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Accounts & Permissions
An account is a human-readable identifier that is stored on the blockchain. Every transaction has its permissions evaluated under the configured authority of an account. Each named permission has a threshold that must be met for a transaction signed under that authority to be considered valid. Transactions are signed by utilizing a client that has a loaded and unlocked wallet. A wallet is software that protects and makes use of your keys. These keys may or may not be granted permission to an account authority on the blockchain.
Wallets are clients that store keys that may or may not be associated with the permissions of one or more accounts. Ideally a wallet has a locked (encrypted) and unlocked (decrypted) state that is protected by a high entropy password. The EOSIO/eos repository comes bundled with a command line interface client called cleos that interfaces with a lite-client called keosd and together, they demonstrate this pattern.
An account is a human-readable name that is stored on the blockchain. It can be owned by an individual or group of individuals depending on permissions configuration. An account is required to transfer or otherwise push a transaction to the blockchain.
Authorities determine whether or not any given action is properly authorized.
Every account has two native named permissions
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ownerauthority symbolizes ownership of an account. There are only a few transactions that require this authority, but most notably, are actions that make any kind of change to the owner authority. Generally, it is suggested that owner is kept in cold storage and not shared with anyone.ownercan be used to recover another permission that may have been compromised. -
activeauthority is used for transferring funds, voting for producers and making other high-level account changes.
In addition to the native permissions, an account can possess custom named permissions that are available to further extend account management. Custom permissions are incredibly flexible and address numerous possible use cases when implemented. Much of this is up to the developer community in how they are employed, and what conventions if any, are adopted.
Permission for any given authority can be assigned to one or multiple public keys or a valid account name.
Below is the combination of all the above concepts and some loose examples of how they might be practically employed.
This is how an account is configured after it has been created, it has a single key for both the owner and active permissions, both keys with a weight of 1 and permissions both with a threshold of 1. The default configuration requires a single signature to authorize a action for the native permissions.
| Permission | Account | Weight | Threshold |
|---|---|---|---|
| owner | 1 | ||
| EOS5EzTZZQQxdrDaJAPD9pDzGJZ5bj34HaAb8yuvjFHGWzqV25Dch | 1 | ||
| active | 1 | ||
| EOS61chK8GbH4ukWcbom8HgK95AeUfP8MBPn7XRq8FeMBYYTgwmcX | 1 |
In the @bob account example, this table shows that @bob's owner key has a permissioned weight of 1, and the required threshold to push a transaction under that authority is 1.
To push a transaction under the owner authority, only @bob needs to sign the transaction with his owner key for the transaction to be eligible for validation. This key would be stored in a wallet, and then processed using cleos.
The below examples are authorities for a fictional account named @multisig. In this scenario, two users are authoritized to both the owner and active permissions of a fictional @multisig account, with three users permissioned to a custom publish permission with varying weight.
| Permission | Account | Weight | Threshold |
|---|---|---|---|
| owner | 2 | ||
| @bob | 1 | ||
| @stacy | 1 | ||
| active | 1 | ||
| @bob | 1 | ||
| @stacy | 1 | ||
| publish | 2 | ||
| @bob | 2 | ||
| @stacy | 2 | ||
| EOS7Hnv4iBWo1pcEpP8JyFYCJLRUzYcXSqt... | 1 |
In this scenario, a weight threshold of 2 is required to make changes to the owner permission level, which means that because all parties have a weight of 1, all users are required to sign the transaction for it to be fully authorized.
To send a transaction which requires the active authority, the threshold is set to 1. This implies that only 1 signature is required authorize a action from the active authority of the account.
There's also a third custom named permission called publish. For the sake of this example, the publish permission is used to publish posts to the @multisig's blog using a theoretical blog dApp. The publish permission has a threshold of 2, @bob and @stacy both have a weight of 2, and a public key has a weight of 1. This implies that both @bob and @stacy can publish without an additional signature, whereas the public key requires an additional signature in order for a action under the public permission to be authorized.
Thus the above permissions table implies that @bob and @stacy, as owners of the account, have elevated priviledges similar to a moderator or editor. While this primitive example has limitations particularly with scalability and is not necessarily a good design, it does adequately demonstrate the flexible nature of the EOS permissions system.
Also, notice in the above table, permissions are set using both an account name and a key. At first glance this may seem trivial, however it does suggest some added dimensions of flexibility.
Observations
- @bob and @stacy can be explicitly identified as the owners of this account
- The public key cannot push a action under publish authority without an additional signature from @bob or @stacy
- @bob and @stacy can push a action under publish authority without any additional signatures.