diff --git a/ldp/llms/chat.py b/ldp/llms/chat.py
index 44d745f..956125d 100644
--- a/ldp/llms/chat.py
+++ b/ldp/llms/chat.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import asyncio
 import json
-from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Callable, Iterable
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Callable, Iterable, Mapping
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Self, cast
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Self, TypeAlias, cast
 from uuid import UUID, uuid4
 
 import litellm
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 )
 from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, ValidationError, model_validator
 
+# Yes, this is a hack, it mostly matches
+# https://github.com/python-jsonschema/referencing/blob/v0.35.1/referencing/jsonschema.py#L20-L21
+JSONSchema: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, Any]
+
 
 class JSONSchemaValidationError(ValueError):
     """Raised when the completion does not match the specified schema."""
@@ -87,13 +91,13 @@ def sum_logprobs(choice: litellm.utils.Choices) -> float | None:
 
 
 def validate_json_completion(
-    completion: litellm.ModelResponse, output_type: type[BaseModel]
+    completion: litellm.ModelResponse, output_type: type[BaseModel] | JSONSchema
 ) -> None:
     """Validate a completion against a JSON schema.
 
     Args:
         completion: The completion to validate.
-        output_type: The Pydantic model to validate the completion against.
+        output_type: A JSON schema or a Pydantic model to validate the completion.
     """
     try:
         for choice in completion.choices:
@@ -105,7 +109,12 @@ def validate_json_completion(
             choice.message.content = (
                 choice.message.content.split("```json")[-1].split("```")[0] or ""
             )
-            output_type.model_validate_json(choice.message.content)
+            if isinstance(output_type, Mapping):  # JSON schema
+                litellm.litellm_core_utils.json_validation_rule.validate_schema(
+                    schema=dict(output_type), response=choice.message.content
+                )
+            else:
+                output_type.model_validate_json(choice.message.content)
     except ValidationError as err:
         raise JSONSchemaValidationError(
             "The completion does not match the specified schema."
@@ -173,7 +182,7 @@ async def call(  # noqa: C901, PLR0915
         self,
         messages: list[Message],
         callbacks: list[Callable] | None = None,
-        output_type: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+        output_type: type[BaseModel] | JSONSchema | None = None,
         tools: list[Tool] | None = None,
         tool_choice: Tool | str | None = TOOL_CHOICE_REQUIRED,
         **chat_kwargs,
@@ -198,8 +207,17 @@ async def call(  # noqa: C901, PLR0915
                     else tool_choice
                 )
 
-        # deal with specifying output type
-        if output_type is not None:
+        if isinstance(output_type, Mapping):  # Use structured outputs
+            chat_kwargs["response_format"] = {
+                "type": "json_schema",
+                "json_schema": {
+                    "strict": True,
+                    # SEE: https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs#additionalproperties-false-must-always-be-set-in-objects
+                    "schema": dict(output_type) | {"additionalProperties": False},
+                    "name": output_type["title"],  # Required by OpenAI as of 12/3/2024
+                },
+            }
+        elif output_type is not None:  # Use JSON mode
             schema = json.dumps(output_type.model_json_schema(mode="serialization"))
             schema_msg = f"Respond following this JSON schema:\n\n{schema}"
             # Get the system prompt and its index, or the index to add it
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 5918fd3..a046d47 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ requires = ["setuptools>=64", "setuptools_scm>=8"]
 
 [dependency-groups]
 codeflash = [
-    "codeflash>=0.7",  # Pin to keep recent
+    "codeflash>=0.8",  # Pin for --verify-setup checking formatter-cmds
     "ldp[dev]",
 ]
 dev = ["ldp[dev]"]
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ preview = true
 [tool.codeflash]
 disable-imports-sorting = true
 disable-telemetry = true
-formatter-cmds = ["ruff check --exit-zero --fix $file", "ruff format $file"]
+formatter-cmds = ["uv tool run ruff check --exit-zero --fix $file", "uv tool run ruff format $file"]
 module-root = "ldp"
 test-framework = "pytest"
 tests-root = "tests"
diff --git a/tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema.yaml b/tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema[json-mode].yaml
similarity index 52%
rename from tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema.yaml
rename to tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema[json-mode].yaml
index 477de44..95223b7 100644
--- a/tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema.yaml
+++ b/tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema[json-mode].yaml
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 interactions:
   - request:
       body:
-        '{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "Respond following this JSON
-        schema:\n\n{\"properties\": {\"name\": {\"title\": \"Name\", \"type\": \"string\"},
-        \"age\": {\"title\": \"Age\", \"type\": \"integer\"}}, \"required\": [\"name\",
-        \"age\"], \"title\": \"DummyOutputSchema\", \"type\": \"object\"}"}, {"role":
-        "user", "content": "My name is Claude and I am 1 year old. What is my name and
-        age?"}], "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", "response_format": {"type": "json_object"}}'
+        '{"messages":[{"role":"system","content":"Respond following this JSON schema:\n\n{\"properties\":
+        {\"name\": {\"title\": \"Name\", \"type\": \"string\"}, \"age\": {\"title\":
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+        \"DummyOutputSchema\", \"type\": \"object\"}"},{"role":"user","content":"My
+        name is Claude and I am 1 year old. What is my name and age?"}],"model":"gpt-3.5-turbo","response_format":{"type":"json_object"}}'
       headers:
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+          - AsyncOpenAI/Python 1.55.3
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diff --git a/tests/cassettes/TestMultipleCompletionLLMModel.test_output_schema.yaml b/tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema[structured-outputs].yaml
similarity index 55%
rename from tests/cassettes/TestMultipleCompletionLLMModel.test_output_schema.yaml
rename to tests/cassettes/TestLLMModel.test_output_schema[structured-outputs].yaml
index 0feb6d0..136d34a 100644
--- a/tests/cassettes/TestMultipleCompletionLLMModel.test_output_schema.yaml
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/tests/test_llms.py b/tests/test_llms.py
index c7e68b6..f903771 100644
--- a/tests/test_llms.py
+++ b/tests/test_llms.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Any, ClassVar
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import litellm
@@ -234,8 +234,19 @@ def play(move: int | None) -> None:
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     @pytest.mark.vcr
-    async def test_output_schema(self) -> None:
-        model = self.MODEL_CLS(name="gpt-3.5-turbo", config=self.DEFAULT_CONFIG)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ("model_name", "output_type"),
+        [
+            pytest.param("gpt-3.5-turbo", DummyOutputSchema, id="json-mode"),
+            pytest.param(
+                "gpt-4o", DummyOutputSchema.model_json_schema(), id="structured-outputs"
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    async def test_output_schema(
+        self, model_name: str, output_type: type[BaseModel] | dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        model = self.MODEL_CLS(name=model_name, config=self.DEFAULT_CONFIG)
         messages = [
             Message(
                 content=(
@@ -243,7 +254,7 @@ async def test_output_schema(self) -> None:
                 )
             ),
         ]
-        results = await self.call_model(model, messages, output_type=DummyOutputSchema)
+        results = await self.call_model(model, messages, output_type=output_type)
         assert len(results) == self.NUM_COMPLETIONS
         for result in results:
             assert result.messages
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index e09a755..0cd4f0e 100644
--- a/uv.lock
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
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+version = "24.1.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
+    { name = "attrs" },
+]
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+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "certifi"
 version = "2024.8.30"
@@ -298,11 +310,13 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "codeflash"
-version = "0.7.6"
+version = "0.8.0"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "black" },
     { name = "click" },
+    { name = "coverage" },
+    { name = "crosshair-tool" },
     { name = "dill" },
     { name = "gitpython" },
     { name = "humanize" },
@@ -326,7 +340,7 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "unidiff" },
     { name = "unittest-xml-reporting" },
 ]
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 name = "colorama"
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 ]
 
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