diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo.hs
index 45e05fd2ffd..1ddb3db860c 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo.hs
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ import Cardano.Ledger.Shelley.Constraints
   )
 import Cardano.Ledger.ShelleyMA.Timelocks (evalTimelock)
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
-import qualified Plutus.V1.Ledger.Api as Plutus (validateScript)
 import qualified Shelley.Spec.Ledger.API as API
 import qualified Shelley.Spec.Ledger.BaseTypes as Shelley
 import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Metadata (validMetadatum)
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ instance
 
 -- instance API.PraosCrypto c => API.ApplyBlock (AlonzoEra c)
 
-instance API.PraosCrypto c => API.GetLedgerView (AlonzoEra c)
+instance (API.PraosCrypto c) => API.GetLedgerView (AlonzoEra c)
 
 instance (CC.Crypto c) => Shelley.ValidateScript (AlonzoEra c) where
   isNativeScript x = not (isPlutusScript x)
@@ -105,8 +104,10 @@ instance (CC.Crypto c) => Shelley.ValidateScript (AlonzoEra c) where
       timelock
     where
       vhks = Set.map witKeyHash (txwitsVKey' (wits' tx))
-  validateScript (PlutusScript scr) _tx = Plutus.validateScript scr
+  validateScript (PlutusScript _) _tx = False
 
+-- To run a PlutusScript use Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.TxInfo(runPLCScript)
+-- To run any Alonzo Script use Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.PlutusScriptApi(evalScripts)
 -- hashScript x = ...  We use the default method for hashScript
 
 instance
@@ -118,8 +119,7 @@ instance
   -- initialState :: ShelleyGenesis era -> AdditionalGenesisConfig era -> NewEpochState era
   initialState _ _ = error "TODO: implement initialState"
 
-instance CC.Crypto c => UsesTxOut (AlonzoEra c) where
-  -- makeTxOut :: Proxy era -> Addr (Crypto era) -> Value era -> TxOut era
+instance (CC.Crypto c) => UsesTxOut (AlonzoEra c) where
   makeTxOut _proxy addr val = TxOut addr val Shelley.SNothing
 
 type instance Core.TxOut (AlonzoEra c) = TxOut (AlonzoEra c)
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Data.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Data.hs
index c28dd5b6397..b78c38ee786 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Data.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Data.hs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ module Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Data
   )
 where
 
-import Cardano.Binary (FromCBOR (..), ToCBOR (..), TokenType (..), peekTokenType)
+import Cardano.Binary (FromCBOR (..), ToCBOR (..), TokenType (..), peekTokenType, withSlice)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Scripts
   ( Script (..),
     isPlutusScript,
@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ import Cardano.Ledger.SafeHash
     hashAnnotated,
   )
 import Cardano.Prelude (HeapWords (..), heapWords0, heapWords1)
+import qualified Data.ByteString as BS (ByteString, length)
+import Data.ByteString.Lazy (toStrict)
+import Data.ByteString.Short (toShort)
 import Data.Coders
 import qualified Data.Foldable as Foldable
 import qualified Data.List as List
@@ -103,9 +106,15 @@ instance FromCBOR (Annotator Plutus.Data) where
           <*! (D $ decodeMapContentsTraverse fromCBOR fromCBOR)
       decPlutus 2 = Ann (SumD Plutus.List) <*! listDecodeA From
       decPlutus 3 = Ann (SumD Plutus.I <! From)
-      decPlutus 4 = Ann (SumD Plutus.B <! From)
+      decPlutus 4 = Ann (SumD checkPlutusByteString <? From)
       decPlutus n = Invalid n
 
+checkPlutusByteString :: BS.ByteString -> Either String Plutus.Data
+checkPlutusByteString s =
+  if BS.length s <= 64
+    then Right (Plutus.B s)
+    else Left ("Plutus Bytestring in Plutus Data has length greater than 64: " ++ show (BS.length s) ++ "\n  " ++ show s)
+
 instance ToCBOR Plutus.Data where
   toCBOR x = encode (encPlutus x)
     where
@@ -127,11 +136,10 @@ newtype Data era = DataConstr (MemoBytes Plutus.Data)
   deriving (Eq, Ord, Generic, Show)
   deriving newtype (SafeToHash, ToCBOR)
 
-deriving via
-  (Mem Plutus.Data)
-  instance
-    (Era era) =>
-    FromCBOR (Annotator (Data era))
+instance Typeable era => FromCBOR (Annotator (Data era)) where
+  fromCBOR = do
+    (Annotator getT, Annotator getBytes) <- withSlice fromCBOR
+    pure (Annotator (\fullbytes -> DataConstr (Memo (getT fullbytes) (toShort (toStrict (getBytes fullbytes))))))
 
 instance (Crypto era ~ c) => HashAnnotated (Data era) EraIndependentData c
 
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/PParams.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/PParams.hs
index 3d11c2e4c41..5536e32c57e 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/PParams.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/PParams.hs
@@ -340,14 +340,6 @@ instance NoThunks (PParamsUpdate era)
 -- writing only those fields where the field is (SJust x), that is the role of
 -- the local function (omitStrictMaybe key x)
 
-fromSJust :: StrictMaybe a -> a
-fromSJust (SJust x) = x
-fromSJust SNothing = error "SNothing in fromSJust"
-
-isSNothing :: StrictMaybe a -> Bool
-isSNothing SNothing = True
-isSNothing (SJust _) = False
-
 encodePParamsUpdate ::
   PParamsUpdate era ->
   Encode ('Closed 'Sparse) (PParamsUpdate era)
@@ -380,6 +372,14 @@ encodePParamsUpdate ppup =
       Word -> StrictMaybe a -> (a -> Encoding) -> Encode ('Closed 'Sparse) (StrictMaybe a)
     omitStrictMaybe key x enc = Omit isSNothing (Key key (E (enc . fromSJust) x))
 
+    fromSJust :: StrictMaybe a -> a
+    fromSJust (SJust x) = x
+    fromSJust SNothing = error "SNothing in fromSJust. This should never happen, it is guarded by isSNothing."
+
+    isSNothing :: StrictMaybe a -> Bool
+    isSNothing SNothing = True
+    isSNothing (SJust _) = False
+
 instance (Era era) => ToCBOR (PParamsUpdate era) where
   toCBOR ppup = encode (encodePParamsUpdate ppup)
 
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxos.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxos.hs
index b2b75904723..c69b60405f0 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxos.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxos.hs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ utxosTransition =
 
 scriptsValidateTransition ::
   forall era.
-  ( Show (Core.Value era), -- Arises because of the use of (∪) from SetAlgebra, needs Show to report errors.
+  ( Show (Core.Value era), -- Arises because of the use of (∪) from SetAlgebra, needs Show to report problems.
     Era era,
     Environment (Core.EraRule "PPUP" era) ~ PPUPEnv era,
     State (Core.EraRule "PPUP" era) ~ PPUPState era,
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxow.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxow.hs
index 98e9edccaab..e14423a9125 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxow.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Rules/Utxow.hs
@@ -94,18 +94,21 @@ data AlonzoPredFail era
 
 deriving instance
   ( Era era,
-    Show (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era)) -- The Shelley UtxowPredicateFailure needs this to Show
+    Show (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era)), -- The Shelley UtxowPredicateFailure needs this to Show
+    Show (Core.Script era)
   ) =>
   Show (AlonzoPredFail era)
 
 deriving instance
   ( Era era,
-    Eq (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era)) -- The Shelley UtxowPredicateFailure needs this to Eq
+    Eq (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era)), -- The Shelley UtxowPredicateFailure needs this to Eq
+    Eq (Core.Script era)
   ) =>
   Eq (AlonzoPredFail era)
 
 instance
   ( Era era,
+    NoThunks (Core.Script era),
     NoThunks (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era))
   ) =>
   NoThunks (AlonzoPredFail era)
@@ -114,7 +117,8 @@ instance
   ( Era era,
     ToCBOR (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era)),
     Typeable (Core.AuxiliaryData era),
-    Typeable (Core.Script era)
+    Typeable (Core.Script era),
+    ToCBOR (Core.Script era)
   ) =>
   ToCBOR (AlonzoPredFail era)
   where
@@ -142,7 +146,8 @@ instance
     FromCBOR (PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "UTXO" era)),
     FromCBOR (Script era),
     Typeable (Core.Script era),
-    Typeable (Core.AuxiliaryData era)
+    Typeable (Core.AuxiliaryData era),
+    FromCBOR (Core.Script era)
   ) =>
   FromCBOR (AlonzoPredFail era)
   where
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Tx.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Tx.hs
index e44e824a7d5..c90605d35a3 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Tx.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Tx.hs
@@ -496,24 +496,22 @@ instance (Typeable c, CC.Crypto c) => FromCBOR (ScriptPurpose c) where
 -- =======================================
 
 class Indexable elem container where
-  indexOf :: elem -> container -> Word64
-  atIndex :: Word64 -> container -> elem
+  indexOf :: elem -> container -> StrictMaybe Word64
 
 instance Ord k => Indexable k (Set k) where
-  indexOf n set = fromIntegral $ Set.findIndex n set
-  atIndex i set = Set.elemAt (fromIntegral i) set
+  indexOf n set = case Set.lookupIndex n set of
+    Just x -> SJust (fromIntegral x)
+    Nothing -> SNothing
 
 instance Eq k => Indexable k (StrictSeq k) where
   indexOf n seqx = case StrictSeq.findIndexL (== n) seqx of
-    Just m -> fromIntegral m
-    Nothing -> error "Not found in StrictSeq"
-  atIndex i seqx = case StrictSeq.lookup (fromIntegral i) seqx of
-    Just element -> element
-    Nothing -> error ("No elem at index " ++ show i)
+    Just m -> SJust (fromIntegral m)
+    Nothing -> SNothing
 
 instance Ord k => Indexable k (Map.Map k v) where
-  indexOf n mp = fromIntegral $ Map.findIndex n mp
-  atIndex i mp = fst (Map.elemAt (fromIntegral i) mp) -- If one needs the value, on can use Map.Lookup
+  indexOf n mp = case Map.lookupIndex n mp of
+    Just x -> SJust (fromIntegral x)
+    Nothing -> SNothing
 
 rdptr ::
   forall era.
@@ -524,11 +522,11 @@ rdptr ::
   ) =>
   Core.TxBody era ->
   ScriptPurpose (Crypto era) ->
-  RdmrPtr
-rdptr txb (Minting (PolicyID hash)) = RdmrPtr Mint (indexOf hash ((getField @"minted" txb) :: Set (ScriptHash (Crypto era))))
-rdptr txb (Spending txin) = RdmrPtr Spend (indexOf txin (getField @"inputs" txb))
-rdptr txb (Rewarding racnt) = RdmrPtr Rewrd (indexOf racnt (unWdrl (getField @"wdrls" txb)))
-rdptr txb (Certifying d) = RdmrPtr Cert (indexOf d (getField @"certs" txb))
+  StrictMaybe RdmrPtr
+rdptr txb (Minting (PolicyID hash)) = RdmrPtr Mint <$> (indexOf hash ((getField @"minted" txb) :: Set (ScriptHash (Crypto era))))
+rdptr txb (Spending txin) = RdmrPtr Spend <$> (indexOf txin (getField @"inputs" txb))
+rdptr txb (Rewarding racnt) = RdmrPtr Rewrd <$> (indexOf racnt (unWdrl (getField @"wdrls" txb)))
+rdptr txb (Certifying d) = RdmrPtr Cert <$> (indexOf d (getField @"certs" txb))
 
 getMapFromValue :: Value crypto -> Map.Map (PolicyID crypto) (Map.Map AssetName Integer)
 getMapFromValue (Value _ m) = m
@@ -544,10 +542,11 @@ indexedRdmrs ::
   ValidatedTx era ->
   ScriptPurpose (Crypto era) ->
   Maybe (Data era, ExUnits)
-indexedRdmrs tx sp = Map.lookup rdptr' rdmrs
-  where
-    rdmrs = unRedeemers $ txrdmrs' . getField @"wits" $ tx
-    rdptr' = rdptr @era (getField @"body" tx) sp
+indexedRdmrs tx sp = case rdptr @era (getField @"body" tx) sp of
+  SNothing -> Nothing
+  SJust policyid -> Map.lookup policyid rdmrs
+    where
+      rdmrs = unRedeemers $ txrdmrs' . getField @"wits" $ tx
 
 -- =======================================================
 
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/TxBody.hs b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/TxBody.hs
index 2245845cacc..effa766d0a5 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/TxBody.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/src/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/TxBody.hs
@@ -141,12 +141,24 @@ deriving stock instance
   ) =>
   Eq (TxOut era)
 
+viewCompactTxOut ::
+  forall era.
+  (Era era) =>
+  TxOut era ->
+  (Addr (Crypto era), Core.Value era, StrictMaybe (DataHash (Crypto era)))
+viewCompactTxOut (TxOutCompact bs c dh) = (addr, val, dh)
+  where
+    addr = decompactAddr bs
+    val = fromCompact c
+
 instance
-  ( Show (Core.Value era)
+  ( Era era,
+    Show (Core.Value era),
+    Show (CompactForm (Core.Value era))
   ) =>
   Show (TxOut era)
   where
-  show = error "Not yet implemented"
+  show = show . viewCompactTxOut
 
 deriving via InspectHeapNamed "TxOut" (TxOut era) instance NoThunks (TxOut era)
 
@@ -210,7 +222,10 @@ instance
   NoThunks (TxBodyRaw era)
 
 deriving instance
-  (Era era, Show (Core.Value era), Show (PParamsDelta era)) =>
+  ( Era era,
+    Show (Core.Value era),
+    Show (PParamsDelta era)
+  ) =>
   Show (TxBodyRaw era)
 
 newtype TxBody era = TxBodyConstr (MemoBytes (TxBodyRaw era))
@@ -483,7 +498,7 @@ encodeTxBodyRaw
 
       fromSJust :: StrictMaybe a -> a
       fromSJust (SJust x) = x
-      fromSJust SNothing = error "SNothing in fromSJust"
+      fromSJust SNothing = error "SNothing in fromSJust. This should never happen, it is guarded by isSNothing"
 
 instance
   forall era.
diff --git a/alonzo/impl/test/test/Test/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Serialisation/Tripping.hs b/alonzo/impl/test/test/Test/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Serialisation/Tripping.hs
index 017af47f705..aa00e98c2dc 100644
--- a/alonzo/impl/test/test/Test/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Serialisation/Tripping.hs
+++ b/alonzo/impl/test/test/Test/Cardano/Ledger/Alonzo/Serialisation/Tripping.hs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
 
 module Test.Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Serialisation.Tripping where
 
 import Cardano.Binary
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo (AlonzoEra)
-import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Data (AuxiliaryData, Data)
+import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Data (AuxiliaryData, Data (..))
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.PParams (PParams, PParamsUpdate)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Rules.Utxo (UtxoPredicateFailure)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Rules.Utxos (UtxosPredicateFailure)
@@ -16,8 +17,10 @@ import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Scripts (Script)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Tx (CostModel, WitnessPPData)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.TxBody (TxBody)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.TxWitness
+import qualified Data.ByteString as BS (ByteString)
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Base16.Lazy as Base16
 import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Char8 as BSL
+import qualified Language.PlutusTx as Plutus
 import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Metadata (Metadata)
 import Test.Cardano.Ledger.Alonzo.Serialisation.Generators ()
 import Test.Cardano.Ledger.ShelleyMA.Serialisation.Coders (roundTrip, roundTripAnn)
@@ -64,6 +67,15 @@ trippingAnn x = trippingF roundTripAnn x
 tripping :: (Eq src, Show src, ToCBOR src, FromCBOR src) => src -> Property
 tripping x = trippingF roundTrip x
 
+-- ==========================
+-- Catch violations ofbytestrings that are toolong.
+
+toolong :: BS.ByteString
+toolong = "1234567890-=`~@#$%^&*()_+qwertyuiopQWERTYUIOPasdfghjklASDFGHJKLzxcvbnmZXCVBNM"
+
+badData :: Data (AlonzoEra C_Crypto)
+badData = Data $ Plutus.List [Plutus.I 34, Plutus.B toolong]
+
 tests :: TestTree
 tests =
   testGroup
@@ -72,6 +84,7 @@ tests =
         trippingAnn @(Script (AlonzoEra C_Crypto)),
       testProperty "alonzo/Data" $
         trippingAnn @(Data (AlonzoEra C_Crypto)),
+      testProperty "alonzo/Data/CatchToolong" (expectFailure (trippingAnn badData)),
       testProperty "alonzo/Metadata" $
         trippingAnn @(Metadata (AlonzoEra C_Crypto)),
       testProperty "alonzo/TxWitness" $
diff --git a/cardano-ledger-test/bench/Bench/Cardano/Ledger/ApplyTx.hs b/cardano-ledger-test/bench/Bench/Cardano/Ledger/ApplyTx.hs
index 9dead96a367..a8088f088ce 100644
--- a/cardano-ledger-test/bench/Bench/Cardano/Ledger/ApplyTx.hs
+++ b/cardano-ledger-test/bench/Bench/Cardano/Ledger/ApplyTx.hs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE StrictData #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
 
 -- | Benchmarks for transaction application
 module Bench.Cardano.Ledger.ApplyTx (applyTxBenchmarks) where
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ module Bench.Cardano.Ledger.ApplyTx (applyTxBenchmarks) where
 import Cardano.Binary
 import Cardano.Ledger.Allegra (AllegraEra)
 import qualified Cardano.Ledger.Core as Core
-import Cardano.Ledger.Era (Era)
+import Cardano.Ledger.Era (Era, ValidateScript)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Mary (MaryEra)
 import Cardano.Ledger.Shelley (ShelleyEra)
 import Control.DeepSeq (NFData (..))
@@ -34,7 +35,6 @@ import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.API
     Tx,
     applyTxsTransition,
   )
-import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.PParams (PParams' (..))
 import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Slot (SlotNo (SlotNo))
 import Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.ConcreteCryptoTypes (C_Crypto)
 import Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Utils (testGlobals)
@@ -140,7 +140,10 @@ applyTxGroup =
 deserialiseTxEra ::
   forall era.
   ( Era era,
-    ApplyTx era
+    ValidateScript era,
+    FromCBOR (Annotator (Core.TxBody era)),
+    FromCBOR (Annotator (Core.AuxiliaryData era)),
+    FromCBOR (Annotator (Core.Witnesses era))
   ) =>
   Proxy era ->
   Benchmark
diff --git a/semantics/executable-spec/src/Data/Coders.hs b/semantics/executable-spec/src/Data/Coders.hs
index 5d34c0281c7..edb89ca903b 100644
--- a/semantics/executable-spec/src/Data/Coders.hs
+++ b/semantics/executable-spec/src/Data/Coders.hs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ module Data.Coders
     (!>),
     (<!),
     (<*!),
+    (<?),
     Density (..),
     Wrapped (..),
     Annotator (..),
@@ -521,17 +522,24 @@ data Decode (w :: Wrapped) t where
   -- The next two could be generalized to any (Applicative f) rather than Annotator
   Ann :: Decode w t -> Decode w (Annotator t)
   ApplyAnn :: Decode w1 (Annotator (a -> t)) -> Decode ('Closed d) (Annotator a) -> Decode w1 (Annotator t)
+  -- A function to Either can raise an error when applied by returning (Left errorMessage)
+  ApplyErr ::  Decode w1 (a -> Either String t) -> Decode ('Closed d) a -> Decode w1 t
 
 infixl 4 <!
 
 infixl 4 <*!
 
+infixl 4 <?
+
 (<!) :: Decode w1 (a -> t) -> Decode ('Closed w) a -> Decode w1 t
 x <! y = ApplyD x y
 
 (<*!) :: Decode w1 (Annotator (a -> t)) -> Decode ('Closed d) (Annotator a) -> Decode w1 (Annotator t)
 x <*! y = ApplyAnn x y
 
+(<?) :: Decode w1 (a -> Either String t) -> Decode ('Closed d) a -> Decode w1 t
+f <? y = ApplyErr f y
+
 hsize :: Decode w t -> Int
 hsize (Summands _ _) = 1
 hsize (SumD _) = 0
@@ -548,6 +556,7 @@ hsize (SparseKeyed _ _ _ _) = 1
 hsize (TagD _ _) = 1
 hsize (Ann x) = hsize x
 hsize (ApplyAnn f x) = hsize f + hsize x
+hsize (ApplyErr f x) = hsize f + hsize x
 
 decode :: Decode w t -> Decoder s t
 decode x = fmap snd (decodE x)
@@ -580,6 +589,12 @@ decodeCount (ApplyD cn g) n = do
   (i, f) <- decodeCount cn (n + hsize g)
   y <- decodeClosed g
   pure (i, f y)
+decodeCount (ApplyErr cn g) n = do
+  (i, f) <- decodeCount cn (n + hsize g)
+  y <- decodeClosed g
+  case f y of
+    Right z -> pure(i,z)
+    Left message -> cborError $ DecoderErrorCustom "decoding error:" (Text.pack $ message)
 
 -- The type of DecodeClosed precludes pattern match against (SumD c) as the types are different.
 
@@ -607,6 +622,12 @@ decodeClosed (ApplyAnn g x) = do
   f <- decodeClosed g
   y <- decodeClosed x
   pure (f <*> y)
+decodeClosed (ApplyErr cn g) = do
+  f <- decodeClosed cn
+  y <- decodeClosed g
+  case f y of
+    Right z -> pure z
+    Left message -> cborError $ DecoderErrorCustom "decoding error:" (Text.pack $ message)
 
 decodeSparse ::
   Typeable a =>
diff --git a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/API/Mempool.hs b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/API/Mempool.hs
index a69e697e91d..c2c5d3236e3 100644
--- a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/API/Mempool.hs
+++ b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/API/Mempool.hs
@@ -51,12 +51,11 @@ import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.PParams (PParams' (..))
 import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.STS.Ledgers (LedgersEnv, LedgersPredicateFailure)
 import qualified Shelley.Spec.Ledger.STS.Ledgers as Ledgers
 import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Slot (SlotNo)
-import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Tx (Tx)
 
 -- TODO #1304: add reapplyTxs
 class
-  ( ChainData (Tx era),
-    AnnotatedData (Tx era),
+  ( ChainData (Core.Tx era),
+    AnnotatedData (Core.Tx era),
     Eq (ApplyTxError era),
     Show (ApplyTxError era),
     Typeable (ApplyTxError era),
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class
     BaseM (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ ShelleyBase,
     Environment (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ LedgersEnv era,
     State (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ MempoolState era,
-    Signal (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ Seq (Tx era),
+    Signal (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ Seq (Core.Tx era),
     PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ LedgersPredicateFailure era
   ) =>
   ApplyTx era
@@ -74,14 +73,14 @@ class
     MonadError (ApplyTxError era) m =>
     Globals ->
     SlotNo ->
-    Seq (Tx era) ->
+    Seq (Core.Tx era) ->
     NewEpochState era ->
     m (NewEpochState era)
   default applyTxs ::
     (MonadError (ApplyTxError era) m) =>
     Globals ->
     SlotNo ->
-    Seq (Tx era) ->
+    Seq (Core.Tx era) ->
     NewEpochState era ->
     m (NewEpochState era)
   applyTxs globals slot txs state =
@@ -164,13 +163,13 @@ applyTxsTransition ::
     BaseM (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ ShelleyBase,
     Environment (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ LedgersEnv era,
     State (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ MempoolState era,
-    Signal (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ Seq (Tx era),
+    Signal (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ Seq (Core.Tx era),
     PredicateFailure (Core.EraRule "LEDGERS" era) ~ LedgersPredicateFailure era,
     MonadError (ApplyTxError era) m
   ) =>
   Globals ->
   MempoolEnv era ->
-  Seq (Tx era) ->
+  Seq (Core.Tx era) ->
   MempoolState era ->
   m (MempoolState era)
 applyTxsTransition globals env txs state =
diff --git a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/CompactAddr.hs b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/CompactAddr.hs
index dc029f08fcc..31799901644 100644
--- a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/CompactAddr.hs
+++ b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/executable-spec/src/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/CompactAddr.hs
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Slot (SlotNo (..))
 newtype CompactAddr crypto = UnsafeCompactAddr ShortByteString
   deriving (Eq, Ord)
 
+instance CC.Crypto c => Show (CompactAddr c) where
+  show c = show (decompactAddr c)
+
 compactAddr :: Addr crypto -> CompactAddr crypto
 compactAddr = UnsafeCompactAddr . SBS.toShort . serialiseAddr
 
diff --git a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/shelley-spec-ledger-test.cabal b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/shelley-spec-ledger-test.cabal
index 44715c83837..20ce55dc908 100644
--- a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/shelley-spec-ledger-test.cabal
+++ b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/shelley-spec-ledger-test.cabal
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ library
     Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Shrinkers
     Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Utils
     Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.PropertyTests
+    Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestChain
     Test.TestScenario
   other-modules:
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Address.Bootstrap
@@ -78,7 +79,6 @@ library
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.ByronTranslation
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Examples.Federation
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.ClassifyTraces
-      Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestChain
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestDeleg
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestPool
       Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestPoolreap
diff --git a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rewards.hs b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rewards.hs
index d45b843dbc2..df015300d53 100644
--- a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rewards.hs
+++ b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rewards.hs
@@ -9,16 +9,13 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
 
-module Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rewards (rewardTests, C, defaultMain) where
+module Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rewards (rewardTests, C, defaultMain, newEpochProp) where
 
 import Cardano.Binary (toCBOR)
 import qualified Cardano.Crypto.DSIGN as Crypto
 import Cardano.Crypto.Hash (MD5, hashToBytes)
 import Cardano.Crypto.Seed (mkSeedFromBytes)
 import qualified Cardano.Crypto.VRF as Crypto
--- Arbitrary(NewEpochState era)
--- instance (EraGen (ShelleyEra C))
-
 import Cardano.Ledger.Coin (Coin (..), DeltaCoin (..), rationalToCoinViaFloor, toDeltaCoin)
 import qualified Cardano.Ledger.Core as Core
 import Cardano.Ledger.Crypto (VRF)
@@ -125,7 +122,7 @@ import Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Utils
     testGlobals,
     unsafeMkUnitInterval,
   )
-import Test.Tasty (TestTree, defaultMain, testGroup)
+import Test.Tasty -- (TestTree, defaultMain, testGroup)
 import Test.Tasty.HUnit (testCaseInfo)
 import Test.Tasty.QuickCheck
   ( Gen,
@@ -138,7 +135,12 @@ import Test.Tasty.QuickCheck
     property,
     testProperty,
     withMaxSuccess,
+    (===),
   )
+import Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestChain(forAllChainTrace)
+import Control.State.Transition.Trace(SourceSignalTarget (..), sourceSignalTargets)
+import Shelley.Spec.Ledger.STS.Chain (ChainState (..))
+import Cardano.Ledger.Pretty(PrettyA(..))
 
 -- ========================================================================
 -- Bounds and Constants --
@@ -422,8 +424,8 @@ sameWithOrWithoutProvenance ::
   (Core.PParams era ~ PParams era) =>
   Globals ->
   NewEpochState era ->
-  Bool
-sameWithOrWithoutProvenance globals newepochstate = with == without
+  Property
+sameWithOrWithoutProvenance globals newepochstate = with === without
   where
     (with, _) = getRewardInfo globals newepochstate
     without = justRewardInfo globals newepochstate
@@ -432,8 +434,9 @@ nothingInNothingOut ::
   forall era.
   (Core.PParams era ~ PParams era) =>
   NewEpochState era ->
-  Bool
+  Property
 nothingInNothingOut newepochstate =
+  counterexample "nothingInNothingOut fails" $
   runReader
     (preservesNothing $ createRUpd slotsPerEpoch blocksmade epochstate maxsupply asc k)
     globals
@@ -454,8 +457,9 @@ justInJustOut ::
   forall era.
   (Core.PParams era ~ PParams era) =>
   NewEpochState era ->
-  Bool
+  Property
 justInJustOut newepochstate =
+  counterexample "justInJustOut fails" $
   runReader
     (preservesJust def $ createRUpd slotsPerEpoch blocksmade epochstate maxsupply asc k)
     globals
@@ -541,9 +545,10 @@ rewardOnePool
           else Map.insert
       potentialRewards =
         f (getRwdCred $ _poolRAcnt pool) lReward mRewards
-      rewards' = Map.filter (/= Coin 0) $ eval (addrsRew ◁ potentialRewards)
+      rewards' = Map.filter (/= Coin 0) $ (eval (addrsRew ◁ potentialRewards))
+
 
-rewardOld ::
+rewardOld :: forall era.
   PParams era ->
   BlocksMade (Crypto era) ->
   Coin ->
@@ -573,6 +578,7 @@ rewardOld
     where
       totalBlocks = sum b
       Coin activeStake = fold . unStake $ stake
+      results :: [(KeyHash 'StakePool (Crypto era),Maybe (Map (Credential 'Staking (Crypto era)) Coin),Likelihood)]
       results = do
         (hk, pparams) <- Map.toList poolParams
         let sigma = if totalStake == 0 then 0 else fromIntegral pstake % fromIntegral totalStake
@@ -605,7 +611,7 @@ rewardOld
         if HardForks.aggregatedRewards pp
           then Map.unionsWith (<>)
           else Map.unions
-      rewards' = f . catMaybes $ fmap (\(_, x, _) -> x) results
+      rewards' = f . catMaybes $ fmap (\ (_, x, _) -> x) results
       hs = Map.fromList $ fmap (\(hk, _, l) -> (hk, l)) results
 
 data RewardUpdateOld crypto = RewardUpdateOld
@@ -673,8 +679,11 @@ createRUpdOld slotsPerEpoch b@(BlocksMade b') es@(EpochState acnt ss ls pr _ nm)
         nonMyopicOld = (updateNonMyopic nm _R newLikelihoods)
       }
 
-oldEqualsNew :: forall era. (Core.PParams era ~ PParams era) => NewEpochState era -> Bool
-oldEqualsNew newepochstate = old == new
+oldEqualsNew :: forall era.
+   ( era ~ C,
+     Core.PParams era ~ PParams era
+   ) => NewEpochState era -> Property
+oldEqualsNew newepochstate = counterexample (show(prettyA newepochstate)++"\n new = "++show new++"\n old = "++show old) (old===new)
   where
     globals = testGlobals
     epochstate = nesEs newepochstate
@@ -686,14 +695,15 @@ oldEqualsNew newepochstate = old == new
     slotsPerEpoch :: EpochSize
     slotsPerEpoch = runReader (epochInfoSize (epochInfo globals) epochnumber) globals
     unAggregated = runReader (runProvM $ createRUpd slotsPerEpoch blocksmade epochstate maxsupply asc k) globals
+    old :: Map (Credential 'Staking (Crypto era)) Coin
     old = rsOld $ runReader (createRUpdOld slotsPerEpoch blocksmade epochstate maxsupply) globals
     new_with_zeros = aggregateRewards @(Crypto era) (emptyPParams {_protocolVersion = ProtVer 2 0}) (rs unAggregated)
     new = Map.filter (/= Coin 0) new_with_zeros
     asc = activeSlotCoeff globals
     k = securityParameter testGlobals
 
-oldEqualsNewOn :: forall era. (Core.PParams era ~ PParams era) => NewEpochState era -> Bool
-oldEqualsNewOn newepochstate = old == new
+oldEqualsNewOn :: forall era. (Core.PParams era ~ PParams era) => NewEpochState era -> Property
+oldEqualsNewOn newepochstate = old === new
   where
     globals = testGlobals
     epochstate = nesEs newepochstate
@@ -705,12 +715,28 @@ oldEqualsNewOn newepochstate = old == new
     slotsPerEpoch :: EpochSize
     slotsPerEpoch = runReader (epochInfoSize (epochInfo globals) epochnumber) globals
     (unAggregated, _) = runReader (runWithProvM def $ createRUpd slotsPerEpoch blocksmade epochstate maxsupply asc k) globals
+    old :: Map (Credential 'Staking (Crypto era)) Coin
     old = rsOld $ runReader (createRUpdOld slotsPerEpoch blocksmade epochstate maxsupply) globals
     new_with_zeros = aggregateRewards @(Crypto era) (emptyPParams {_protocolVersion = ProtVer 2 0}) (rs unAggregated)
     new = Map.filter (/= Coin 0) new_with_zeros
     asc = activeSlotCoeff globals
     k = securityParameter testGlobals
 
+
+lastElem :: [a] -> Maybe a
+lastElem [a] = Just a
+lastElem [] = Nothing
+lastElem (_ : xs) = lastElem xs
+
+-- | Provide a legitimate NewEpochState to make an test Property
+newEpochProp :: Word64 -> (NewEpochState C -> Property) -> Property
+newEpochProp tracelen propf = withMaxSuccess 100 $
+  forAllChainTrace @C tracelen $ \tr ->
+     case (lastElem (sourceSignalTargets tr)) of
+       Just(SourceSignalTarget {target}) -> propf (chainNes target)
+       _ -> True === True
+
+
 -- ================================================================
 
 reward ::
@@ -762,17 +788,18 @@ rewardPulser
 
 -- ==================================================================
 
+chainlen :: Word64
+chainlen = 20 -- 50 -- 43 -- 37 -- 25 -- 50 -- 100
+
 rewardTests :: TestTree
 rewardTests =
   testGroup
     "Reward Tests"
-    [ testProperty
-        "Sum of rewards is bounded by reward pot"
-        (withMaxSuccess numberOfTests (rewardsBoundedByPot (Proxy @C))),
-      testProperty "provenance does not affect result" (sameWithOrWithoutProvenance @C testGlobals),
-      testProperty "ProvM preserves Nothing" (nothingInNothingOut @C),
-      testProperty "ProvM preserves Just" (justInJustOut @C),
-      testProperty "oldstyle (aggregate immediately) matches newstyle (late aggregation) with provenance off style" (oldEqualsNew @C),
-      testProperty "oldstyle (aggregate immediately) matches newstyle (late aggregation) with provenance on style" (oldEqualsNewOn @C),
+    [ testProperty "Sum of rewards is bounded by reward pot" (withMaxSuccess numberOfTests (rewardsBoundedByPot (Proxy @C))),
+      testProperty "provenance does not affect result" (newEpochProp 100 (sameWithOrWithoutProvenance @C testGlobals)),
+      testProperty "ProvM preserves Nothing" (newEpochProp 100 (nothingInNothingOut @C)),
+      testProperty "ProvM preserves Just" (newEpochProp 100 (justInJustOut @C)),
+      testProperty "oldstyle (aggregate immediately) matches newstyle (late aggregation) with provenance off style" (newEpochProp chainlen (oldEqualsNew @C)) ,
+      testProperty "oldstyle (aggregate immediately) matches newstyle (late aggregation) with provenance on style" (newEpochProp chainlen (oldEqualsNewOn @C)),
       testCaseInfo "Reward Provenance works" (rewardsProvenance (Proxy @C))
     ]
diff --git a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rules/TestChain.hs b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rules/TestChain.hs
index bbd43ff88a6..fdcdbafe115 100644
--- a/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rules/TestChain.hs
+++ b/shelley/chain-and-ledger/shelley-spec-ledger-test/test/Test/Shelley/Spec/Ledger/Rules/TestChain.hs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ module Test.Shelley.Spec.Ledger.Rules.TestChain
     poolProperties,
     -- Test Delegation
     delegProperties,
+    forAllChainTrace,
   )
 where