CFG(inputs=[Bool, Unit])
+    """
+
+    #: The HUGR instance this CFG is part of.
     hugr: Hugr
+    #: The parent node of the CFG.
     parent_node: Node
     _entry_block: Block
+    #: The node holding the root of the exit block.
     exit: Node
 
-    def __init__(self, input_types: TypeRow) -> None:
-        root_op = ops.CFG(inputs=input_types)
+    def __init__(self, *input_types: Type) -> None:
+        input_typs = list(input_types)
+        root_op = ops.CFG(inputs=input_typs)
         hugr = Hugr(root_op)
-        self._init_impl(hugr, hugr.root, input_types)
+        self._init_impl(hugr, hugr.root, input_typs)
 
     def _init_impl(self: Cfg, hugr: Hugr, root: Node, input_types: TypeRow) -> None:
         self.hugr = hugr
@@ -67,6 +90,23 @@ def new_nested(
         hugr: Hugr,
         parent: ToNode | None = None,
     ) -> Cfg:
+        """Start building a CFG nested inside an existing HUGR graph.
+
+        Args:
+            input_types: The input types for the CFG.
+            hugr: The HUGR instance this CFG is part of.
+            parent: The parent node for the CFG: defaults to the root of the HUGR
+                instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new CFG builder.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> hugr = Hugr()
+            >>> cfg = Cfg.new_nested([tys.Bool], hugr)
+            >>> cfg.parent_op
+            CFG(inputs=[Bool])
+        """
         new = cls.__new__(cls)
         root = hugr.add_node(
             ops.CFG(inputs=input_types),
@@ -77,6 +117,13 @@ def new_nested(
 
     @property
     def entry(self) -> Node:
+        """Node for entry block of the CFG.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> cfg.entry
+            Node(1)
+        """
         return self._entry_block.parent_node
 
     @property
@@ -88,11 +135,34 @@ def _exit_op(self) -> ops.ExitBlock:
         return self.hugr._get_typed_op(self.exit, ops.ExitBlock)
 
     def add_entry(self) -> Block:
+        """Start building the entry block of the CFG.
+
+        Returns:
+            The entry block builder.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> entry = cfg.add_entry()
+            >>> entry.set_outputs(*entry.inputs())
+        """
         return self._entry_block
 
-    def add_block(self, input_types: TypeRow) -> Block:
+    def add_block(self, *input_types: Type) -> Block:
+        """Add a new block to the CFG and start building it.
+
+        Args:
+            input_types: The input types for the block.
+
+        Returns:
+            The block builder.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> b = cfg.add_block(tys.Unit)
+            >>> b.set_single_succ_outputs(*b.inputs())
+        """
         new_block = Block.new_nested(
-            ops.DataflowBlock(input_types),
+            ops.DataflowBlock(list(input_types)),
             self.hugr,
             self.parent_node,
         )
@@ -101,7 +171,24 @@ def add_block(self, input_types: TypeRow) -> Block:
     # TODO insert_block
 
     def add_successor(self, pred: Wire) -> Block:
-        b = self.add_block(self._nth_outputs(pred))
+        """Start building a block that succeeds an existing block.
+
+        Args:
+            pred: The wire from the predecessor block to the new block. The
+            port of the wire determines the branching index of the new block.
+
+
+        Returns:
+            The new block builder.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> entry = cfg.add_entry()
+            >>> entry.set_single_succ_outputs()
+            >>> b = cfg.add_successor(entry[0])
+            >>> b.set_single_succ_outputs(*b.inputs())
+        """
+        b = self.add_block(*self._nth_outputs(pred))
 
         self.branch(pred, b)
         return b
@@ -112,6 +199,19 @@ def _nth_outputs(self, wire: Wire) -> TypeRow:
         return block.nth_outputs(port.offset)
 
     def branch(self, src: Wire, dst: ToNode) -> None:
+        """Add a branching control flow link between blocks.
+
+        Args:
+            src: The wire from the predecessor block.
+            dst: The destination block.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> entry = cfg.add_entry()
+            >>> entry.set_single_succ_outputs()
+            >>> b = cfg.add_block(tys.Unit)
+            >>> cfg.branch(entry[0], b)
+        """
         # TODO check for existing link/type compatibility
         if dst.to_node() == self.exit:
             return self.branch_exit(src)
@@ -119,6 +219,17 @@ def branch(self, src: Wire, dst: ToNode) -> None:
         self.hugr.add_link(src, dst.inp(0))
 
     def branch_exit(self, src: Wire) -> None:
+        """Branch from a block to the exit block.
+
+        Args:
+            src: The wire from the predecessor block.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> entry = cfg.add_entry()
+            >>> entry.set_single_succ_outputs()
+            >>> cfg.branch_exit(entry[0])
+        """
         src = src.out_port()
         self.hugr.add_link(src, self.exit.inp(0))
 
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/cond_loop.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/cond_loop.py
index a1ac42830..037a7ee0a 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/cond_loop.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/cond_loop.py
@@ -1,17 +1,25 @@
+"""Builder classes for structured control flow
+in HUGR graphs (Conditional, TailLoop).
+"""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-import hugr.ops as ops
+from hugr import ops
 
 from .dfg import _DfBase
 from .hugr import Hugr, ParentBuilder
-from .node_port import Node, Wire, ToNode
 
-from .tys import Sum, TypeRow
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .node_port import Node, ToNode, Wire
+    from .tys import Sum, TypeRow
 
 
 class Case(_DfBase[ops.Case]):
+    """Dataflow graph builder for a case in a conditional."""
+
     _parent_cond: Conditional | None = None
 
     def set_outputs(self, *outputs: Wire) -> None:
@@ -21,7 +29,7 @@ def set_outputs(self, *outputs: Wire) -> None:
 
 
 class ConditionalError(Exception):
-    pass
+    """Error building a :class:`Conditional`."""
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -35,22 +43,62 @@ def __init__(self, case: Case) -> None:
 
     def _parent_conditional(self) -> Conditional:
         if self._parent_cond is None:
-            raise ConditionalError("If must have a parent conditional.")
+            msg = "If must have a parent conditional."
+            raise ConditionalError(msg)
         return self._parent_cond
 
 
 class If(_IfElse):
+    """Build the 'if' branch of a conditional branching on a boolean value.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from hugr.dfg import Dfg
+        >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Qubit)
+        >>> (q,) = dfg.inputs()
+        >>> if_ = dfg.add_if(dfg.load(val.TRUE), q)
+        >>> if_.set_outputs(if_.input_node[0])
+        >>> else_= if_.add_else()
+        >>> else_.set_outputs(else_.input_node[0])
+        >>> dfg.hugr[else_.finish()].op
+        Conditional(sum_ty=Bool, other_inputs=[Qubit])
+    """
+
     def add_else(self) -> Else:
+        """Finish building the 'if' branch and start building the 'else' branch."""
         return Else(self._parent_conditional().add_case(0))
 
 
 class Else(_IfElse):
+    """Build the 'else' branch of a conditional branching on a boolean value.
+
+    See :class:`If` for an example.
+    """
+
     def finish(self) -> Node:
+        """Finish building the if/else.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node that represents the parent conditional.
+        """
         return self._parent_conditional().parent_node
 
 
 @dataclass
 class Conditional(ParentBuilder[ops.Conditional]):
+    """Build a conditional branching on a sum type.
+
+    Args:
+        sum_ty: The sum type to branch on.
+        other_inputs: The inputs for the conditional that aren't included in the
+        sum variants. These are passed to all cases.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> cond = Conditional(tys.Bool, [tys.Qubit])
+        >>> cond.parent_op
+        Conditional(sum_ty=Bool, other_inputs=[Qubit])
+    """
+
+    #: map from case index to node holding the :class:`Case <hugr.ops.Case>`
     cases: dict[int, Node | None]
 
     def __init__(self, sum_ty: Sum, other_inputs: TypeRow) -> None:
@@ -71,6 +119,19 @@ def new_nested(
         hugr: Hugr,
         parent: ToNode | None = None,
     ) -> Conditional:
+        """Build a Conditional nested inside an existing HUGR graph.
+
+        Args:
+            sum_ty: The sum type to branch on.
+            other_inputs: The inputs for the conditional that aren't included in the
+                sum variants. These are passed to all cases.
+            hugr: The HUGR instance this Conditional is part of.
+            parent: The parent node for the Conditional: defaults to the root of
+              the HUGR instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new Conditional builder.
+        """
         new = cls.__new__(cls)
         root = hugr.add_node(
             ops.Conditional(sum_ty, other_inputs),
@@ -84,11 +145,31 @@ def _update_outputs(self, outputs: TypeRow) -> None:
             self.parent_op._outputs = outputs
         else:
             if outputs != self.parent_op._outputs:
-                raise ConditionalError("Mismatched case outputs.")
+                msg = "Mismatched case outputs."
+                raise ConditionalError(msg)
 
     def add_case(self, case_id: int) -> Case:
+        """Start building a case for the conditional.
+
+        Args:
+            case_id: The index of the case to build. Input types for the case
+            are the corresponding variant of the sum type concatenated with the
+            other inputs to the conditional.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new case builder.
+
+        Raises:
+            ConditionalError: If the case index is out of range.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> cond = Conditional(tys.Bool, [tys.Qubit])
+            >>> case = cond.add_case(0)
+            >>> case.set_outputs(*case.inputs())
+        """
         if case_id not in self.cases:
-            raise ConditionalError(f"Case {case_id} out of possible range.")
+            msg = f"Case {case_id} out of possible range."
+            raise ConditionalError(msg)
         input_types = self.parent_op.nth_inputs(case_id)
         new_case = Case.new_nested(
             ops.Case(input_types),
@@ -104,9 +185,28 @@ def add_case(self, case_id: int) -> Case:
 
 @dataclass
 class TailLoop(_DfBase[ops.TailLoop]):
+    """Builder for a tail-controlled loop.
+
+    Args:
+        just_inputs: Types that are only inputs to the loop body.
+        rest: The remaining input types that are also output types.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> tl = TailLoop([tys.Bool], [tys.Qubit])
+        >>> tl.parent_op
+        TailLoop(just_inputs=[Bool], rest=[Qubit])
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, just_inputs: TypeRow, rest: TypeRow) -> None:
         root_op = ops.TailLoop(just_inputs, rest)
         super().__init__(root_op)
 
     def set_loop_outputs(self, sum_wire: Wire, *rest: Wire) -> None:
+        """Set the outputs of the loop body. The first wire must be the sum type
+        that controls loop termination.
+
+        Args:
+            sum_wire: The wire holding the sum type that controls loop termination.
+            rest: The remaining output wires (corresponding to the 'rest' types).
+        """
         self.set_outputs(sum_wire, *rest)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/conftest.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/conftest.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2289f8128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/conftest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""Testing setup."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from hugr import dfg, hugr, node_port, ops, tys, val
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def _add_hugr(doctest_namespace):
+    doctest_namespace.update(
+        {
+            "hugr": hugr,
+            "node_port": node_port,
+            "dfg": dfg,
+            "ops": ops,
+            "tys": tys,
+            "val": val,
+        }
+    )
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/dfg.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/dfg.py
index 99091b6c6..e905917d7 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/dfg.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/dfg.py
@@ -1,35 +1,26 @@
+"""Builder for HUGR datflow graphs."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass, replace
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Iterable,
-    Sequence,
     TypeVar,
 )
 
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
-import hugr.ops as ops
-import hugr.val as val
-from hugr.tys import (
-    Type,
-    TypeRow,
-    get_first_sum,
-    FunctionType,
-    TypeArg,
-    FunctionKind,
-    PolyFuncType,
-    ExtensionSet,
-)
+from hugr import ops, tys, val
 
 from .exceptions import NoSiblingAncestor
 from .hugr import Hugr, ParentBuilder
-from .node_port import Node, OutPort, Wire, ToNode
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+
     from .cfg import Cfg
     from .cond_loop import Conditional, If, TailLoop
+    from .node_port import Node, OutPort, ToNode, Wire
 
 
 DP = TypeVar("DP", bound=ops.DfParentOp)
@@ -37,10 +28,20 @@
 
 @dataclass()
 class _DfBase(ParentBuilder[DP]):
-    hugr: Hugr
+    """Base class for dataflow graph builders.
+
+    Args:
+        parent_op: The parent operation of the dataflow graph.
+    """
+
+    #: The Hugr instance that the builder is using.
+    hugr: Hugr = field(repr=False)
+    #: The parent node of the dataflow graph.
     parent_node: Node
-    input_node: Node
-    output_node: Node
+    #: The input node of the dataflow graph.
+    input_node: Node = field(repr=False)
+    #: The output node of the dataflow graph.
+    output_node: Node = field(repr=False)
 
     def __init__(self, parent_op: DP) -> None:
         self.hugr = Hugr(parent_op)
@@ -59,6 +60,20 @@ def _init_io_nodes(self, parent_op: DP):
     def new_nested(
         cls, parent_op: DP, hugr: Hugr, parent: ToNode | None = None
     ) -> Self:
+        """Start building a dataflow graph nested inside a larger HUGR.
+
+        Args:
+            parent_op: The parent operation of the new dataflow graph.
+            hugr: The host HUGR instance to build the dataflow graph in.
+            parent: Parent of new dataflow graph's root node: defaults to the
+            host HUGR root.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> hugr = Hugr()
+            >>> dfg = Dfg.new_nested(ops.DFG([]), hugr)
+            >>> dfg.parent_node
+            Node(1)
+        """
         new = cls.__new__(cls)
 
         new.hugr = hugr
@@ -73,15 +88,49 @@ def _output_op(self) -> ops.Output:
         return self.hugr._get_typed_op(self.output_node, ops.Output)
 
     def inputs(self) -> list[OutPort]:
+        """List all incoming wires (output ports of the input node).
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg.inputs()
+            [OutPort(Node(1), 0)]
+        """
         return [self.input_node.out(i) for i in range(len(self._input_op().types))]
 
     def add_op(self, op: ops.DataflowOp, /, *args: Wire) -> Node:
+        """Add a dataflow operation to the graph, wiring in input ports.
+
+        Args:
+            op: The operation to add.
+            args: The input wires to the operation.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node holding the new operation.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg.add_op(ops.Noop(), dfg.inputs()[0])
+            Node(3)
+        """
         new_n = self.hugr.add_node(op, self.parent_node)
         self._wire_up(new_n, args)
 
         return replace(new_n, _num_out_ports=op.num_out)
 
     def add(self, com: ops.Command) -> Node:
+        """Add a command (holding a dataflow operation and the incoming wires)
+        to the graph.
+
+        Args:
+            com: The command to add.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> (i,) = dfg.inputs()
+            >>> dfg.add(ops.Noop()(i))
+            Node(3)
+
+        """
         return self.add_op(com.op, *com.incoming)
 
     def _insert_nested_impl(self, builder: ParentBuilder, *args: Wire) -> Node:
@@ -90,12 +139,42 @@ def _insert_nested_impl(self, builder: ParentBuilder, *args: Wire) -> Node:
         return mapping[builder.parent_node]
 
     def insert_nested(self, dfg: Dfg, *args: Wire) -> Node:
+        """Insert a nested dataflow graph into the current graph, wiring in the
+        inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            dfg: The dataflow graph to insert.
+            args: The input wires to the graph.
+
+        Returns:
+            The root node of the inserted graph.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg2 = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg.insert_nested(dfg2, dfg.inputs()[0])
+            Node(3)
+        """
         return self._insert_nested_impl(dfg, *args)
 
     def add_nested(
         self,
         *args: Wire,
     ) -> Dfg:
+        """Start building a nested dataflow graph.
+
+        Args:
+            args: The input wires to the nested DFG.
+
+        Returns:
+            Builder for new nested dataflow graph.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg2 = dfg.add_nested(dfg.inputs()[0])
+            >>> dfg2.parent_node
+            Node(3)
+        """
         from .dfg import Dfg
 
         parent_op = ops.DFG(self._wire_types(args))
@@ -103,13 +182,27 @@ def add_nested(
         self._wire_up(dfg.parent_node, args)
         return dfg
 
-    def _wire_types(self, args: Iterable[Wire]) -> TypeRow:
+    def _wire_types(self, args: Iterable[Wire]) -> tys.TypeRow:
         return [self._get_dataflow_type(w) for w in args]
 
     def add_cfg(
         self,
         *args: Wire,
     ) -> Cfg:
+        """Start building a new CFG nested inside the current dataflow graph.
+
+        Args:
+            args: The input wires to the new CFG.
+
+        Returns:
+            Builder for new nested CFG.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> cfg = dfg.add_cfg(dfg.inputs()[0])
+            >>> cfg.parent_op
+            CFG(inputs=[Bool])
+        """
         from .cfg import Cfg
 
         cfg = Cfg.new_nested(self._wire_types(args), self.hugr, self.parent_node)
@@ -117,29 +210,122 @@ def add_cfg(
         return cfg
 
     def insert_cfg(self, cfg: Cfg, *args: Wire) -> Node:
+        """Insert a CFG into the current dataflow graph, wiring in the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            cfg: The CFG to insert.
+            args: The input wires to the CFG.
+
+        Returns:
+            The root node of the inserted CFG.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> from hugr.cfg import Cfg
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg.insert_cfg(cfg, dfg.inputs()[0])
+            Node(3)
+        """
         return self._insert_nested_impl(cfg, *args)
 
-    def add_conditional(self, cond: Wire, *args: Wire) -> Conditional:
+    def add_conditional(self, cond_wire: Wire, *args: Wire) -> Conditional:
+        """Start building a new conditional nested inside the current dataflow
+        graph.
+
+        Args:
+            cond_wire: The wire holding the value (of Sum type) to branch the
+            conditional on.
+            args: Remaining input wires to the conditional.
+
+        Returns:
+            Builder for new nested conditional.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool, tys.Unit)
+            >>> (cond, unit) = dfg.inputs()
+            >>> cond = dfg.add_conditional(cond, unit)
+            >>> cond.parent_node
+            Node(3)
+        """
         from .cond_loop import Conditional
 
-        args = (cond, *args)
-        (sum_, other_inputs) = get_first_sum(self._wire_types(args))
-        cond = Conditional.new_nested(sum_, other_inputs, self.hugr, self.parent_node)
-        self._wire_up(cond.parent_node, args)
-        return cond
-
-    def insert_conditional(self, cond: Conditional, *args: Wire) -> Node:
-        return self._insert_nested_impl(cond, *args)
+        args = (cond_wire, *args)
+        (sum_, other_inputs) = tys.get_first_sum(self._wire_types(args))
+        cond_wire = Conditional.new_nested(
+            sum_, other_inputs, self.hugr, self.parent_node
+        )
+        self._wire_up(cond_wire.parent_node, args)
+        return cond_wire
 
-    def add_if(self, cond: Wire, *args: Wire) -> If:
+    def insert_conditional(
+        self, cond: Conditional, cond_wire: Wire, *args: Wire
+    ) -> Node:
+        """Insert a conditional into the current dataflow graph, wiring in the
+        inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            cond: The conditional to insert.
+            cond_wire: The wire holding the value (of Sum type)
+              to branch the Conditional on.
+            args: Remaining input wires to the conditional.
+
+        Returns:
+            The root node of the inserted conditional.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> from hugr.cond_loop import Conditional
+            >>> cond = Conditional(tys.Bool, [])
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> cond_n = dfg.insert_conditional(cond, dfg.inputs()[0])
+            >>> dfg.hugr[cond_n].op
+            Conditional(sum_ty=Bool, other_inputs=[])
+        """
+        return self._insert_nested_impl(cond, *(cond_wire, *args))
+
+    def add_if(self, cond_wire: Wire, *args: Wire) -> If:
+        """Start building a new if block nested inside the current dataflow
+        graph.
+
+        Args:
+            cond_wire: The wire holding the Bool value to branch the If on.
+            args: Remaining input wires to the If (and subsequent Else).
+
+        Returns:
+            Builder for new nested If.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> (cond,) = dfg.inputs()
+            >>> if_ = dfg.add_if(cond, cond)
+            >>> if_.parent_op
+            Case(inputs=[Bool])
+        """
         from .cond_loop import If
 
-        conditional = self.add_conditional(cond, *args)
+        conditional = self.add_conditional(cond_wire, *args)
         return If(conditional.add_case(1))
 
     def add_tail_loop(
         self, just_inputs: Sequence[Wire], rest: Sequence[Wire]
     ) -> TailLoop:
+        """Start building a new tail loop nested inside the current dataflow
+        graph.
+
+        Args:
+            just_inputs: input wires for types that are only inputs to the loop body.
+            rest: input wires for types that are inputs and outputs of the loop
+            body.
+
+        Returns:
+            Builder for new nested TailLoop.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> (cond,) = dfg.inputs()
+            >>> tl = dfg.add_tail_loop([cond], [cond])
+            >>> tl.parent_op
+            TailLoop(just_inputs=[Bool], rest=[Bool])
+        """
         from .cond_loop import TailLoop
 
         just_input_types = self._wire_types(just_inputs)
@@ -149,21 +335,99 @@ def add_tail_loop(
         self._wire_up(tl.parent_node, (*just_inputs, *rest))
         return tl
 
-    def insert_tail_loop(self, tl: TailLoop, *args: Wire) -> Node:
-        return self._insert_nested_impl(tl, *args)
+    def insert_tail_loop(
+        self, tl: TailLoop, just_inputs: Sequence[Wire], rest: Sequence[Wire]
+    ) -> Node:
+        """Insert a tail loop into the current dataflow graph, wiring in the
+        inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            tl: The tail loop to insert.
+            just_inputs: input wires for types that are only inputs to the loop body.
+            rest: input wires for types that are inputs and outputs of the loop
+            body.
+
+        Returns:
+            The root node of the inserted tail loop.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> from hugr.cond_loop import TailLoop
+            >>> tl = TailLoop([tys.Bool], [tys.Bool])
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> (b,) = dfg.inputs()
+            >>> tl_n = dfg.insert_tail_loop(tl, [b], [b])
+            >>> dfg.hugr[tl_n].op
+            TailLoop(just_inputs=[Bool], rest=[Bool])
+        """
+        return self._insert_nested_impl(tl, *(*just_inputs, *rest))
 
     def set_outputs(self, *args: Wire) -> None:
+        """Set the outputs of the dataflow graph.
+        Connects wires to the output node.
+
+        Args:
+            args: Wires to connect to the output node.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> dfg.set_outputs(dfg.inputs()[0]) # connect input to output
+        """
         self._wire_up(self.output_node, args)
         self.parent_op._set_out_types(self._output_op().types)
 
     def add_state_order(self, src: Node, dst: Node) -> None:
+        """Add a state order link between two nodes.
+
+        Args:
+            src: The source node.
+            dst: The destination node.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.add_state_order(df.input_node, df.output_node)
+            >>> list(df.hugr.outgoing_order_links(df.input_node))
+            [Node(2)]
+        """
         # adds edge to the right of all existing edges
         self.hugr.add_link(src.out(-1), dst.inp(-1))
 
     def add_const(self, val: val.Value) -> Node:
+        """Add a static constant to the graph.
+
+        Args:
+            val: The value to add.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node holding the :class:`Const <hugr.ops.Const>` operation.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg()
+            >>> const_n = dfg.add_const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> dfg.hugr[const_n].op
+            Const(TRUE)
+        """
         return self.hugr.add_const(val, self.parent_node)
 
     def load(self, const: ToNode | val.Value) -> Node:
+        """Load a constant into the graph as a dataflow value.
+
+        Args:
+            const: The constant to load, either a Value that will be added as a
+            child Const node then loaded, or a node corresponding to an existing
+            Const.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node holding the :class:`LoadConst <hugr.ops.LoadConst>`
+            operation.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> dfg = Dfg()
+            >>> const_n = dfg.load(val.TRUE)
+            >>> len(dfg.hugr) # parent, input, output, const, load
+            5
+            >>> dfg.hugr[const_n].op
+            LoadConst(Bool)
+        """
         if isinstance(const, val.Value):
             const = self.add_const(const)
         const_op = self.hugr._get_typed_op(const, ops.Const)
@@ -178,13 +442,27 @@ def call(
         self,
         func: ToNode,
         *args: Wire,
-        instantiation: FunctionType | None = None,
-        type_args: Sequence[TypeArg] | None = None,
+        instantiation: tys.FunctionType | None = None,
+        type_args: Sequence[tys.TypeArg] | None = None,
     ) -> Node:
+        """Call a static function in the graph.
+        See :class:`Call <hugr.ops.Call>` for more on how polymorphic functions
+        are handled.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The node corresponding to the function definition/declaration to call.
+            args: The input wires to the function call.
+            instantiation: The concrete function type to call (needed if polymorphic).
+            type_args: The type arguments for the function (needed if
+            polymorphic).
+
+        Returns:
+            The node holding the :class:`Call <hugr.ops.Call>` operation.
+        """
         signature = self._fn_sig(func)
         call_op = ops.Call(signature, instantiation, type_args)
         call_n = self.hugr.add_node(call_op, self.parent_node, call_op.num_out)
-        self.hugr.add_link(func.out(0), call_n.inp(call_op.function_port_offset()))
+        self.hugr.add_link(func.out(0), call_n.inp(call_op._function_port_offset()))
 
         self._wire_up(call_n, args)
 
@@ -193,9 +471,20 @@ def call(
     def load_function(
         self,
         func: ToNode,
-        instantiation: FunctionType | None = None,
-        type_args: Sequence[TypeArg] | None = None,
+        instantiation: tys.FunctionType | None = None,
+        type_args: Sequence[tys.TypeArg] | None = None,
     ) -> Node:
+        """Load a static function into the graph as a higher-order value.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The node corresponding to the function definition/declaration to load.
+            instantiation: The concrete function type to load (needed if polymorphic).
+            type_args: The type arguments for the function (needed if
+            polymorphic).
+
+        Returns:
+            The node holding the :class:`LoadFunc <hugr.ops.LoadFunc>` operation.
+        """
         signature = self._fn_sig(func)
         load_op = ops.LoadFunc(signature, instantiation, type_args)
         load_n = self.hugr.add_node(load_op, self.parent_node)
@@ -203,30 +492,32 @@ def load_function(
 
         return load_n
 
-    def _fn_sig(self, func: ToNode) -> PolyFuncType:
+    def _fn_sig(self, func: ToNode) -> tys.PolyFuncType:
         f_op = self.hugr[func]
         f_kind = f_op.op.port_kind(func.out(0))
         match f_kind:
-            case FunctionKind(sig):
+            case tys.FunctionKind(sig):
                 signature = sig
             case _:
-                raise ValueError("Expected 'func' to be a function")
+                msg = "Expected 'func' to be a function"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
         return signature
 
-    def _wire_up(self, node: Node, ports: Iterable[Wire]) -> TypeRow:
+    def _wire_up(self, node: Node, ports: Iterable[Wire]) -> tys.TypeRow:
         tys = [self._wire_up_port(node, i, p) for i, p in enumerate(ports)]
-        if isinstance(op := self.hugr[node].op, ops.PartialOp):
-            op.set_in_types(tys)
+        if isinstance(op := self.hugr[node].op, ops._PartialOp):
+            op._set_in_types(tys)
         return tys
 
-    def _get_dataflow_type(self, wire: Wire) -> Type:
+    def _get_dataflow_type(self, wire: Wire) -> tys.Type:
         port = wire.out_port()
         ty = self.hugr.port_type(port)
         if ty is None:
-            raise ValueError(f"Port {port} is not a dataflow port.")
+            msg = f"Port {port} is not a dataflow port."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
         return ty
 
-    def _wire_up_port(self, node: Node, offset: int, p: Wire) -> Type:
+    def _wire_up_port(self, node: Node, offset: int, p: Wire) -> tys.Type:
         src = p.out_port()
         node_ancestor = _ancestral_sibling(self.hugr, src.node, node)
         if node_ancestor is None:
@@ -238,14 +529,26 @@ def _wire_up_port(self, node: Node, offset: int, p: Wire) -> Type:
 
 
 class Dfg(_DfBase[ops.DFG]):
-    def __init__(
-        self, *input_types: Type, extension_delta: ExtensionSet | None = None
-    ) -> None:
-        parent_op = ops.DFG(list(input_types), None, extension_delta or [])
+    """Builder for a simple nested Dataflow graph, with root node of type
+    :class:`DFG <hugr.ops.DFG>`.
+
+    Args:
+        input_types: The input types of the the dataflow graph. Output types are
+        calculated by propagating types through the graph.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> dfg = Dfg(tys.Bool)
+        >>> dfg.parent_op
+        DFG(inputs=[Bool])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *input_types: tys.Type) -> None:
+        parent_op = ops.DFG(list(input_types), None)
         super().__init__(parent_op)
 
 
 def _ancestral_sibling(h: Hugr, src: Node, tgt: Node) -> Node | None:
+    """Find the ancestor of `tgt` that is a sibling of `src`, if one exists."""
     src_parent = h[src].parent
 
     while (tgt_parent := h[tgt].parent) is not None:
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/exceptions.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/exceptions.py
index f003fc6c7..5d86e7945 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/exceptions.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/exceptions.py
@@ -1,28 +1,42 @@
+"""HUGR builder exceptions."""
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 
 @dataclass
 class NoSiblingAncestor(Exception):
+    """No sibling ancestor of target for valid inter-graph edge."""
+
     src: int
     tgt: int
 
     @property
     def msg(self):
-        return f"Source {self.src} has no sibling ancestor of target {self.tgt}, so cannot wire up."
+        return (
+            f"Source {self.src} has no sibling ancestor of target {self.tgt},"
+            " so cannot wire up."
+        )
 
 
 @dataclass
 class NotInSameCfg(Exception):
+    """Source and target nodes are not in the same CFG."""
+
     src: int
     tgt: int
 
     @property
     def msg(self):
-        return f"Source {self.src} is not in the same CFG as target {self.tgt}, so cannot wire up."
+        return (
+            f"Source {self.src} is not in the same CFG as target {self.tgt},"
+            " so cannot wire up."
+        )
 
 
 @dataclass
 class MismatchedExit(Exception):
+    """Edge to exit block signature mismatch."""
+
     src: int
 
     @property
@@ -33,9 +47,6 @@ def msg(self):
 
 
 class ParentBeforeChild(Exception):
-    msg: str = "Parent node must be added before child node."
+    """Parent added before child."""
 
-
-@dataclass
-class IncompleteOp(Exception):
-    msg: str = "Operation is incomplete, may require set_in_types to be called."
+    msg: str = "Parent node must be added before child node."
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/function.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/function.py
index 2e698c5d1..bdc388ccf 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/function.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/function.py
@@ -1,18 +1,37 @@
+"""Builder classes for defining functions and modules in HUGR."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-import hugr.ops as ops
-import hugr.val as val
+from hugr import ops, val
 
 from .dfg import _DfBase
-from hugr.node_port import Node
 from .hugr import Hugr
-from .tys import TypeRow, TypeParam, PolyFuncType, Type, TypeBound
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from hugr.node_port import Node
+
+    from .tys import PolyFuncType, Type, TypeBound, TypeParam, TypeRow
 
 
 @dataclass
 class Function(_DfBase[ops.FuncDefn]):
+    """Build a function definition as a HUGR dataflow graph.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the function.
+        input_types: The input types for the function (output types are
+        computed by propagating types from input node through the graph).
+        type_params: The type parameters for the function, if polymorphic.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> f = Function("f", [tys.Bool])
+        >>> f.parent_op
+        FuncDefn(name='f', inputs=[Bool], params=[])
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
@@ -25,7 +44,15 @@ def __init__(
 
 @dataclass
 class Module:
-    hugr: Hugr
+    """Build a top-level HUGR module.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> m = Module()
+        >>> m.hugr.root_op()
+        Module()
+    """
+
+    hugr: Hugr[ops.Module]
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.hugr = Hugr(ops.Module())
@@ -36,20 +63,61 @@ def define_function(
         input_types: TypeRow,
         type_params: list[TypeParam] | None = None,
     ) -> Function:
+        """Start building a function definition in the module.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the function.
+            input_types: The input types for the function.
+            type_params: The type parameters for the function, if polymorphic.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new function builder.
+        """
         parent_op = ops.FuncDefn(name, input_types, type_params or [])
         return Function.new_nested(parent_op, self.hugr)
 
     def define_main(self, input_types: TypeRow) -> Function:
+        """Define the 'main' function in the module. See :meth:`define_function`."""
         return self.define_function("main", input_types)
 
     def declare_function(self, name: str, signature: PolyFuncType) -> Node:
+        """Add a function declaration to the module.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the function.
+            signature: The (polymorphic) signature of the function.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node representing the function declaration.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> m = Module()
+            >>> sig = tys.PolyFuncType([], tys.FunctionType.empty())
+            >>> m.declare_function("f", sig)
+            Node(1)
+        """
         return self.hugr.add_node(ops.FuncDecl(name, signature), self.hugr.root)
 
     def add_const(self, value: val.Value) -> Node:
+        """Add a static constant to the module.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The constant value to add.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node holding the constant.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> m = Module()
+            >>> m.add_const(val.FALSE)
+            Node(1)
+        """
         return self.hugr.add_node(ops.Const(value), self.hugr.root)
 
     def add_alias_defn(self, name: str, ty: Type) -> Node:
+        """Add a type alias definition."""
         return self.hugr.add_node(ops.AliasDefn(name, ty), self.hugr.root)
 
     def add_alias_decl(self, name: str, bound: TypeBound) -> Node:
+        """Add a type alias declaration."""
         return self.hugr.add_node(ops.AliasDecl(name, bound), self.hugr.root)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/hugr.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/hugr.py
index 7fb9bc70c..4df2dc67a 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/hugr.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/hugr.py
@@ -1,39 +1,46 @@
+"""Core data structures for HUGR."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from collections.abc import Mapping
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
 from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
     Generic,
-    Iterable,
     Protocol,
     TypeVar,
     cast,
     overload,
-    Type as PyType,
 )
 
-
-from hugr.ops import Op, DataflowOp, Const, Call
-from hugr.tys import Type, Kind, ValueKind
-from hugr.val import Value
-from hugr.node_port import Direction, InPort, OutPort, ToNode, Node, _SubPort
+from hugr.node_port import Direction, InPort, Node, OutPort, ToNode, _SubPort
+from hugr.ops import Call, Const, DataflowOp, Module, Op
 from hugr.serialization.ops import OpType as SerialOp
 from hugr.serialization.serial_hugr import SerialHugr
+from hugr.tys import Kind, Type, ValueKind
 from hugr.utils import BiMap
+from hugr.val import Value
 
 from .exceptions import ParentBeforeChild
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from hugr.val import Value
+
 
 @dataclass()
 class NodeData:
+    """Node weights in HUGR graph. Defined by an operation and parent node."""
+
+    #: The operation of the node.
     op: Op
+    #: The parent node, or None for the root node.
     parent: Node | None
-    _num_inps: int = 0
-    _num_outs: int = 0
-    children: list[Node] = field(default_factory=list)
+    _num_inps: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
+    _num_outs: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
+    children: list[Node] = field(default_factory=list, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> SerialOp:
-        o = self.op.to_serial(node, self.parent if self.parent else node, hugr)
+    def to_serial(self, node: Node) -> SerialOp:
+        o = self.op.to_serial(self.parent if self.parent else node)
 
         return SerialOp(root=o)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
@@ -48,7 +55,11 @@ def to_serial(self, node: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> SerialOp:
 
 
 class ParentBuilder(ToNode, Protocol[OpVar]):
+    """Abstract interface implemented by builders of nodes that contain child HUGRs."""
+
+    #: The child HUGR.
     hugr: Hugr[OpVar]
+    # Unique parent node.
     parent_node: Node
 
     def to_node(self) -> Node:
@@ -56,21 +67,39 @@ def to_node(self) -> Node:
 
     @property
     def parent_op(self) -> OpVar:
+        """The parent node's operation."""
         return cast(OpVar, self.hugr[self.parent_node].op)
 
 
 @dataclass()
 class Hugr(Mapping[Node, NodeData], Generic[OpVar]):
+    """The core HUGR datastructure.
+
+    Args:
+        root_op: The operation for the root node. Defaults to a Module.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> h = Hugr()
+        >>> h.root_op()
+        Module()
+        >>> h[h.root].op
+        Module()
+    """
+
+    #: Root node of the HUGR.
     root: Node
+    # List of nodes, with None for deleted nodes.
     _nodes: list[NodeData | None]
+    # Bidirectional map of links between ports.
     _links: BiMap[_SO, _SI]
+    # List of free node indices, populated when nodes are deleted.
     _free_nodes: list[Node]
 
-    def __init__(self, root_op: OpVar) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, root_op: OpVar | None = None) -> None:
         self._free_nodes = []
         self._links = BiMap()
         self._nodes = []
-        self.root = self._add_node(root_op, None, 0)
+        self.root = self._add_node(root_op or Module(), None, 0)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key: ToNode) -> NodeData:
         key = key.to_node()
@@ -88,12 +117,26 @@ def __iter__(self):
     def __len__(self) -> int:
         return self.num_nodes()
 
-    def _get_typed_op(self, node: ToNode, cl: PyType[OpVar2]) -> OpVar2:
+    def _get_typed_op(self, node: ToNode, cl: type[OpVar2]) -> OpVar2:
         op = self[node].op
         assert isinstance(op, cl)
         return op
 
     def children(self, node: ToNode | None = None) -> list[Node]:
+        """The child nodes of a given `node`.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Parent node. Defaults to the HUGR root.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of child nodes.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> n = h.add_node(ops.Const(val.TRUE))
+            >>> h.children(h.root)
+            [Node(1)]
+        """
         node = node or self.root
         return self[node].children
 
@@ -123,13 +166,55 @@ def add_node(
         parent: ToNode | None = None,
         num_outs: int | None = None,
     ) -> Node:
+        """Add a node to the HUGR.
+
+        Args:
+            op: Operation of the node.
+            parent: Parent node of added node. Defaults to HUGR root if None.
+            num_outs: Number of output ports expected for this node. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Handle to the added node.
+        """
         parent = parent or self.root
         return self._add_node(op, parent, num_outs)
 
     def add_const(self, value: Value, parent: ToNode | None = None) -> Node:
+        """Add a constant node to the HUGR.
+
+        Args:
+            value: Value of the constant.
+            parent: Parent node of added node. Defaults to HUGR root if None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Handle to the added node.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> n = h.add_const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> h[n].op
+            Const(TRUE)
+        """
         return self.add_node(Const(value), parent)
 
     def delete_node(self, node: ToNode) -> NodeData | None:
+        """Delete a node from the HUGR.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Node to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            The deleted node data, or None if the node was not found.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> n = h.add_const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> deleted = h.delete_node(n)
+            >>> deleted.op
+            Const(TRUE)
+            >>> len(h)
+            1
+        """
         node = node.to_node()
         parent = self[node].parent
         if parent:
@@ -156,6 +241,19 @@ def _unused_sub_offset(self, port: P) -> _SubPort[P]:
         return sub_port
 
     def add_link(self, src: OutPort, dst: InPort) -> None:
+        """Add a link (edge) between two nodes to the HUGR,
+          from an outgoing port to an incoming port.
+
+        Args:
+            src: Source port.
+            dst: Destination port.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(0))
+            >>> list(df.hugr.linked_ports(df.input_node[0]))
+            [InPort(Node(2), 0)]
+        """
         src_sub = self._unused_sub_offset(src)
         dst_sub = self._unused_sub_offset(dst)
         # if self._links.get_left(dst_sub) is not None:
@@ -166,6 +264,12 @@ def add_link(self, src: OutPort, dst: InPort) -> None:
         self[dst.node]._num_inps = max(self[dst.node]._num_inps, dst.offset + 1)
 
     def delete_link(self, src: OutPort, dst: InPort) -> None:
+        """Delete a link (edge) between two nodes from the HUGR.
+
+        Args:
+            src: Source port.
+            dst: Destination port.
+        """
         try:
             sub_offset = next(
                 i for i, inp in enumerate(self.linked_ports(src)) if inp == dst
@@ -176,12 +280,45 @@ def delete_link(self, src: OutPort, dst: InPort) -> None:
         # TODO make sure sub-offset is handled correctly
 
     def root_op(self) -> OpVar:
+        """The operation of the root node.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> h.root_op()
+            Module()
+        """
         return cast(OpVar, self[self.root].op)
 
     def num_nodes(self) -> int:
+        """The number of nodes in the HUGR.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> n = h.add_const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> h.num_nodes()
+            2
+        """
         return len(self._nodes) - len(self._free_nodes)
 
     def num_ports(self, node: ToNode, direction: Direction) -> int:
+        """The number of ports of a node in a given direction.
+        Not necessarily the number of connected ports - if port `i` is
+        connected, then all ports `0..i` are assumed to exist.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Node to query.
+            direction: Direction of ports to count.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> n1 = h.add_const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> n2 = h.add_const(val.FALSE)
+            >>> h.add_link(n1.out(0), n2.inp(2)) # not a valid link!
+            >>> h.num_ports(n1, Direction.OUTGOING)
+            1
+            >>> h.num_ports(n2, Direction.INCOMING)
+            3
+        """
         return (
             self.num_in_ports(node)
             if direction == Direction.INCOMING
@@ -189,9 +326,11 @@ def num_ports(self, node: ToNode, direction: Direction) -> int:
         )
 
     def num_in_ports(self, node: ToNode) -> int:
+        """The number of incoming ports of a node. See :meth:`num_ports`."""
         return self[node]._num_inps
 
     def num_out_ports(self, node: ToNode) -> int:
+        """The number of outgoing ports of a node. See :meth:`num_ports`."""
         return self[node]._num_outs
 
     def _linked_ports(
@@ -208,6 +347,21 @@ def linked_ports(self, port: OutPort) -> Iterable[InPort]: ...
     @overload
     def linked_ports(self, port: InPort) -> Iterable[OutPort]: ...
     def linked_ports(self, port: OutPort | InPort):
+        """Return an iterable of In(Out)Ports linked to given Out(In)Port.
+
+        Args:
+            port: Given port.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator over linked ports.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> df.set_outputs(df.input_node[0])
+            >>> list(df.hugr.linked_ports(df.input_node[0]))
+            [InPort(Node(2), 0)]
+
+        """
         match port:
             case OutPort(_):
                 return self._linked_ports(port, self._links.fwd)
@@ -217,9 +371,33 @@ def linked_ports(self, port: OutPort | InPort):
     # TODO: single linked port
 
     def outgoing_order_links(self, node: ToNode) -> Iterable[Node]:
+        """Iterator over nodes connected by an outgoing state order link from a
+        given node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Source node of state order link.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.add_state_order(df.input_node, df.output_node)
+            >>> list(df.hugr.outgoing_order_links(df.input_node))
+            [Node(2)]
+        """
         return (p.node for p in self.linked_ports(node.out(-1)))
 
     def incoming_order_links(self, node: ToNode) -> Iterable[Node]:
+        """Iterator over nodes connected by an incoming state order link to a
+        given node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Destination node of state order link.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.add_state_order(df.input_node, df.output_node)
+            >>> list(df.hugr.incoming_order_links(df.output_node))
+            [Node(1)]
+        """
         return (p.node for p in self.linked_ports(node.inp(-1)))
 
     def _node_links(
@@ -235,25 +413,86 @@ def _node_links(
             yield port, list(self._linked_ports(port, links))
 
     def outgoing_links(self, node: ToNode) -> Iterable[tuple[OutPort, list[InPort]]]:
+        """Iterator over outgoing links from a given node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Node to query.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator of pairs of outgoing port and the incoming ports connected
+            to that port.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(0))
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(1))
+            >>> list(df.hugr.outgoing_links(df.input_node))
+            [(OutPort(Node(1), 0), [InPort(Node(2), 0), InPort(Node(2), 1)])]
+        """
         return self._node_links(node, self._links.fwd)
 
     def incoming_links(self, node: ToNode) -> Iterable[tuple[InPort, list[OutPort]]]:
+        """Iterator over incoming links to a given node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Node to query.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator of pairs of incoming port and the outgoing ports connected
+            to that port.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(0))
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(1))
+            >>> list(df.hugr.incoming_links(df.output_node))
+            [(InPort(Node(2), 0), [OutPort(Node(1), 0)]), (InPort(Node(2), 1), [OutPort(Node(1), 0)])]
+        """  # noqa: E501
         return self._node_links(node, self._links.bck)
 
     def num_incoming(self, node: Node) -> int:
-        # connecetd links
+        """The number of incoming links to a `node`.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(0))
+            >>> df.hugr.num_incoming(df.output_node)
+            1
+        """
         return sum(1 for _ in self.incoming_links(node))
 
     def num_outgoing(self, node: ToNode) -> int:
-        # connecetd links
+        """The number of outgoing links from a `node`.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> df.hugr.add_link(df.input_node.out(0), df.output_node.inp(0))
+            >>> df.hugr.num_outgoing(df.input_node)
+            1
+        """
         return sum(1 for _ in self.outgoing_links(node))
 
     # TODO: num_links and _linked_ports
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> Kind:
+        """The kind of a `port`.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> df.hugr.port_kind(df.input_node.out(0))
+            ValueKind(Bool)
+        """
         return self[port.node].op.port_kind(port)
 
     def port_type(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> Type | None:
+        """The type of a `port`, if the kind is
+        :class:`ValueKind <hugr.tys.ValueKind>`, else None.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> df = dfg.Dfg(tys.Bool)
+            >>> df.hugr.port_type(df.input_node.out(0))
+            Bool
+        """
         op = self[port.node].op
         if isinstance(op, DataflowOp):
             return op.port_type(port)
@@ -264,6 +503,22 @@ def port_type(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> Type | None:
         return None
 
     def insert_hugr(self, hugr: Hugr, parent: ToNode | None = None) -> dict[Node, Node]:
+        """Insert a HUGR into this HUGR.
+
+        Args:
+            hugr: HUGR to insert.
+            parent: Parent for root of inserted HUGR. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Mapping from node indices in inserted HUGR to their new indices
+            in this HUGR.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> d = dfg.Dfg()
+            >>> h = Hugr()
+            >>> h.insert_hugr(d.hugr)
+            {Node(0): Node(1), Node(1): Node(2), Node(2): Node(3)}
+        """
         mapping: dict[Node, Node] = {}
 
         for idx, node_data in enumerate(hugr._nodes):
@@ -274,7 +529,7 @@ def insert_hugr(self, hugr: Hugr, parent: ToNode | None = None) -> dict[Node, No
                         mapping[node_data.parent] if node_data.parent else parent
                     )
                 except KeyError as e:
-                    raise ParentBeforeChild() from e
+                    raise ParentBeforeChild from e
                 mapping[Node(idx)] = self.add_node(node_data.op, node_parent)
 
         for src, dst in hugr._links.items():
@@ -285,9 +540,10 @@ def insert_hugr(self, hugr: Hugr, parent: ToNode | None = None) -> dict[Node, No
         return mapping
 
     def to_serial(self) -> SerialHugr:
+        """Serialize the HUGR."""
         node_it = (node for node in self._nodes if node is not None)
 
-        def _serialise_link(
+        def _serialize_link(
             link: tuple[_SO, _SI],
         ) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]:
             src, dst = link
@@ -297,8 +553,8 @@ def _serialise_link(
         return SerialHugr(
             version="v1",
             # non contiguous indices will be erased
-            nodes=[node.to_serial(Node(idx), self) for idx, node in enumerate(node_it)],
-            edges=[_serialise_link(link) for link in self._links.items()],
+            nodes=[node.to_serial(Node(idx)) for idx, node in enumerate(node_it)],
+            edges=[_serialize_link(link) for link in self._links.items()],
         )
 
     def _constrain_offset(self, p: P) -> int:
@@ -317,6 +573,7 @@ def _constrain_offset(self, p: P) -> int:
 
     @classmethod
     def from_serial(cls, serial: SerialHugr) -> Hugr:
+        """Load a HUGR from a serialized form."""
         assert serial.nodes, "Empty Hugr is invalid"
 
         hugr = Hugr.__new__(Hugr)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/node_port.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/node_port.py
index 23e10291a..0ef173bb6 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/node_port.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/node_port.py
@@ -1,19 +1,27 @@
+"""Node and port classes for Hugr graphs."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
     ClassVar,
-    Iterator,
+    Generic,
     Protocol,
-    overload,
     TypeVar,
-    Generic,
+    overload,
 )
+
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator
+
 
 class Direction(Enum):
+    """Enum over port directions, INCOMING and OUTGOING."""
+
     INCOMING = 0
     OUTGOING = 1
 
@@ -27,23 +35,41 @@ class _Port:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True, order=True)
 class InPort(_Port):
+    """Incoming port, defined by the `node` it belongs to and the port `offset`."""
+
     direction: ClassVar[Direction] = Direction.INCOMING
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"InPort({self.node}, {self.offset})"
+
 
 class Wire(Protocol):
-    def out_port(self) -> OutPort: ...
+    """Protocol for objects that can provide a dataflow output port."""
+
+    def out_port(self) -> OutPort:
+        """OutPort corresponding to this :class:`Wire`."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True, order=True)
 class OutPort(_Port, Wire):
+    """Outgoing port, defined by the `node` it belongs to and the port `offset`."""
+
     direction: ClassVar[Direction] = Direction.OUTGOING
 
     def out_port(self) -> OutPort:
         return self
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"OutPort({self.node}, {self.offset})"
+
 
 class ToNode(Wire, Protocol):
-    def to_node(self) -> Node: ...
+    """Protocol by any object that can be treated as a :class:`Node`."""
+
+    def to_node(self) -> Node:
+        """Convert to a :class:`Node`."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     @overload
     def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> OutPort: ...
@@ -57,16 +83,48 @@ def __getitem__(
     ) -> OutPort | Iterator[OutPort]:
         return self.to_node()._index(index)
 
-    def out_port(self) -> "OutPort":
+    def out_port(self) -> OutPort:
         return OutPort(self.to_node(), 0)
 
     def inp(self, offset: int) -> InPort:
+        """Generate an input port for this node.
+
+        Args:
+            offset: port offset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Incoming port for this node.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> Node(0).inp(1)
+            InPort(Node(0), 1)
+        """
         return InPort(self.to_node(), offset)
 
     def out(self, offset: int) -> OutPort:
+        """Generate an output port for this node.
+
+        Args:
+            offset: port offset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Outgoing port for this node.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> Node(0).out(1)
+            OutPort(Node(0), 1)
+        """
         return OutPort(self.to_node(), offset)
 
     def port(self, offset: int, direction: Direction) -> InPort | OutPort:
+        """Generate a port in `direction` for this node with `offset`.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> Node(0).port(1, Direction.INCOMING)
+            InPort(Node(0), 1)
+            >>> Node(0).port(1, Direction.OUTGOING)
+            OutPort(Node(0), 1)
+        """
         if direction == Direction.INCOMING:
             return self.inp(offset)
         else:
@@ -75,6 +133,10 @@ def port(self, offset: int, direction: Direction) -> InPort | OutPort:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True, eq=True, order=True)
 class Node(ToNode):
+    """Node in hierarchical :class:`Hugr <hugr.hugr.Hugr>` graph,
+    with globally unique index.
+    """
+
     idx: int
     _num_out_ports: int | None = field(default=None, compare=False)
 
@@ -83,17 +145,16 @@ def _index(
     ) -> OutPort | Iterator[OutPort]:
         match index:
             case int(index):
-                if self._num_out_ports is not None:
-                    if index >= self._num_out_ports:
-                        raise IndexError("Index out of range")
+                if self._num_out_ports is not None and index >= self._num_out_ports:
+                    msg = "Index out of range"
+                    raise IndexError(msg)
                 return self.out(index)
             case slice():
                 start = index.start or 0
                 stop = index.stop or self._num_out_ports
                 if stop is None:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Stop must be specified when number of outputs unknown"
-                    )
+                    msg = "Stop must be specified when number of outputs unknown"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
                 step = index.step or 1
                 return (self[i] for i in range(start, stop, step))
             case tuple(xs):
@@ -102,6 +163,9 @@ def _index(
     def to_node(self) -> Node:
         return self
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Node({self.idx})"
+
 
 P = TypeVar("P", InPort, OutPort)
 
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/ops.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/ops.py
index 07ab362dc..ef9f86d91 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/ops.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/ops.py
@@ -1,42 +1,69 @@
+"""Definitions of HUGR operations."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Protocol, TYPE_CHECKING, Sequence, runtime_checkable, TypeVar
-from hugr.serialization.ops import BaseOp
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Protocol, TypeVar, runtime_checkable
+
 import hugr.serialization.ops as sops
+from hugr import tys, val
+from hugr.node_port import Direction, InPort, Node, OutPort, Wire
 from hugr.utils import ser_it
-import hugr.tys as tys
-from hugr.node_port import Node, InPort, OutPort, Wire
-import hugr.val as val
-from .exceptions import IncompleteOp
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from hugr.hugr import Hugr
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from hugr.serialization.ops import BaseOp
 
 
 @dataclass
 class InvalidPort(Exception):
+    """Port is not valid for this operation."""
+
     port: InPort | OutPort
+    op: Op
 
     @property
     def msg(self) -> str:
-        return f"Invalid port {self.port}"
+        return f"Port {self.port} is invalid for operation {self.op}."
 
 
 @runtime_checkable
 class Op(Protocol):
+    """An abstract HUGR operation. Must be convertible
+    to a serialisable :class:`BaseOp`.
+    """
+
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
-        return None
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
+        """The number of output ports for this operation.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> op = Const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> op.num_out
+            1
+        """
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> BaseOp: ...
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> BaseOp:
+        """Convert this operation to a serialisable form."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
-    def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind: ...
+    def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
+        """Get the kind of the given port.
 
+        Example:
+            >>> op = Const(val.TRUE)
+            >>> op.port_kind(OutPort(Node(0), 0))
+            ConstKind(Bool)
+        """
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
-def _sig_port_type(sig: tys.FunctionType, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Type:
-    from hugr.node_port import Direction
+    def _invalid_port(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> InvalidPort:
+        return InvalidPort(port, self)
 
+
+def _sig_port_type(sig: tys.FunctionType, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Type:
     if port.direction == Direction.INCOMING:
         return sig.input[port.offset]
     return sig.output[port.offset]
@@ -44,7 +71,15 @@ def _sig_port_type(sig: tys.FunctionType, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Type:
 
 @runtime_checkable
 class DataflowOp(Op, Protocol):
-    def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType: ...
+    """Abstract dataflow operation. Can be assumed to have a signature and Value-
+    kind ports.
+    """
+
+    def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
+        """The external signature of this operation. Defines the valid external
+        connectivity of the node the operation belongs to.
+        """
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
         if port.offset == -1:
@@ -52,32 +87,81 @@ def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
         return tys.ValueKind(self.port_type(port))
 
     def port_type(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Type:
+        """Get the type of the given dataflow port from the signature of the
+        operation.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> op = Input([tys.Bool])
+            >>> op.port_type(OutPort(Node(0), 0))
+            Bool
+
+        """
         return _sig_port_type(self.outer_signature(), port)
 
     def __call__(self, *args) -> Command:
+        """Calling with incoming :class:`Wire` arguments returns a
+        :class:`Command` which can be used to wire the operation into a
+        dataflow graph.
+        """
         return Command(self, list(args))
 
 
 @runtime_checkable
-class PartialOp(Protocol):
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None: ...
+class _PartialOp(Protocol):
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None: ...
+
+
+@dataclass
+class IncompleteOp(Exception):
+    """Op types have not been set during building."""
+
+    op: Op
+
+    @property
+    def msg(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"Operation {self.op} is incomplete, may require set_in_types to be called."
+        )
+
+
+V = TypeVar("V")
+
+
+def _check_complete(op, v: V | None) -> V:
+    if v is None:
+        raise IncompleteOp(op)
+    return v
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Command:
+    """A :class:`DataflowOp` and its incoming :class:`Wire <hugr.nodeport.Wire>`
+      arguments.
+
+    Ephemeral: used to wire operations into a dataflow graph.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> Noop()(Node(0).out(0))
+        Command(op=Noop, incoming=[OutPort(Node(0), 0)])
+    """
+
     op: DataflowOp
     incoming: list[Wire]
 
 
 @dataclass()
 class Input(DataflowOp):
+    """Input operation in dataflow graph. Outputs of this operation are the
+    inputs to the graph.
+    """
+
     types: tys.TypeRow
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.types)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Input:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Input:
         return sops.Input(parent=parent.idx, types=ser_it(self.types))
 
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
@@ -87,35 +171,33 @@ def __call__(self) -> Command:
         return super().__call__()
 
 
-V = TypeVar("V")
-
-
-def _check_complete(v: V | None) -> V:
-    if v is None:
-        raise IncompleteOp()
-    return v
-
-
 @dataclass()
-class Output(DataflowOp, PartialOp):
-    _types: tys.TypeRow | None = None
+class Output(DataflowOp, _PartialOp):
+    """Output operation in dataflow graph. Inputs of this operation are the
+    outputs of the graph.
+    """
+
+    _types: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    num_out: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def types(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._types)
+        return _check_complete(self, self._types)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Output:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Output:
         return sops.Output(parent=parent.idx, types=ser_it(self.types))
 
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
         return tys.FunctionType(input=self.types, output=[])
 
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         self._types = types
 
 
 @dataclass()
 class Custom(DataflowOp):
+    """A non-core dataflow operation defined in an extension."""
+
     op_name: str
     signature: tys.FunctionType = field(default_factory=tys.FunctionType.empty)
     description: str = ""
@@ -123,10 +205,10 @@ class Custom(DataflowOp):
     args: list[tys.TypeArg] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.signature.output)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.CustomOp:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.CustomOp:
         return sops.CustomOp(
             parent=parent.idx,
             extension=self.extension,
@@ -141,15 +223,22 @@ def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
 
 
 @dataclass()
-class MakeTupleDef(DataflowOp, PartialOp):
-    _types: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+class MakeTuple(DataflowOp, _PartialOp):
+    """Operation to create a tuple from a sequence of wires."""
+
+    _types: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def types(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._types)
+        """If set, the types of the tuple elements.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the types have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._types)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.MakeTuple:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.MakeTuple:
         return sops.MakeTuple(
             parent=parent.idx,
             tys=ser_it(self.types),
@@ -161,26 +250,33 @@ def __call__(self, *elements: Wire) -> Command:
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
         return tys.FunctionType(input=self.types, output=[tys.Tuple(*self.types)])
 
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         self._types = types
 
-
-MakeTuple = MakeTupleDef()
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "MakeTuple" + (f"({self._types})" if self._types is not None else "")
 
 
 @dataclass()
-class UnpackTupleDef(DataflowOp, PartialOp):
-    _types: tys.TypeRow | None = None
+class UnpackTuple(DataflowOp, _PartialOp):
+    """Operation to unpack a tuple into its elements."""
+
+    _types: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def types(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._types)
+        """If set, the types of the tuple elements.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the types have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._types)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.types)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.UnpackTuple:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.UnpackTuple:
         return sops.UnpackTuple(
             parent=parent.idx,
             tys=ser_it(self.types),
@@ -190,25 +286,28 @@ def __call__(self, tuple_: Wire) -> Command:
         return super().__call__(tuple_)
 
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
-        return MakeTupleDef(self.types).outer_signature().flip()
+        return MakeTuple(self.types).outer_signature().flip()
 
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         (t,) = types
         assert isinstance(t, tys.Sum), f"Expected unary Sum, got {t}"
         (row,) = t.variant_rows
         self._types = row
 
 
-UnpackTuple = UnpackTupleDef()
-
-
 @dataclass()
 class Tag(DataflowOp):
+    """Tag a row of incoming values to make them a variant of a sum type.
+
+    Requires `sum_ty` to be set as it is not possible to extract all the variants from
+    just the input wires for one variant.
+    """
+
     tag: int
     sum_ty: tys.Sum
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Tag:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Tag:
         return sops.Tag(
             parent=parent.idx,
             tag=self.tag,
@@ -222,7 +321,13 @@ def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
 
 
 class DfParentOp(Op, Protocol):
-    def inner_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType: ...
+    """Abstract parent of dataflow graph operations. Can be queried for the
+    dataflow signature of its child graph.
+    """
+
+    def inner_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
+        """Inner signature of the child dataflow graph."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     def _set_out_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None: ...
 
@@ -231,23 +336,36 @@ def _inputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow: ...
 
 @dataclass
 class DFG(DfParentOp, DataflowOp):
+    """Simple dataflow graph operation. Outer signature matches inner signature."""
+
+    #: Inputs types of the operation.
     inputs: tys.TypeRow
-    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    extension_delta: tys.ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=list)
+    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    _extension_delta: tys.ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=list, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._outputs)
+        """Output types of the operation.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._outputs)
 
     @property
     def signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
-        return tys.FunctionType(self.inputs, self.outputs, self.extension_delta)
+        """Signature of the operation.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return tys.FunctionType(self.inputs, self.outputs, self._extension_delta)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.signature.output)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.DFG:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.DFG:
         return sops.DFG(
             parent=parent.idx,
             signature=self.signature.to_serial(),
@@ -268,22 +386,35 @@ def _inputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
 
 @dataclass()
 class CFG(DataflowOp):
+    """Parent operation of a control flow graph."""
+
+    #: Inputs types of the operation.
     inputs: tys.TypeRow
-    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
+    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._outputs)
+        """Output types of the operation, if set.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._outputs)
 
     @property
     def signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
+        """Dataflow signature of the CFG operation.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
         return tys.FunctionType(self.inputs, self.outputs)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.outputs)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.CFG:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.CFG:
         return sops.CFG(
             parent=parent.idx,
             signature=self.signature.to_serial(),
@@ -295,24 +426,40 @@ def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
 
 @dataclass
 class DataflowBlock(DfParentOp):
+    """Parent of non-entry basic block in a control flow graph."""
+
+    #: Inputs types of the innner dataflow graph.
     inputs: tys.TypeRow
     _sum: tys.Sum | None = None
-    _other_outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
+    _other_outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
     extension_delta: tys.ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=list)
 
     @property
     def sum_ty(self) -> tys.Sum:
-        return _check_complete(self._sum)
+        """If set, the sum type that defines the potential branching of the
+        block.
+
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the sum type has not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._sum)
 
     @property
     def other_outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._other_outputs)
+        """The non-branching outputs of the block which are passed to all
+        successors.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._other_outputs)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.sum_ty.variant_rows)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.DataflowBlock:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.DataflowBlock:
         return sops.DataflowBlock(
             parent=parent.idx,
             inputs=ser_it(self.inputs),
@@ -338,19 +485,29 @@ def _inputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
         return self.inputs
 
     def nth_outputs(self, n: int) -> tys.TypeRow:
+        """The outputs passed to the nth successor of the block.
+        Concatenation of the nth variant of the sum type and the other outputs.
+        """
         return [*self.sum_ty.variant_rows[n], *self.other_outputs]
 
 
 @dataclass
 class ExitBlock(Op):
-    _cfg_outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 0
+    """Unique exit block of a control flow graph."""
+
+    _cfg_outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    num_out: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def cfg_outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._cfg_outputs)
+        """Output types of the parent control flow graph of this exit block.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._cfg_outputs)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.ExitBlock:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.ExitBlock:
         return sops.ExitBlock(
             parent=parent.idx,
             cfg_outputs=ser_it(self.cfg_outputs),
@@ -362,10 +519,14 @@ def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
 
 @dataclass
 class Const(Op):
+    """A static constant value. Can be used with a :class:`LoadConst` to load into
+    a dataflow graph.
+    """
+
     val: val.Value
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Const:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Const:
         return sops.Const(
             parent=parent.idx,
             v=self.val.to_serial_root(),
@@ -376,56 +537,86 @@ def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
             case OutPort(_, 0):
                 return tys.ConstKind(self.val.type_())
             case _:
-                raise InvalidPort(port)
+                raise self._invalid_port(port)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Const({self.val})"
 
 
 @dataclass
 class LoadConst(DataflowOp):
-    typ: tys.Type | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    """Load a constant value into a dataflow graph. Connects to a :class:`Const`."""
 
+    _typ: tys.Type | None = None
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
+
+    @property
     def type_(self) -> tys.Type:
-        return _check_complete(self.typ)
+        """The type of the loaded value.
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.LoadConstant:
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the type has not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._typ)
+
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.LoadConstant:
         return sops.LoadConstant(
             parent=parent.idx,
-            datatype=self.type_().to_serial_root(),
+            datatype=self.type_.to_serial_root(),
         )
 
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
-        return tys.FunctionType(input=[], output=[self.type_()])
+        return tys.FunctionType(input=[], output=[self.type_])
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
         match port:
             case InPort(_, 0):
-                return tys.ConstKind(self.type_())
+                return tys.ConstKind(self.type_)
             case OutPort(_, 0):
-                return tys.ValueKind(self.type_())
+                return tys.ValueKind(self.type_)
             case _:
-                raise InvalidPort(port)
+                raise self._invalid_port(port)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "LoadConst" + (f"({self._typ})" if self._typ is not None else "")
 
 
 @dataclass()
 class Conditional(DataflowOp):
+    """'Switch' operation on the variants of an incoming sum type, evaluating the
+    corresponding one of the child :class:`Case` operations.
+    """
+
+    #: Sum type to switch on.
     sum_ty: tys.Sum
+    #: Non-sum inputs that are passed to all cases.
     other_inputs: tys.TypeRow
-    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
+    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._outputs)
+        """Outputs of the conditional, common to all cases.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._outputs)
 
     @property
     def signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
+        """Dataflow signature of the conditional operation.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
         inputs = [self.sum_ty, *self.other_inputs]
         return tys.FunctionType(inputs, self.outputs)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.outputs)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Conditional:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Conditional:
         return sops.Conditional(
             parent=parent.idx,
             sum_rows=[ser_it(r) for r in self.sum_ty.variant_rows],
@@ -437,20 +628,31 @@ def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
         return self.signature
 
     def nth_inputs(self, n: int) -> tys.TypeRow:
+        """The inputs passed to the nth child case.
+        Concatenation of the nth variant of the sum type and the other inputs.
+        """
         return [*self.sum_ty.variant_rows[n], *self.other_inputs]
 
 
 @dataclass
 class Case(DfParentOp):
+    """Parent of a dataflow graph that is a branch of a :class:`Conditional`."""
+
+    #: Inputs types of the innner dataflow graph.
     inputs: tys.TypeRow
-    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 0
+    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    num_out: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._outputs)
+        """Outputs of the case operation.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._outputs)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Case:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Case:
         return sops.Case(
             parent=parent.idx, signature=self.inner_signature().to_serial()
         )
@@ -459,7 +661,7 @@ def inner_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
         return tys.FunctionType(self.inputs, self.outputs)
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
-        raise InvalidPort(port)
+        raise self._invalid_port(port)
 
     def _set_out_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         self._outputs = types
@@ -470,20 +672,31 @@ def _inputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
 
 @dataclass
 class TailLoop(DfParentOp, DataflowOp):
+    """Tail controlled loop operation, child dataflow graph iterates while it
+    outputs the first variant of a sum type.
+    """
+
+    #: Types that are only inputs of the child graph.
     just_inputs: tys.TypeRow
+    #: Types that are appended to both inputs and outputs of the graph.
     rest: tys.TypeRow
-    _just_outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    extension_delta: tys.ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=list)
+    _just_outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    extension_delta: tys.ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=list, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def just_outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._just_outputs)
+        """Types that are only outputs of the child graph.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._just_outputs)
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.just_outputs) + len(self.rest)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.TailLoop:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.TailLoop:
         return sops.TailLoop(
             parent=parent.idx,
             just_inputs=ser_it(self.just_inputs),
@@ -514,23 +727,40 @@ def _inputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
 
 @dataclass
 class FuncDefn(DfParentOp):
+    """Function definition operation, parent of a dataflow graph that defines
+    the function.
+    """
+
+    #: function name
     name: str
+    #: input types of the function
     inputs: tys.TypeRow
+    # ? type parameters of the function if polymorphic
     params: list[tys.TypeParam] = field(default_factory=list)
-    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    _outputs: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def outputs(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._outputs)
+        """Output types of the function.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._outputs)
 
     @property
     def signature(self) -> tys.PolyFuncType:
+        """Polymorphic signature of the function.
+
+        Raises:
+            IncompleteOp: If the outputs have not been set.
+        """
         return tys.PolyFuncType(
             self.params, tys.FunctionType(self.inputs, self.outputs)
         )
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.FuncDefn:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.FuncDefn:
         return sops.FuncDefn(
             parent=parent.idx,
             name=self.name,
@@ -551,16 +781,20 @@ def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
             case OutPort(_, 0):
                 return tys.FunctionKind(self.signature)
             case _:
-                raise InvalidPort(port)
+                raise self._invalid_port(port)
 
 
 @dataclass
 class FuncDecl(Op):
+    """Function declaration operation, defines the signature of a function."""
+
+    #: function name
     name: str
+    #: polymorphic function signature
     signature: tys.PolyFuncType
-    num_out: int | None = 0
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.FuncDecl:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.FuncDecl:
         return sops.FuncDecl(
             parent=parent.idx,
             name=self.name,
@@ -572,47 +806,33 @@ def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
             case OutPort(_, 0):
                 return tys.FunctionKind(self.signature)
             case _:
-                raise InvalidPort(port)
+                raise self._invalid_port(port)
 
 
 @dataclass
 class Module(Op):
-    num_out: int | None = 0
+    """Root operation of a HUGR which corresponds to a full module definition."""
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Module:
+    num_out: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
+
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Module:
         return sops.Module(parent=parent.idx)
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
-        raise InvalidPort(port)
+        raise self._invalid_port(port)
 
 
 class NoConcreteFunc(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-def _fn_instantiation(
-    signature: tys.PolyFuncType,
-    instantiation: tys.FunctionType | None = None,
-    type_args: Sequence[tys.TypeArg] | None = None,
-) -> tuple[tys.FunctionType, list[tys.TypeArg]]:
-    if len(signature.params) == 0:
-        return signature.body, []
-
-    else:
-        # TODO substitute type args into signature to get instantiation
-        if instantiation is None:
-            raise NoConcreteFunc("Missing instantiation for polymorphic function.")
-        type_args = type_args or []
-
-        if len(signature.params) != len(type_args):
-            raise NoConcreteFunc("Mismatched number of type arguments.")
-        return instantiation, list(type_args)
+    """Could not instantiate a polymorphic function."""
 
 
 @dataclass
-class Call(Op):
+class _CallOrLoad:
+    #: polymorphic function signature
     signature: tys.PolyFuncType
+    #: concrete function signature
     instantiation: tys.FunctionType
+    #: type arguments for polymorphic function
     type_args: list[tys.TypeArg]
 
     def __init__(
@@ -622,11 +842,40 @@ def __init__(
         type_args: Sequence[tys.TypeArg] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.signature = signature
-        self.instantiation, self.type_args = _fn_instantiation(
-            signature, instantiation, type_args
-        )
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Call:
+        if len(signature.params) == 0:
+            self.instantiation = signature.body
+            self.type_args = []
+
+        else:
+            # TODO substitute type args into signature to get instantiation
+            if instantiation is None:
+                msg = "Missing instantiation for polymorphic function."
+                raise NoConcreteFunc(msg)
+            type_args = type_args or []
+
+            if len(signature.params) != len(type_args):
+                msg = "Mismatched number of type arguments."
+                raise NoConcreteFunc(msg)
+            self.instantiation = instantiation
+            self.type_args = list(type_args)
+
+
+class Call(_CallOrLoad, Op):
+    """Call a function inside a dataflow graph. Connects to :class:`FuncDefn` or
+    :class:`FuncDecl` operations.
+
+    Args:
+        signature: Polymorphic function signature.
+        instantiation: Concrete function signature. Defaults to None.
+        type_args: Type arguments for polymorphic function. Defaults to None.
+
+    Raises:
+        NoConcreteFunc: If the signature is polymorphic and no instantiation
+            is provided.
+    """
+
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Call:
         return sops.Call(
             parent=parent.idx,
             func_sig=self.signature.to_serial(),
@@ -635,33 +884,42 @@ def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Call:
         )
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.signature.body.output)
 
-    def function_port_offset(self) -> int:
+    def _function_port_offset(self) -> int:
         return len(self.signature.body.input)
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
         match port:
-            case InPort(_, offset) if offset == self.function_port_offset():
+            case InPort(_, offset) if offset == self._function_port_offset():
                 return tys.FunctionKind(self.signature)
             case _:
                 return tys.ValueKind(_sig_port_type(self.instantiation, port))
 
 
 @dataclass()
-class CallIndirectDef(DataflowOp, PartialOp):
+class CallIndirect(DataflowOp, _PartialOp):
+    """Higher order evaluation of a
+    :class:`FunctionType <hugr.tys.FunctionType>` value.
+    """
+
     _signature: tys.FunctionType | None = None
 
     @property
-    def num_out(self) -> int | None:
+    def num_out(self) -> int:
         return len(self.signature.output)
 
     @property
     def signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
-        return _check_complete(self._signature)
+        """The signature of the function being called.
+
+        Raises:
+        IncompleteOp: If the signature has not been set.
+        """
+        return _check_complete(self, self._signature)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.CallIndirect:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.CallIndirect:
         return sops.CallIndirect(
             parent=parent.idx,
             signature=self.signature.to_serial(),
@@ -675,7 +933,7 @@ def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
 
         return tys.FunctionType(input=[sig, *sig.input], output=sig.output)
 
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         func_sig, *_ = types
         assert isinstance(
             func_sig, tys.FunctionType
@@ -683,29 +941,23 @@ def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         self._signature = func_sig
 
 
-# rename to eval?
-CallIndirect = CallIndirectDef()
+class LoadFunc(_CallOrLoad, DataflowOp):
+    """Load a statically defined function as a higher order value.
+      Connects to :class:`FuncDefn` or :class:`FuncDecl` operations.
 
+    Args:
+        signature: Polymorphic function signature.
+        instantiation: Concrete function signature. Defaults to None.
+        type_args: Type arguments for polymorphic function. Defaults to None.
 
-@dataclass
-class LoadFunc(DataflowOp):
-    signature: tys.PolyFuncType
-    instantiation: tys.FunctionType
-    type_args: list[tys.TypeArg]
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    Raises:
+        NoConcreteFunc: If the signature is polymorphic and no instantiation
+            is provided.
+    """
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        signature: tys.PolyFuncType,
-        instantiation: tys.FunctionType | None = None,
-        type_args: Sequence[tys.TypeArg] | None = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.signature = signature
-        self.instantiation, self.type_args = _fn_instantiation(
-            signature, instantiation, type_args
-        )
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.LoadFunction:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.LoadFunction:
         return sops.LoadFunction(
             parent=parent.idx,
             func_sig=self.signature.to_serial(),
@@ -723,43 +975,50 @@ def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
             case OutPort(_, 0):
                 return tys.ValueKind(self.instantiation)
             case _:
-                raise InvalidPort(port)
+                raise self._invalid_port(port)
 
 
 @dataclass
-class NoopDef(DataflowOp, PartialOp):
+class Noop(DataflowOp, _PartialOp):
+    """Identity operation that passes through its input."""
+
     _type: tys.Type | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def type_(self) -> tys.Type:
-        return _check_complete(self._type)
+        """The type of the input and output of the operation."""
+        return _check_complete(self, self._type)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Noop:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Noop:
         return sops.Noop(parent=parent.idx, ty=self.type_.to_serial_root())
 
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
         return tys.FunctionType.endo([self.type_])
 
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         (t,) = types
         self._type = t
 
-
-Noop = NoopDef()
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Noop" + (f"({self._type})" if self._type is not None else "")
 
 
 @dataclass
-class Lift(DataflowOp, PartialOp):
+class Lift(DataflowOp, _PartialOp):
+    """Add an extension requirement to input values and pass them through."""
+
+    #: Extension added.
     new_extension: tys.ExtensionId
-    _type_row: tys.TypeRow | None = None
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    _type_row: tys.TypeRow | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    num_out: int = field(default=1, repr=False)
 
     @property
     def type_row(self) -> tys.TypeRow:
-        return _check_complete(self._type_row)
+        """Types of the input and output of the operation."""
+        return _check_complete(self, self._type_row)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Lift:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.Lift:
         return sops.Lift(
             parent=parent.idx,
             new_extension=self.new_extension,
@@ -769,17 +1028,21 @@ def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.Lift:
     def outer_signature(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
         return tys.FunctionType.endo(self.type_row)
 
-    def set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
+    def _set_in_types(self, types: tys.TypeRow) -> None:
         self._type_row = types
 
 
 @dataclass
 class AliasDecl(Op):
+    """Declare an external type alias."""
+
+    #: Alias name.
     name: str
+    #: Type bound.
     bound: tys.TypeBound
-    num_out: int | None = 0
+    num_out: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.AliasDecl:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.AliasDecl:
         return sops.AliasDecl(
             parent=parent.idx,
             name=self.name,
@@ -787,16 +1050,20 @@ def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.AliasDecl:
         )
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
-        raise InvalidPort(port)
+        raise self._invalid_port(port)
 
 
 @dataclass
 class AliasDefn(Op):
+    """Declare a type alias."""
+
+    #: Alias name.
     name: str
+    #: Type definition.
     definition: tys.Type
-    num_out: int | None = 0
+    num_out: int = field(default=0, repr=False)
 
-    def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.AliasDefn:
+    def to_serial(self, parent: Node) -> sops.AliasDefn:
         return sops.AliasDefn(
             parent=parent.idx,
             name=self.name,
@@ -804,4 +1071,4 @@ def to_serial(self, node: Node, parent: Node, hugr: Hugr) -> sops.AliasDefn:
         )
 
     def port_kind(self, port: InPort | OutPort) -> tys.Kind:
-        raise InvalidPort(port)
+        raise self._invalid_port(port)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/__init__.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/__init__.py
index ad1db81e8..c3f433fb4 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/__init__.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-from .serial_hugr import SerialHugr
-
-__all__ = ["SerialHugr"]
+"""Serialized HUGR objects as pydantic models."""
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/ops.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/ops.py
index 65706b047..e778939c1 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/ops.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/ops.py
@@ -1,46 +1,52 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 import inspect
 import sys
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from typing import Any, Literal
 
-from pydantic import Field, RootModel, ConfigDict
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, RootModel
+
+from hugr.utils import deser_it
 
 from . import tys as stys
 from .tys import (
+    ConfiguredBaseModel,
     ExtensionId,
     ExtensionSet,
     FunctionType,
     PolyFuncType,
-    Type,
-    TypeRow,
     SumType,
+    Type,
     TypeBound,
-    ConfiguredBaseModel,
+    TypeRow,
+)
+from .tys import (
     classes as tys_classes,
+)
+from .tys import (
     model_rebuild as tys_model_rebuild,
 )
-from hugr.utils import deser_it
-
 
 NodeID = int
 
 
 class BaseOp(ABC, ConfiguredBaseModel):
-    """Base class for ops that store their node's input/output types"""
+    """Base class for ops that store their node's input/output types."""
 
     # Parent node index of node the op belongs to, used only at serialization time
     parent: NodeID
 
     def insert_port_types(self, in_types: TypeRow, out_types: TypeRow) -> None:
         """Hook to insert type information from the input and output ports into the
-        op"""
+        op.
+        """
 
     def insert_child_dfg_signature(self, inputs: TypeRow, outputs: TypeRow) -> None:
-        """Hook to insert type information from a child dataflow graph"""
+        """Hook to insert type information from a child dataflow graph."""
 
     def display_name(self) -> str:
-        """Name of the op for visualisation"""
+        """Name of the op for visualisation."""
         return self.__class__.__name__
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -128,14 +134,14 @@ class TupleValue(BaseValue):
     """A constant tuple value."""
 
     v: Literal["Tuple"] = Field(default="Tuple", title="ValueTag")
-    vs: list["Value"]
+    vs: list[Value]
 
     def deserialize(self) -> val.Value:
-        return val.Tuple(deser_it((v.root for v in self.vs)))
+        return val.Tuple(*deser_it(v.root for v in self.vs))
 
 
 class SumValue(BaseValue):
-    """A Sum variant
+    """A Sum variant.
 
     For any Sum type where this value meets the type of the variant indicated by the tag
     """
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ class SumValue(BaseValue):
     v: Literal["Sum"] = Field(default="Sum", title="ValueTag")
     tag: int
     typ: SumType
-    vs: list["Value"]
+    vs: list[Value]
     model_config = ConfigDict(
         json_schema_extra={
             "description": (
@@ -155,7 +161,7 @@ class SumValue(BaseValue):
 
     def deserialize(self) -> val.Value:
         return val.Sum(
-            self.tag, self.typ.deserialize(), deser_it((v.root for v in self.vs))
+            self.tag, self.typ.deserialize(), deser_it(v.root for v in self.vs)
         )
 
 
@@ -189,7 +195,8 @@ def deserialize(self) -> ops.Const:
 
 class DataflowBlock(BaseOp):
     """A CFG basic block node. The signature is that of the internal Dataflow
-    graph."""
+    graph.
+    """
 
     op: Literal["DataflowBlock"] = "DataflowBlock"
     inputs: TypeRow = Field(default_factory=list)
@@ -224,14 +231,16 @@ def deserialize(self) -> ops.DataflowBlock:
 
     model_config = ConfigDict(
         json_schema_extra={
-            "description": "A CFG basic block node. The signature is that of the internal Dataflow graph.",
+            "description": "A CFG basic block node."
+            " The signature is that of the internal Dataflow graph.",
         }
     )
 
 
 class ExitBlock(BaseOp):
     """The single exit node of the CFG, has no children, stores the types of
-    the CFG node output."""
+    the CFG node output.
+    """
 
     op: Literal["ExitBlock"] = "ExitBlock"
     cfg_outputs: TypeRow
@@ -239,7 +248,8 @@ class ExitBlock(BaseOp):
     model_config = ConfigDict(
         json_schema_extra={
             # Needed to avoid random '\n's in the pydantic description
-            "description": "The single exit node of the CFG, has no children, stores the types of the CFG node output.",
+            "description": "The single exit node of the CFG, has no children,"
+            " stores the types of the CFG node output.",
         }
     )
 
@@ -285,8 +295,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> ops.Output:
 
 
 class Call(DataflowOp):
-    """
-    Call a function directly.
+    """Call a function directly.
 
     The first port is connected to the def/declare of the function being called
     directly, with a `ConstE<Graph>` edge. The signature of the remaining ports matches
@@ -334,8 +343,8 @@ def insert_port_types(self, in_types: TypeRow, out_types: TypeRow) -> None:
         assert len(fun_ty.output) == len(out_types)
         self.signature = fun_ty
 
-    def deserialize(self) -> ops.CallIndirectDef:
-        return ops.CallIndirectDef(self.signature.deserialize())
+    def deserialize(self) -> ops.CallIndirect:
+        return ops.CallIndirect(self.signature.deserialize())
 
 
 class LoadConstant(DataflowOp):
@@ -362,7 +371,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> ops.LoadFunc:
         (f_ty,) = signature.output
         assert isinstance(
             f_ty, tys.FunctionType
-        ), "Expected single funciton type output"
+        ), "Expected single function type output"
         return ops.LoadFunc(
             self.func_sig.deserialize(),
             f_ty,
@@ -490,7 +499,8 @@ def deserialize(self) -> ops.CFG:
 
 class CustomOp(DataflowOp):
     """A user-defined operation that can be downcasted by the extensions that define
-    it."""
+    it.
+    """
 
     op: Literal["CustomOp"] = "CustomOp"
     extension: ExtensionId
@@ -517,8 +527,8 @@ def deserialize(self) -> ops.Custom:
         # Needed to avoid random '\n's in the pydantic description
         json_schema_extra={
             "description": (
-                "A user-defined operation that can be downcasted by the extensions that "
-                "define it."
+                "A user-defined operation that can be downcasted by the extensions that"
+                " define it."
             )
         }
     )
@@ -536,8 +546,8 @@ def insert_port_types(self, in_types: TypeRow, out_types: TypeRow) -> None:
         assert in_types[0] == out_types[0]
         self.ty = in_types[0]
 
-    def deserialize(self) -> ops.NoopDef:
-        return ops.NoopDef(self.ty.deserialize())
+    def deserialize(self) -> ops.Noop:
+        return ops.Noop(self.ty.deserialize())
 
 
 class MakeTuple(DataflowOp):
@@ -552,8 +562,8 @@ def insert_port_types(self, in_types: TypeRow, out_types: TypeRow) -> None:
             in_types = []
         self.tys = list(in_types)
 
-    def deserialize(self) -> ops.MakeTupleDef:
-        return ops.MakeTupleDef(deser_it(self.tys))
+    def deserialize(self) -> ops.MakeTuple:
+        return ops.MakeTuple(deser_it(self.tys))
 
 
 class UnpackTuple(DataflowOp):
@@ -565,8 +575,8 @@ class UnpackTuple(DataflowOp):
     def insert_port_types(self, in_types: TypeRow, out_types: TypeRow) -> None:
         self.tys = list(out_types)
 
-    def deserialize(self) -> ops.UnpackTupleDef:
-        return ops.UnpackTupleDef(deser_it(self.tys))
+    def deserialize(self) -> ops.UnpackTuple:
+        return ops.UnpackTuple(deser_it(self.tys))
 
 
 class Tag(DataflowOp):
@@ -682,7 +692,8 @@ class OpDef(ConfiguredBaseModel, populate_by_name=True):
 
 tys_model_rebuild(dict(classes))
 
-# needed to avoid circular imports
-from hugr import ops  # noqa: E402
-from hugr import val  # noqa: E402
-from hugr import tys  # noqa: E402
+from hugr import (  # noqa: E402 # needed to avoid circular imports
+    ops,
+    tys,
+    val,
+)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/serial_hugr.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/serial_hugr.py
index 49bfbd2f7..619eaca90 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/serial_hugr.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/serial_hugr.py
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 from typing import Any, Literal
 
-from pydantic import Field, ConfigDict
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
 
-from .ops import NodeID, OpType, classes as ops_classes
-from .tys import model_rebuild, ConfiguredBaseModel
 import hugr
 
+from .ops import NodeID, OpType
+from .ops import classes as ops_classes
+from .tys import ConfiguredBaseModel, model_rebuild
+
 Port = tuple[NodeID, int | None]  # (node, offset)
 Edge = tuple[Port, Port]
 
@@ -37,7 +39,8 @@ def get_version(cls) -> str:
         return cls(nodes=[], edges=[]).version
 
     @classmethod
-    def _pydantic_rebuild(cls, config: ConfigDict = ConfigDict(), **kwargs):
+    def _pydantic_rebuild(cls, config: ConfigDict | None = None, **kwargs):
+        config = config or ConfigDict()
         my_classes = dict(ops_classes)
         my_classes[cls.__name__] = cls
         model_rebuild(my_classes, config=config, **kwargs)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/testing_hugr.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/testing_hugr.py
index 32bf2b95f..43acd1d43 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/testing_hugr.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/testing_hugr.py
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
-from pydantic import ConfigDict
 from typing import Literal
-from .tys import Type, SumType, PolyFuncType, ConfiguredBaseModel, model_rebuild
-from .ops import Value, OpType, OpDef, classes as ops_classes
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from .ops import OpDef, OpType, Value
+from .ops import classes as ops_classes
+from .tys import ConfiguredBaseModel, PolyFuncType, SumType, Type, model_rebuild
 
 
 class TestingHugr(ConfiguredBaseModel):
     """A serializable representation of a Hugr Type, SumType, PolyFuncType,
-    Value, OpType. Intended for testing only."""
+    Value, OpType. Intended for testing only.
+    """
 
     version: Literal["v1"] = "v1"
     typ: Type | None = None
@@ -22,7 +26,8 @@ def get_version(cls) -> str:
         return cls().version
 
     @classmethod
-    def _pydantic_rebuild(cls, config: ConfigDict = ConfigDict(), **kwargs):
+    def _pydantic_rebuild(cls, config: ConfigDict | None = None, **kwargs):
+        config = config or ConfigDict()
         my_classes = dict(ops_classes)
         my_classes[cls.__name__] = cls
         model_rebuild(my_classes, config=config, **kwargs)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/tys.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/tys.py
index 053deefcd..d8f6688b9 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/tys.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/tys.py
@@ -1,24 +1,28 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 import inspect
 import sys
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal, Union, Mapping
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, Literal
 
-from hugr.utils import deser_it
 from pydantic import (
     BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
     Field,
     RootModel,
     ValidationError,
     ValidationInfo,
     ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
     WrapValidator,
-    ConfigDict,
 )
 from pydantic_core import PydanticCustomError
 
+from hugr.utils import deser_it
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping
+
 
 def _json_custom_error_validator(
     value: Any, handler: ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, _info: ValidationInfo
@@ -36,8 +40,9 @@ def _json_custom_error_validator(
     try:
         return handler(value)
     except ValidationError as err:
+        msg = "invalid_json"
         raise PydanticCustomError(
-            "invalid_json",
+            msg,
             "Input is not valid json",
         ) from err
 
@@ -68,7 +73,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.TypeParam: ...
 
 class TypeTypeParam(BaseTypeParam):
     tp: Literal["Type"] = "Type"
-    b: "TypeBound"
+    b: TypeBound
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.TypeTypeParam:
         return tys.TypeTypeParam(bound=self.b)
@@ -84,7 +89,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.BoundedNatParam:
 
 class OpaqueParam(BaseTypeParam):
     tp: Literal["Opaque"] = "Opaque"
-    ty: "Opaque"
+    ty: Opaque
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.OpaqueParam:
         return tys.OpaqueParam(ty=self.ty.deserialize())
@@ -92,7 +97,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.OpaqueParam:
 
 class ListParam(BaseTypeParam):
     tp: Literal["List"] = "List"
-    param: "TypeParam"
+    param: TypeParam
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.ListParam:
         return tys.ListParam(param=self.param.deserialize())
@@ -100,7 +105,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.ListParam:
 
 class TupleParam(BaseTypeParam):
     tp: Literal["Tuple"] = "Tuple"
-    params: list["TypeParam"]
+    params: list[TypeParam]
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.TupleParam:
         return tys.TupleParam(params=deser_it(self.params))
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.TypeArg: ...
 
 class TypeTypeArg(BaseTypeArg):
     tya: Literal["Type"] = "Type"
-    ty: "Type"
+    ty: Type
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.TypeTypeArg:
         return tys.TypeTypeArg(ty=self.ty.deserialize())
@@ -160,7 +165,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.BoundedNatArg:
 
 class OpaqueArg(BaseTypeArg):
     tya: Literal["Opaque"] = "Opaque"
-    typ: "Opaque"
+    typ: Opaque
     value: Any
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.OpaqueArg:
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.OpaqueArg:
 
 class SequenceArg(BaseTypeArg):
     tya: Literal["Sequence"] = "Sequence"
-    elems: list["TypeArg"]
+    elems: list[TypeArg]
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.SequenceArg:
         return tys.SequenceArg(elems=deser_it(self.elems))
@@ -222,7 +227,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.Type: ...
 
 
 class MultiContainer(BaseType):
-    ty: "Type"
+    ty: Type
 
 
 class Array(MultiContainer):
@@ -251,14 +256,14 @@ class GeneralSum(BaseType):
 
     t: Literal["Sum"] = "Sum"
     s: Literal["General"] = "General"
-    rows: list["TypeRow"]
+    rows: list[TypeRow]
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.Sum:
         return tys.Sum(variant_rows=[[t.deserialize() for t in r] for r in self.rows])
 
 
 class SumType(RootModel):
-    root: Annotated[Union[UnitSum, GeneralSum], Field(discriminator="s")]
+    root: Annotated[UnitSum | GeneralSum, Field(discriminator="s")]
 
     # This seems to be required for nested discriminated unions to work
     @property
@@ -281,7 +286,7 @@ class Variable(BaseType):
 
     t: Literal["V"] = "V"
     i: int
-    b: "TypeBound"
+    b: TypeBound
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.Variable:
         return tys.Variable(idx=self.i, bound=self.b)
@@ -289,11 +294,12 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.Variable:
 
 class RowVar(BaseType):
     """A variable standing for a row of some (unknown) number of types.
-    May occur only within a row; not a node input/output."""
+    May occur only within a row; not a node input/output.
+    """
 
     t: Literal["R"] = "R"
     i: int
-    b: "TypeBound"
+    b: TypeBound
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.RowVariable:
         return tys.RowVariable(idx=self.i, bound=self.b)
@@ -310,17 +316,18 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.USize:
 
 class FunctionType(BaseType):
     """A graph encoded as a value. It contains a concrete signature and a set of
-    required resources."""
+    required resources.
+    """
 
     t: Literal["G"] = "G"
 
-    input: "TypeRow"  # Value inputs of the function.
-    output: "TypeRow"  # Value outputs of the function.
+    input: TypeRow  # Value inputs of the function.
+    output: TypeRow  # Value outputs of the function.
     # The extension requirements which are added by the operation
     extension_reqs: ExtensionSet = Field(default_factory=ExtensionSet)
 
     @classmethod
-    def empty(cls) -> "FunctionType":
+    def empty(cls) -> FunctionType:
         return FunctionType(input=[], output=[], extension_reqs=[])
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
@@ -343,7 +350,8 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
 
 class PolyFuncType(BaseType):
     """A polymorphic type scheme, i.e. of a FuncDecl, FuncDefn or OpDef.
-    (Nodes/operations in the Hugr are not polymorphic.)"""
+    (Nodes/operations in the Hugr are not polymorphic.).
+    """
 
     # The declared type parameters, i.e., these must be instantiated with the same
     # number of TypeArgs before the function can be called. This defines the indices
@@ -354,7 +362,7 @@ class PolyFuncType(BaseType):
     body: FunctionType
 
     @classmethod
-    def empty(cls) -> "PolyFuncType":
+    def empty(cls) -> PolyFuncType:
         return PolyFuncType(params=[], body=FunctionType.empty())
 
     def deserialize(self) -> tys.PolyFuncType:
@@ -380,7 +388,7 @@ class TypeBound(Enum):
     Any = "A"
 
     @staticmethod
-    def join(*bs: "TypeBound") -> "TypeBound":
+    def join(*bs: TypeBound) -> TypeBound:
         """Computes the least upper bound for a sequence of bounds."""
         res = TypeBound.Eq
         for b in bs:
@@ -410,7 +418,7 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.Opaque:
 
 
 class Alias(BaseType):
-    """An Alias Type"""
+    """An Alias Type."""
 
     t: Literal["Alias"] = "Alias"
     bound: TypeBound
@@ -430,7 +438,7 @@ class Qubit(BaseType):
 
     t: Literal["Q"] = "Q"
 
-    def deserialize(self) -> tys.QubitDef:
+    def deserialize(self) -> tys._QubitDef:
         return tys.Qubit
 
 
@@ -475,9 +483,10 @@ def deserialize(self) -> tys.Type:
 
 def model_rebuild(
     classes: Mapping[str, type],
-    config: ConfigDict = ConfigDict(),
+    config: ConfigDict | None = None,
     **kwargs,
 ):
+    config = config or ConfigDict()
     for c in classes.values():
         if issubclass(c, ConfiguredBaseModel):
             c.update_model_config(config)
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/tys.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/tys.py
index cfbb7c294..7ad773b49 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/tys.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/tys.py
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+"""HUGR edge kinds, types, type parameters and type arguments."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Protocol, runtime_checkable
+
 import hugr.serialization.tys as stys
 from hugr.utils import ser_it
-from typing import Any, Protocol, runtime_checkable
 
 ExtensionId = stys.ExtensionId
 ExtensionSet = stys.ExtensionSet
@@ -10,18 +14,22 @@
 
 
 class TypeParam(Protocol):
-    """A type parameter."""
+    """A HUGR type parameter."""
 
-    def to_serial(self) -> stys.BaseTypeParam: ...
+    def to_serial(self) -> stys.BaseTypeParam:
+        """Convert to serialisable model."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     def to_serial_root(self) -> stys.TypeParam:
         return stys.TypeParam(root=self.to_serial())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 class TypeArg(Protocol):
-    """A type argument."""
+    """A HUGR type argument, which can be bound to a :class:TypeParam."""
 
-    def to_serial(self) -> stys.BaseTypeArg: ...
+    def to_serial(self) -> stys.BaseTypeArg:
+        """Convert to serialisable model."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     def to_serial_root(self) -> stys.TypeArg:
         return stys.TypeArg(root=self.to_serial())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -29,17 +37,26 @@ def to_serial_root(self) -> stys.TypeArg:
 
 @runtime_checkable
 class Type(Protocol):
-    """A type."""
+    """A HUGR type."""
 
-    def to_serial(self) -> stys.BaseType: ...
+    def to_serial(self) -> stys.BaseType:
+        """Convert to serialisable model."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     def to_serial_root(self) -> stys.Type:
         return stys.Type(root=self.to_serial())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     def type_arg(self) -> TypeTypeArg:
+        """The :class:`TypeTypeArg` for this type.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> Qubit.type_arg()
+            TypeTypeArg(ty=Qubit)
+        """
         return TypeTypeArg(self)
 
 
+#: Row of types.
 TypeRow = list[Type]
 
 # --------------------------------------------
@@ -49,6 +66,8 @@ def type_arg(self) -> TypeTypeArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class TypeTypeParam(TypeParam):
+    """A type parameter indicating a type with a given boumd."""
+
     bound: TypeBound
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.TypeTypeParam:
@@ -57,6 +76,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.TypeTypeParam:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class BoundedNatParam(TypeParam):
+    """A type parameter indicating a natural number with an optional upper bound."""
+
     upper_bound: int | None
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.BoundedNatParam:
@@ -65,6 +86,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.BoundedNatParam:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OpaqueParam(TypeParam):
+    """Opaque type parameter."""
+
     ty: Opaque
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.OpaqueParam:
@@ -73,6 +96,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.OpaqueParam:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ListParam(TypeParam):
+    """Type parameter which requires a list of type arguments."""
+
     param: TypeParam
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.ListParam:
@@ -81,6 +106,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.ListParam:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class TupleParam(TypeParam):
+    """Type parameter which requires a tuple of type arguments."""
+
     params: list[TypeParam]
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.TupleParam:
@@ -89,6 +116,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.TupleParam:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ExtensionsParam(TypeParam):
+    """An extension set parameter."""
+
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.ExtensionsParam:
         return stys.ExtensionsParam()
 
@@ -100,6 +129,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.ExtensionsParam:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class TypeTypeArg(TypeArg):
+    """A type argument for a :class:`TypeTypeParam`."""
+
     ty: Type
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.TypeTypeArg:
@@ -108,6 +139,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.TypeTypeArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class BoundedNatArg(TypeArg):
+    """A type argument for a :class:`BoundedNatParam`."""
+
     n: int
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.BoundedNatArg:
@@ -116,6 +149,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.BoundedNatArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OpaqueArg(TypeArg):
+    """An opaque type argument for a :class:`OpaqueParam`."""
+
     ty: Opaque
     value: Any
 
@@ -125,6 +160,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.OpaqueArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class SequenceArg(TypeArg):
+    """Sequence of type arguments, for a :class:`ListParam` or :class:`TupleParam`."""
+
     elems: list[TypeArg]
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.SequenceArg:
@@ -133,6 +170,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.SequenceArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ExtensionsArg(TypeArg):
+    """Type argument for an :class:`ExtensionsParam`."""
+
     extensions: ExtensionSet
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.ExtensionsArg:
@@ -141,6 +180,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.ExtensionsArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class VariableArg(TypeArg):
+    """A type argument variable."""
+
     idx: int
     param: TypeParam
 
@@ -155,6 +196,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.VariableArg:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Array(Type):
+    """Prelude fixed `size` array of `ty` elements."""
+
     ty: Type
     size: int
 
@@ -164,6 +207,11 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.Array:
 
 @dataclass()
 class Sum(Type):
+    """Algebraic sum-over-product type. Instances of this type correspond to
+    tuples (products) over one of the `variant_rows` in the sum type, tagged by
+    the index of the row.
+    """
+
     variant_rows: list[TypeRow]
 
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.GeneralSum:
@@ -175,9 +223,14 @@ def as_tuple(self) -> Tuple:
         ), "Sum type must have exactly one row to be converted to a Tuple"
         return Tuple(*self.variant_rows[0])
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Sum({self.variant_rows})"
+
 
 @dataclass()
 class UnitSum(Sum):
+    """Simple :class:`Sum` type with `size` variants of empty rows."""
+
     size: int
 
     def __init__(self, size: int):
@@ -187,15 +240,31 @@ def __init__(self, size: int):
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.UnitSum:  # type: ignore[override]
         return stys.UnitSum(size=self.size)
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self == Bool:
+            return "Bool"
+        elif self == Unit:
+            return "Unit"
+        return f"UnitSum({self.size})"
+
 
 @dataclass()
 class Tuple(Sum):
+    """Product type with `tys` elements. Instances of this type correspond to
+    :class:`Sum` with a single variant.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *tys: Type):
         self.variant_rows = [list(tys)]
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Tuple{tuple(self.variant_rows[0])}"
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Variable(Type):
+    """A type variable with a given bound, identified by index."""
+
     idx: int
     bound: TypeBound
 
@@ -205,6 +274,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.Variable:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class RowVariable(Type):
+    """A type variable standing in for a row of types, identified by index."""
+
     idx: int
     bound: TypeBound
 
@@ -214,12 +285,16 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.RowVar:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class USize(Type):
+    """The Prelude unsigned size type."""
+
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.USize:
         return stys.USize()
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Alias(Type):
+    """Type alias."""
+
     name: str
     bound: TypeBound
 
@@ -229,6 +304,10 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.Alias:
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class FunctionType(Type):
+    """A function type, defined by input types,
+    output types and extension requirements.
+    """
+
     input: TypeRow
     output: TypeRow
     extension_reqs: ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=ExtensionSet)
@@ -242,18 +321,43 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.FunctionType:
 
     @classmethod
     def empty(cls) -> FunctionType:
+        """Generate an empty function type.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> FunctionType.empty()
+            FunctionType([], [])
+        """
         return cls(input=[], output=[])
 
     @classmethod
     def endo(cls, tys: TypeRow) -> FunctionType:
+        """Function type with the same input and output types.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> FunctionType.endo([Qubit])
+            FunctionType([Qubit], [Qubit])
+        """
         return cls(input=tys, output=tys)
 
     def flip(self) -> FunctionType:
+        """Return a new function type with input and output types swapped.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> FunctionType([Qubit], [Bool]).flip()
+            FunctionType([Bool], [Qubit])
+        """
         return FunctionType(input=list(self.output), output=list(self.input))
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"FunctionType({self.input}, {self.output})"
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class PolyFuncType(Type):
+    """Polymorphic function type or type scheme. Defined by a list of type
+    parameters that may appear in the :class:`FunctionType` body.
+    """
+
     params: list[TypeParam]
     body: FunctionType
 
@@ -265,6 +369,8 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.PolyFuncType:
 
 @dataclass
 class Opaque(Type):
+    """Opaque type, identified by `id` and with optional type arguments and bound."""
+
     id: str
     bound: TypeBound
     args: list[TypeArg] = field(default_factory=list)
@@ -280,43 +386,86 @@ def to_serial(self) -> stys.Opaque:
 
 
 @dataclass
-class QubitDef(Type):
+class _QubitDef(Type):
     def to_serial(self) -> stys.Qubit:
         return stys.Qubit()
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Qubit"
 
-Qubit = QubitDef()
+
+#: Qubit type.
+Qubit = _QubitDef()
+#: Boolean type (:class:`UnitSum` of size 2).
 Bool = UnitSum(size=2)
+#: Unit type (:class:`UnitSum` of size 1).
 Unit = UnitSum(size=1)
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ValueKind:
+    """Dataflow value edges."""
+
+    #: Type of the value.
     ty: Type
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ValueKind({self.ty})"
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ConstKind:
+    """Static constant value edges."""
+
+    #: Type of the constant.
     ty: Type
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ConstKind({self.ty})"
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class FunctionKind:
+    """Statically defined function edges."""
+
+    #: Type of the function.
     ty: PolyFuncType
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"FunctionKind({self.ty})"
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
-class CFKind: ...
+class CFKind:
+    """Control flow edges."""
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
-class OrderKind: ...
+class OrderKind:
+    """State order edges."""
 
 
+#: The kind of a HUGR graph edge.
 Kind = ValueKind | ConstKind | FunctionKind | CFKind | OrderKind
 
 
 def get_first_sum(types: TypeRow) -> tuple[Sum, TypeRow]:
+    """Check the first type in a row of types is a :class:`Sum`, returning it
+    and the rest.
+
+    Args:
+        types: row of types.
+
+    Raises:
+        AssertionError: if the first type is not a :class:`Sum`.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> get_first_sum([UnitSum(3), Qubit])
+        (UnitSum(3), [Qubit])
+        >>> get_first_sum([Qubit, UnitSum(3)]) # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        AssertionError: Expected Sum, got Qubit
+    """
     (sum_, *other) = types
     assert isinstance(sum_, Sum), f"Expected Sum, got {sum_}"
     return sum_, other
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/utils.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/utils.py
index dd4bdae1a..6c892db76 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/utils.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/utils.py
@@ -1,24 +1,63 @@
-from collections.abc import Hashable, ItemsView, MutableMapping
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Generic, Iterable, Protocol, TypeVar
+"""Shared utility classes and functions."""
 
+from collections.abc import Hashable, ItemsView, Iterable, Mapping, MutableMapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Generic, Protocol, TypeVar
 
 L = TypeVar("L", bound=Hashable)
 R = TypeVar("R", bound=Hashable)
 
 
+class NotBijection(Exception):
+    """Initial map is not a bijection."""
+
+
 @dataclass()
 class BiMap(MutableMapping, Generic[L, R]):
+    """Bidirectional map backed by two dictionaries, between left types `L` and
+    right types `R`.
+    """
+
     fwd: dict[L, R] = field(default_factory=dict)
     bck: dict[R, L] = field(default_factory=dict)
 
+    def __init__(self, fwd: Mapping[L, R] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize a bidirectional map.
+
+        Args:
+            fwd: Left to right mapping. Defaults to empty.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotBijection: If the initial map is not a bijection.
+        """
+        fwd = fwd or {}
+        if len(fwd) != len(set(fwd.values())):
+            raise NotBijection
+        self.fwd = dict(fwd)
+        self.bck = {v: k for k, v in fwd.items()}
+
     def __getitem__(self, key: L) -> R:
+        """Get the right value for a left key.
+
+        Args:
+            key: Left key.
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If the key is not found.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap({"a": 1})
+            >>> bm["a"]
+            1
+        """
         return self.fwd[key]
 
     def __setitem__(self, key: L, value: R) -> None:
+        """See :meth:`insert_left`."""
         self.insert_left(key, value)
 
     def __delitem__(self, key: L) -> None:
+        """See :meth:`delete_left`."""
         self.delete_left(key)
 
     def __iter__(self):
@@ -28,15 +67,51 @@ def __len__(self) -> int:
         return len(self.fwd)
 
     def items(self) -> ItemsView[L, R]:
+        """Iterator over left, right pairs.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap({"a": 1, "b": 2})
+            >>> list(bm.items())
+            [('a', 1), ('b', 2)]
+        """
         return self.fwd.items()
 
     def get_left(self, key: R) -> L | None:
+        """Get a left value using a right key.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap({"a": 1})
+            >>> bm.get_left(1)
+            'a'
+            >>> bm.get_left(2)
+        """
         return self.bck.get(key)
 
     def get_right(self, key: L) -> R | None:
+        """Get a right value using a left key.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap({"a": 1})
+            >>> bm.get_right("a")
+            1
+            >>> bm.get_right("b")
+        """
         return self.fwd.get(key)
 
     def insert_left(self, key: L, value: R) -> None:
+        """Insert a left key and right value.
+        If the key or value already exist, the existing key-value pair is replaced.
+
+        Args:
+            key: Left key.
+            value: Right value.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap()
+            >>> bm.insert_left("a", 1)
+            >>> bm["a"]
+            1
+        """
         if (existing_key := self.bck.get(value)) is not None:
             del self.fwd[existing_key]
         if (existing_value := self.fwd.get(key)) is not None:
@@ -45,31 +120,85 @@ def insert_left(self, key: L, value: R) -> None:
         self.bck[value] = key
 
     def insert_right(self, key: R, value: L) -> None:
+        """Insert a right key and left value.
+        If the key or value already exist, the existing key-value pair is replaced.
+
+        Args:
+            key: Right key.
+            value: Left value.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap()
+            >>> bm.insert_right(1, "a")
+            >>> bm["a"]
+            1
+        """
         self.insert_left(value, key)
 
     def delete_left(self, key: L) -> None:
+        """Delete a left key and its right value.
+
+        Args:
+            key: Left key.
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If the key is not found.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap({"a": 1})
+            >>> bm.delete_left("a")
+            >>> bm
+            BiMap({})
+        """
         del self.bck[self.fwd[key]]
         del self.fwd[key]
 
     def delete_right(self, key: R) -> None:
+        """Delete a right key and its left value.
+
+        Args:
+            key: Right key.
+
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If the key is not found.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> bm = BiMap({"a": 1})
+            >>> bm.delete_right(1)
+            >>> bm
+            BiMap({})
+        """
         del self.fwd[self.bck[key]]
         del self.bck[key]
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"BiMap({self.fwd})"
+
 
 S = TypeVar("S", covariant=True)
 
 
 class SerCollection(Protocol[S]):
-    def to_serial_root(self) -> S: ...
+    """Protocol for serialisable objects."""
+
+    def to_serial_root(self) -> S:
+        """Convert to serialisable root model."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
 
 class DeserCollection(Protocol[S]):
-    def deserialize(self) -> S: ...
+    """Protocol for deserialisable objects."""
+
+    def deserialize(self) -> S:
+        """Deserialize from model."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
 
 def ser_it(it: Iterable[SerCollection[S]]) -> list[S]:
+    """Serialize an iterable of serializable objects."""
     return [v.to_serial_root() for v in it]
 
 
 def deser_it(it: Iterable[DeserCollection[S]]) -> list[S]:
+    """Deserialize an iterable of deserializable objects."""
     return [v.deserialize() for v in it]
diff --git a/hugr-py/src/hugr/val.py b/hugr-py/src/hugr/val.py
index deb898c09..9d6d9630f 100644
--- a/hugr-py/src/hugr/val.py
+++ b/hugr-py/src/hugr/val.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
+"""HUGR values, used for static constants in HUGR programs."""
+
 from __future__ import annotations
+
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Protocol, runtime_checkable, TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Protocol, runtime_checkable
+
 import hugr.serialization.ops as sops
 import hugr.serialization.tys as stys
-import hugr.tys as tys
+from hugr import tys
 from hugr.utils import ser_it
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -12,19 +16,45 @@
 
 @runtime_checkable
 class Value(Protocol):
-    def to_serial(self) -> sops.BaseValue: ...
+    """Abstract value definition. Must be serialisable into a HUGR value."""
+
+    def to_serial(self) -> sops.BaseValue:
+        """Convert to serialisable model."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
+
     def to_serial_root(self) -> sops.Value:
         return sops.Value(root=self.to_serial())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
-    def type_(self) -> tys.Type: ...
+    def type_(self) -> tys.Type:
+        """Report the type of the value.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> TRUE.type_()
+            Bool
+        """
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
 
 @dataclass
 class Sum(Value):
+    """Sum-of-product value.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> Sum(0, tys.Sum([[tys.Bool], [tys.Unit]]), [TRUE])
+        Sum(tag=0, typ=Sum([[Bool], [Unit]]), vals=[TRUE])
+    """
+
+    #: Tag identifying the variant.
     tag: int
+    #: Type of the sum: defines all possible variants.
     typ: tys.Sum
+    #: The values of this variant row.
     vals: list[Value]
 
+    @property
+    def n_variants(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.typ.variant_rows)
+
     def type_(self) -> tys.Sum:
         return self.typ
 
@@ -36,34 +66,93 @@ def to_serial(self) -> sops.SumValue:
         )
 
 
-def bool_value(b: bool) -> Sum:
-    return Sum(
-        tag=int(b),
-        typ=tys.Bool,
-        vals=[],
-    )
+class UnitSum(Sum):
+    """Simple :class:`Sum` with each variant being an empty row.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> UnitSum(0, 3)
+        UnitSum(0, 3)
+        >>> UnitSum(0, 1)
+        Unit
+        >>> assert UnitSum(0, 2) == FALSE
+        >>> assert UnitSum(1, 2) == TRUE
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, tag: int, size: int):
+        super().__init__(
+            tag=tag,
+            typ=tys.UnitSum(size),
+            vals=[],
+        )
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self == TRUE:
+            return "TRUE"
+        if self == FALSE:
+            return "FALSE"
+        if self == Unit:
+            return "Unit"
+        return f"UnitSum({self.tag}, {self.n_variants})"
 
-Unit = Sum(0, tys.Unit, [])
+
+def bool_value(b: bool) -> UnitSum:
+    """Convert a python bool to a HUGR boolean value.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> bool_value(True)
+        TRUE
+        >>> bool_value(False)
+        FALSE
+    """
+    return UnitSum(int(b), 2)
+
+
+#: HUGR unit type. Sum with a single empty row variant.
+Unit = UnitSum(0, 1)
+#: HUGR true value.
 TRUE = bool_value(True)
+#: HUGR false value.
 FALSE = bool_value(False)
 
 
 @dataclass
-class Tuple(Value):
+class Tuple(Sum):
+    """Tuple or product value, defined by a list of values.
+    Internally a :class:`Sum` with a single variant row.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> tup = Tuple(TRUE, FALSE)
+        >>> tup
+        Tuple(TRUE, FALSE)
+        >>> tup.type_()
+        Tuple(Bool, Bool)
+
+    """
+
+    #: The values of this tuple.
     vals: list[Value]
 
-    def type_(self) -> tys.Tuple:
-        return tys.Tuple(*(v.type_() for v in self.vals))
+    def __init__(self, *vals: Value):
+        val_list = list(vals)
+        super().__init__(
+            tag=0, typ=tys.Tuple(*(v.type_() for v in val_list)), vals=val_list
+        )
 
-    def to_serial(self) -> sops.TupleValue:
+    # sops.TupleValue isn't an instance of sops.SumValue
+    # so mypy doesn't like the override of Sum.to_serial
+    def to_serial(self) -> sops.TupleValue:  # type: ignore[override]
         return sops.TupleValue(
             vs=ser_it(self.vals),
         )
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Tuple({', '.join(map(repr, self.vals))})"
+
 
 @dataclass
 class Function(Value):
+    """Higher order function value, defined by a :class:`Hugr <hugr.hugr.HUGR>`."""
+
     body: Hugr
 
     def type_(self) -> tys.FunctionType:
@@ -77,8 +166,13 @@ def to_serial(self) -> sops.FunctionValue:
 
 @dataclass
 class Extension(Value):
+    """Non-core extension value."""
+
+    #: Value name.
     name: str
+    #: Value type.
     typ: tys.Type
+    #: Value payload.
     val: Any
     extensions: tys.ExtensionSet = field(default_factory=tys.ExtensionSet)
 
@@ -94,7 +188,11 @@ def to_serial(self) -> sops.ExtensionValue:
 
 
 class ExtensionValue(Value, Protocol):
-    def to_value(self) -> Extension: ...
+    """Protocol which types can implement to be a HUGR extension value."""
+
+    def to_value(self) -> Extension:
+        """Convert to a HUGR extension value."""
+        ...  # pragma: no cover
 
     def type_(self) -> tys.Type:
         return self.to_value().type_()
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/conftest.py b/hugr-py/tests/conftest.py
index 33f792d0b..f1eff88b7 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-import subprocess
+import json
 import os
 import pathlib
-from hugr.node_port import Wire
+import subprocess
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
+from hugr import tys, val
 from hugr.hugr import Hugr
-from hugr.ops import Custom, Command
-from hugr.serialization import SerialHugr
-import hugr.tys as tys
-import hugr.val as val
-import json
+from hugr.ops import Command, Custom
+from hugr.serialization.serial_hugr import SerialHugr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from hugr.node_port import Wire
 
 
 def int_t(width: int) -> tys.Opaque:
@@ -39,12 +41,15 @@ class LogicOps(Custom):
     extension: tys.ExtensionId = "logic"
 
 
+_NotSig = tys.FunctionType.endo([tys.Bool])
+
+
 # TODO get from YAML
 @dataclass
 class NotDef(LogicOps):
-    num_out: int | None = 1
+    num_out: int = 1
     op_name: str = "Not"
-    signature: tys.FunctionType = tys.FunctionType.endo([tys.Bool])
+    signature: tys.FunctionType = _NotSig
 
     def __call__(self, a: Wire) -> Command:
         return super().__call__(a)
@@ -58,11 +63,14 @@ class QuantumOps(Custom):
     extension: tys.ExtensionId = "tket2.quantum"
 
 
+_OneQbSig = tys.FunctionType.endo([tys.Qubit])
+
+
 @dataclass
 class OneQbGate(QuantumOps):
     op_name: str
-    num_out: int | None = 1
-    signature: tys.FunctionType = tys.FunctionType.endo([tys.Qubit])
+    num_out: int = 1
+    signature: tys.FunctionType = _OneQbSig
 
     def __call__(self, q: Wire) -> Command:
         return super().__call__(q)
@@ -70,12 +78,14 @@ def __call__(self, q: Wire) -> Command:
 
 H = OneQbGate("H")
 
+_MeasSig = tys.FunctionType([tys.Qubit], [tys.Qubit, tys.Bool])
+
 
 @dataclass
 class MeasureDef(QuantumOps):
     op_name: str = "Measure"
-    num_out: int | None = 2
-    signature: tys.FunctionType = tys.FunctionType([tys.Qubit], [tys.Qubit, tys.Bool])
+    num_out: int = 2
+    signature: tys.FunctionType = _MeasSig
 
     def __call__(self, q: Wire) -> Command:
         return super().__call__(q)
@@ -94,7 +104,7 @@ class IntOps(Custom):
 
 @dataclass
 class DivModDef(IntOps):
-    num_out: int | None = 2
+    num_out: int = 2
     extension: tys.ExtensionId = "arithmetic.int"
     op_name: str = "idivmod_u"
     signature: tys.FunctionType = field(
@@ -115,7 +125,7 @@ def validate(h: Hugr, mermaid: bool = False, roundtrip: bool = True):
     if mermaid:
         cmd.append("--mermaid")
     serial = h.to_serial().to_json()
-    subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, input=serial.encode())
+    subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, input=serial.encode())  # noqa: S603
 
     if roundtrip:
         h2 = Hugr.from_serial(SerialHugr.load_json(json.loads(serial)))
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/serialization/test_basic.py b/hugr-py/tests/serialization/test_basic.py
index 5c3b41ace..1479888eb 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/serialization/test_basic.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/serialization/test_basic.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from hugr.serialization import SerialHugr
+from hugr.serialization.serial_hugr import SerialHugr
 
 
 def test_empty():
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/test_bimap.py b/hugr-py/tests/test_bimap.py
index 028498c9c..244eb76dd 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/test_bimap.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/test_bimap.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-from hugr.utils import BiMap
+import pytest
+
+from hugr.utils import BiMap, NotBijection
 
 
 def test_insert_left() -> None:
@@ -61,3 +63,19 @@ def test_existing_key() -> None:
     assert bimap.get_left(1) == "b"
 
     assert bimap.get_right("a") is None
+
+
+def test_bimap_init():
+    # Test with empty initial map
+    bm = BiMap()
+    assert len(bm) == 0
+
+    # Test with non-empty initial map
+    initial_map = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
+    bm = BiMap(initial_map)
+    assert len(bm) == 2
+
+    # Test with non-bijection initial map
+    invalid_map = {"a": 1, "b": 1}
+    with pytest.raises(NotBijection):
+        bm = BiMap(invalid_map)
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/test_cfg.py b/hugr-py/tests/test_cfg.py
index ddd3b9c32..8a44a5344 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/test_cfg.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/test_cfg.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+from hugr import ops, tys, val
 from hugr.cfg import Cfg
-import hugr.tys as tys
-import hugr.val as val
 from hugr.dfg import Dfg
-import hugr.ops as ops
-from .conftest import validate, INT_T, DivMod, IntVal
+
+from .conftest import INT_T, DivMod, IntVal, validate
 
 
 def build_basic_cfg(cfg: Cfg) -> None:
@@ -14,13 +13,13 @@ def build_basic_cfg(cfg: Cfg) -> None:
 
 
 def test_basic_cfg() -> None:
-    cfg = Cfg([tys.Bool])
+    cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool)
     build_basic_cfg(cfg)
     validate(cfg.hugr)
 
 
 def test_branch() -> None:
-    cfg = Cfg([tys.Bool, INT_T])
+    cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool, INT_T)
     entry = cfg.add_entry()
     entry.set_block_outputs(*entry.inputs())
 
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ def test_nested_cfg() -> None:
 
 
 def test_dom_edge() -> None:
-    cfg = Cfg([tys.Bool, tys.Unit, INT_T])
+    cfg = Cfg(tys.Bool, tys.Unit, INT_T)
     entry = cfg.add_entry()
     b, u, i = entry.inputs()
     entry.set_block_outputs(b, i)
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ def test_dom_edge() -> None:
 
 def test_asymm_types() -> None:
     # test different types going to entry block's susccessors
-    cfg = Cfg([])
+    cfg = Cfg()
     entry = cfg.add_entry()
 
     int_load = entry.load(IntVal(34))
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/test_cond_loop.py b/hugr-py/tests/test_cond_loop.py
index 75791317b..01c1fc1a4 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/test_cond_loop.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/test_cond_loop.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
+import pytest
+
+from hugr import ops, tys, val
 from hugr.cond_loop import Conditional, ConditionalError, TailLoop
 from hugr.dfg import Dfg
-import hugr.tys as tys
-import hugr.ops as ops
-import hugr.val as val
-import pytest
-from .conftest import INT_T, validate, IntVal, H, Measure
+
+from .conftest import INT_T, H, IntVal, Measure, validate
 
 SUM_T = tys.Sum([[tys.Qubit], [tys.Qubit, INT_T]])
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def build_tl(tl: TailLoop) -> None:
 
     h = Dfg(tys.Qubit)
     (q,) = h.inputs()
-    tl_n = h.insert_tail_loop(tl, q)
+    tl_n = h.insert_tail_loop(tl, [q], [])
     h.set_outputs(tl_n)
     validate(h.hugr)
 
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/test_hugr_build.py b/hugr-py/tests/test_hugr_build.py
index a01b89d97..1660ec4ee 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/test_hugr_build.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/test_hugr_build.py
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
-from hugr.node_port import Node, _SubPort
 
-from hugr.hugr import Hugr
+import pytest
+
+from hugr import ops, tys, val
 from hugr.dfg import Dfg, _ancestral_sibling
-from hugr.ops import NoConcreteFunc
-import hugr.ops as ops
-import hugr.tys as tys
-import hugr.val as val
 from hugr.function import Module
-import pytest
+from hugr.hugr import Hugr
+from hugr.node_port import Node, _SubPort
+from hugr.ops import NoConcreteFunc
 
-from .conftest import Not, INT_T, IntVal, validate, DivMod
+from .conftest import INT_T, DivMod, IntVal, Not, validate
 
 
 def test_stable_indices():
@@ -95,16 +94,16 @@ def test_tuple():
     row = [tys.Bool, tys.Qubit]
     h = Dfg(*row)
     a, b = h.inputs()
-    t = h.add(ops.MakeTuple(a, b))
-    a, b = h.add(ops.UnpackTuple(t))
+    t = h.add(ops.MakeTuple()(a, b))
+    a, b = h.add(ops.UnpackTuple()(t))
     h.set_outputs(a, b)
 
     validate(h.hugr)
 
     h1 = Dfg(*row)
     a, b = h1.inputs()
-    mt = h1.add_op(ops.MakeTuple, a, b)
-    a, b = h1.add_op(ops.UnpackTuple, mt)[0, 1]
+    mt = h1.add_op(ops.MakeTuple(), a, b)
+    a, b = h1.add_op(ops.UnpackTuple(), mt)[0, 1]
     h1.set_outputs(a, b)
 
     assert h.hugr.to_serial() == h1.hugr.to_serial()
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ def test_ancestral_sibling():
     [
         val.Function(simple_id().hugr),
         val.Sum(1, tys.Sum([[INT_T], [tys.Bool, INT_T]]), [val.TRUE, IntVal(34)]),
-        val.Tuple([val.TRUE, IntVal(23)]),
+        val.Tuple(val.TRUE, IntVal(23)),
     ],
 )
 def test_vals(val: val.Value):
@@ -232,7 +231,7 @@ def test_poly_function(direct_call: bool) -> None:
         load = f_main.load_function(
             f_id, instantiation=instantiation, type_args=type_args
         )
-        call = f_main.add(ops.CallIndirect(load, q))
+        call = f_main.add(ops.CallIndirect()(load, q))
 
     f_main.set_outputs(call)
 
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ def test_mono_function(direct_call: bool) -> None:
         call = f_main.call(f_id, q)
     else:
         load = f_main.load_function(f_id)
-        call = f_main.add(ops.CallIndirect(load, q))
+        call = f_main.add(ops.CallIndirect()(load, q))
     f_main.set_outputs(call)
 
     validate(mod.hugr)
@@ -260,19 +259,20 @@ def test_mono_function(direct_call: bool) -> None:
 
 def test_higher_order() -> None:
     noop_fn = Dfg(tys.Qubit)
-    noop_fn.set_outputs(noop_fn.add(ops.Noop(noop_fn.input_node[0])))
+    noop_fn.set_outputs(noop_fn.add(ops.Noop()(noop_fn.input_node[0])))
 
     d = Dfg(tys.Qubit)
     (q,) = d.inputs()
     f_val = d.load(val.Function(noop_fn.hugr))
-    call = d.add(ops.CallIndirect(f_val, q))[0]
+    call = d.add(ops.CallIndirect()(f_val, q))[0]
     d.set_outputs(call)
 
     validate(d.hugr)
 
 
 def test_lift() -> None:
-    d = Dfg(tys.Qubit, extension_delta=["X"])
+    d = Dfg(tys.Qubit)
+    d.parent_op._extension_delta = ["X"]
     (q,) = d.inputs()
     lift = d.add(ops.Lift("X")(q))
     d.set_outputs(lift)
diff --git a/hugr-py/tests/test_version.py b/hugr-py/tests/test_version.py
index ac9e154d6..5ed309b90 100644
--- a/hugr-py/tests/test_version.py
+++ b/hugr-py/tests/test_version.py
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # from https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/144#issuecomment-877835259
-import toml  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
 from pathlib import Path
+
+import toml  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+
 import hugr
 
 
@@ -8,7 +10,8 @@ def test_versions_are_in_sync():
     """Checks if the pyproject.toml and package.__init__.py __version__ are in sync."""
 
     path = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1] / "pyproject.toml"
-    pyproject = toml.loads(open(str(path)).read())
+    with Path.open(path, "r") as f:
+        pyproject = toml.loads(f.read())
     pyproject_version = pyproject["tool"]["poetry"]["version"]
 
     package_init_version = hugr.__version__
diff --git a/hugr/CHANGELOG.md b/hugr/CHANGELOG.md
index 3bddd8307..b6b1cdc66 100644
--- a/hugr/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/hugr/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,32 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## 0.6.0 (2024-06-28)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- SimpleReplacement panic on multiports ([#1191](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1191))
+- Add some validation for const nodes ([#1222](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1222))
+- Cfg not validating entry/exit types ([#1229](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1229))
+- `extract_hugr` not removing root node ports ([#1239](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1239))
+
+### Documentation
+
+- Fix documentation of `ValidationError::ConstTypeError` ([#1227](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1227))
+
+### Features
+
+- CircuitBuilder::add_constant ([#1168](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1168))
+- [**breaking**] Make the rewrite errors more useful ([#1174](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1174))
+- [**breaking**] Validate Extensions using hierarchy, ignore input_extensions, RIP inference ([#1142](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1142))
+- [**breaking**] Infer extension deltas for Case, Cfg, Conditional, DataflowBlock, Dfg, TailLoop  ([#1195](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1195))
+- Helper functions for requesting inference, use with builder in tests ([#1219](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1219))
+
+### Refactor
+
+- [**breaking**] FunctionBuilder takes impl Into<PolyFuncType> ([#1220](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1220))
+- [**breaking**] Remove NodeType and input_extensions ([#1183](https://github.com/CQCL/hugr/pull/1183))
+
+
 ## 0.5.1 (2024-06-07)
 
 ### Bug Fixes
diff --git a/hugr/Cargo.toml b/hugr/Cargo.toml
index dff1dd10b..87c685c85 100644
--- a/hugr/Cargo.toml
+++ b/hugr/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "hugr"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 edition = { workspace = true }
 rust-version = { workspace = true }
 
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ path = "src/lib.rs"
 extension_inference = []
 
 [dependencies]
-hugr-core = { path = "../hugr-core", version = "0.2.0" }
-hugr-passes = { path = "../hugr-passes", version = "0.2.0" }
+hugr-core = { path = "../hugr-core", version = "0.3.0" }
+hugr-passes = { path = "../hugr-passes", version = "0.3.0" }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rstest = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 36f24f9e5..0a82d9f3c 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -35,63 +35,63 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "coverage"
-version = "7.5.3"
+version = "7.5.4"
 description = "Code coverage measurement for Python"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
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+    {file = "mypy-1.10.1-cp38-cp38-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:5cc3ca0a244eb9a5249c7c583ad9a7e881aa5d7b73c35652296ddcdb33b2b9c7"},
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+    {file = "mypy-1.10.1-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:6be84c06e6abd72f960ba9a71561c14137a583093ffcf9bbfaf5e613d63fa531"},
+    {file = "mypy-1.10.1-cp39-cp39-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:2189ff1e39db399f08205e22a797383613ce1cb0cb3b13d8bcf0170e45b96cc3"},
+    {file = "mypy-1.10.1-cp39-cp39-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:97a131ee36ac37ce9581f4220311247ab6cba896b4395b9c87af0675a13a755f"},
+    {file = "mypy-1.10.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:71d8ac0b906354ebda8ef1673e5fde785936ac1f29ff6987c7483cfbd5a4235a"},
+    {file = "mypy-1.10.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1f8f492d7db9e3593ef42d4f115f04e556130f2819ad33ab84551403e97dd4c0"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -253,13 +253,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "packaging"
-version = "24.0"
+version = "24.1"
 description = "Core utilities for Python packages"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "packaging-24.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:2ddfb553fdf02fb784c234c7ba6ccc288296ceabec964ad2eae3777778130bc5"},
-    {file = "packaging-24.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:eb82c5e3e56209074766e6885bb04b8c38a0c015d0a30036ebe7ece34c9989e9"},
+    {file = "packaging-24.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:5b8f2217dbdbd2f7f384c41c628544e6d52f2d0f53c6d0c3ea61aa5d1d7ff124"},
+    {file = "packaging-24.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:026ed72c8ed3fcce5bf8950572258698927fd1dbda10a5e981cdf0ac37f4f002"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -313,13 +313,13 @@ virtualenv = ">=20.10.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pydantic"
-version = "2.7.3"
+version = "2.7.4"
 description = "Data validation using Python type hints"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "pydantic-2.7.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ea91b002777bf643bb20dd717c028ec43216b24a6001a280f83877fd2655d0b4"},
-    {file = "pydantic-2.7.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c46c76a40bb1296728d7a8b99aa73dd70a48c3510111ff290034f860c99c419e"},
+    {file = "pydantic-2.7.4-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ee8538d41ccb9c0a9ad3e0e5f07bf15ed8015b481ced539a1759d8cc89ae90d0"},
+    {file = "pydantic-2.7.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0c84efd9548d545f63ac0060c1e4d39bb9b14db8b3c0652338aecc07b5adec52"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -570,24 +570,24 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.12.1"
+version = "4.12.2"
 description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:6024b58b69089e5a89c347397254e35f1bf02a907728ec7fee9bf0fe837d203a"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:915f5e35ff76f56588223f15fdd5938f9a1cf9195c0de25130c627e4d597f6d1"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:04e5ca0351e0f3f85c6853954072df659d0d13fac324d0072316b67d7794700d"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a7ead55c7e559dd4dee8856e3a88b41225abfe1ce8df57b7c13915fe121ffb8"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "virtualenv"
-version = "20.26.2"
+version = "20.26.3"
 description = "Virtual Python Environment builder"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "virtualenv-20.26.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a624db5e94f01ad993d476b9ee5346fdf7b9de43ccaee0e0197012dc838a0e9b"},
-    {file = "virtualenv-20.26.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:82bf0f4eebbb78d36ddaee0283d43fe5736b53880b8a8cdcd37390a07ac3741c"},
+    {file = "virtualenv-20.26.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8cc4a31139e796e9a7de2cd5cf2489de1217193116a8fd42328f1bd65f434589"},
+    {file = "virtualenv-20.26.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4c43a2a236279d9ea36a0d76f98d84bd6ca94ac4e0f4a3b9d46d05e10fea542a"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index a67f62af5..22f314844 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -27,3 +27,7 @@ typing-extensions = "^4.12.0"
 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core"]
 build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api"
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+addopts = "--doctest-modules"
+filterwarnings = "ignore::DeprecationWarning:lark.*"
diff --git a/ruff.toml b/ruff.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6aeaa0c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ruff.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# See https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/
+target-version = "py310"
+
+line-length = 88
+
+exclude = ["tests/error"]
+
+[lint]
+
+select = [
+  "F", # pyflakes
+  "E", # pycodestyle Errors
+  "W", # pycodestyle Warnings
+
+  # "A",    # flake8-builtins
+  # "ANN",  # flake8-annotations
+  # "ARG",  # flake8-unused-arguments
+  "B",   # flake8-Bugbear
+  "BLE", # flake8-blind-except
+  "C4",  # flake8-comprehensions
+  # "C90",  # mccabe
+  # "COM",  # flake8-commas
+  # "CPY",  # flake8-copyright
+  "D",  # pydocstyle
+  "EM", # flake8-errmsg
+  # "ERA",  # eradicate
+  "EXE", # flake8-executable
+  "FA",  # flake8-future-annotations
+  # "FBT",  # flake8-boolean-trap
+  # "FIX",  # flake8-fixme
+  "FLY", # flynt
+  # "FURB", # refurb
+  "G",   # flake8-logging-format
+  "I",   # isort
+  "ICN", # flake8-import-conventions
+  "INP", # flake8-no-pep420
+  "INT", # flake8-gettext
+  # "ISC",  # flake8-implicit-str-concat
+  # "LOG",  # flake8-logging
+  # "N",    # pep8-Naming
+  "NPY",  # NumPy-specific
+  "PERF", # Perflint
+  "PGH",  # pygrep-hooks
+  "PIE",  # flake8-pie
+  # "PL",   # pylint
+  "PT",  # flake8-pytest-style
+  "PTH", # flake8-use-pathlib
+  "PYI", # flake8-pyi
+  "Q",   # flake8-quotes
+  # "RET",  # flake8-return
+  "RSE", # flake8-raise
+  "RUF", # Ruff-specific
+  "S",   # flake8-bandit (Security)
+  "SIM", # flake8-simplify
+  # "SLF",  # flake8-self
+  "SLOT", # flake8-slots
+  "T10",  # flake8-debugger
+  "T20",  # flake8-print
+  "TCH",  # flake8-type-checking
+  # "TD",   # flake8-todos
+  "TID", # flake8-tidy-imports
+  "TRY", # tryceratops
+  "UP",  # pyupgrade
+  "YTT", # flake8-2020
+]
+
+
+ignore = [
+  "S101",   # Use of `assert` detected
+  "TRY003", # Avoid specifying long messages outside the exception class
+  "D102", # Can't detect that abstract method overrides can use the same docstring
+  "D105", # Missing docstrings in dunder methods (repr etc.)
+  "D205", # Blank line requirement
+  "D107", # Missing docstrings in __init__ (covered by class level docstring)
+]
+
+[lint.per-file-ignores]
+"hugr-py/tests/**" = ["D"]
+"hugr-py/docs/**" = ["D"]
+"hugr-py/src/hugr/serialization/**" = ["D"]
+"scripts/*" = ["T201", "EXE001", "D"]
+
+[lint.pydocstyle]
+convention = "google"
diff --git a/scripts/generate_schema.py b/scripts/generate_schema.py
index 882f0d7e6..78d66fb19 100644
--- a/scripts/generate_schema.py
+++ b/scripts/generate_schema.py
@@ -1,28 +1,29 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 """Dumps the json schema for `hugr.serialization.SerialHugr` to a file.
 
-The schema is written to a file named `hugr_schema_v#.json` in the specified output directory.
-If no output directory is specified, the schema is written to the current working directory.
+The schema is written to a file named `hugr_schema_v#.json`
+in the specified output directory.
+If no output directory is specified,
+the schema is written to the current working directory.
 
 usage: python generate_schema.py [<OUT_DIR>]
 """
 
 import json
 import sys
-from typing import Type, Optional
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from pydantic import ConfigDict
 
-from hugr.serialization import SerialHugr
+from hugr.serialization.serial_hugr import SerialHugr
 from hugr.serialization.testing_hugr import TestingHugr
 
 
 def write_schema(
     out_dir: Path,
     name_prefix: str,
-    schema: Type[SerialHugr] | Type[TestingHugr],
-    config: Optional[ConfigDict] = None,
+    schema: type[SerialHugr] | type[TestingHugr],
+    config: ConfigDict | None = None,
     **kwargs,
 ):
     version = schema.get_version()
diff --git a/specification/hugr.md b/specification/hugr.md
index 7dad8b064..127e0635a 100644
--- a/specification/hugr.md
+++ b/specification/hugr.md
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ these are listed in
 [hierarchical node relationships](#hierarchical-relationships-and-constraints).
 In a valid HUGR the hierarchy edges form a tree joining all nodes of the HUGR,
 with a unique root node. The HUGR is characterized by the type of its root node.
-The root node has no non-hierarchy edges (and this supercedes any other requirements on the
+The root node has no non-hierarchy edges (and this supersedes any other requirements on the
 edges of specific node types).
 
 A *sibling graph* is a subgraph of the HUGR containing all nodes with
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ such declarations may include (bind) any number of type parameters, of kinds as
 TypeParam ::= Type(Any|Copyable|Eq)
             | BoundedUSize(u64|) -- note optional bound
             | Extensions
-            | List(TypeParam) -- homogenous, any sized
+            | List(TypeParam) -- homogeneous, any sized
             | Tuple([TypeParam]) -- heterogenous, fixed size
             | Opaque(Name, [TypeArg]) -- e.g. Opaque("Array", [5, Opaque("usize", [])])
 ```
@@ -1694,7 +1694,7 @@ including the names of the operations. Where WebAssembly specifies a
 "partial" operation (i.e. when the result is not defined on certain
 inputs), we use a Sum type to hold the result.
 
-A few additonal operations not included in WebAssembly are also
+A few additional operations not included in WebAssembly are also
 specified, and there are some other small differences (highlighted
 below).
 
diff --git a/specification/schema/hugr_schema_strict_v1.json b/specification/schema/hugr_schema_strict_v1.json
index fb201688a..1cfd6bb61 100644
--- a/specification/schema/hugr_schema_strict_v1.json
+++ b/specification/schema/hugr_schema_strict_v1.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     "$defs": {
         "Alias": {
             "additionalProperties": false,
-            "description": "An Alias Type",
+            "description": "An Alias Type.",
             "properties": {
                 "t": {
                     "const": "Alias",
diff --git a/specification/schema/hugr_schema_v1.json b/specification/schema/hugr_schema_v1.json
index 39c488e44..82c7f1137 100644
--- a/specification/schema/hugr_schema_v1.json
+++ b/specification/schema/hugr_schema_v1.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     "$defs": {
         "Alias": {
             "additionalProperties": true,
-            "description": "An Alias Type",
+            "description": "An Alias Type.",
             "properties": {
                 "t": {
                     "const": "Alias",
diff --git a/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_strict_v1.json b/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_strict_v1.json
index 497b14cfc..631308ca0 100644
--- a/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_strict_v1.json
+++ b/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_strict_v1.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     "$defs": {
         "Alias": {
             "additionalProperties": false,
-            "description": "An Alias Type",
+            "description": "An Alias Type.",
             "properties": {
                 "t": {
                     "const": "Alias",
diff --git a/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_v1.json b/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_v1.json
index 989e86509..63a2cc84b 100644
--- a/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_v1.json
+++ b/specification/schema/testing_hugr_schema_v1.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
     "$defs": {
         "Alias": {
             "additionalProperties": true,
-            "description": "An Alias Type",
+            "description": "An Alias Type.",
             "properties": {
                 "t": {
                     "const": "Alias",