-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathTheWorldofQuantum01.html
531 lines (454 loc) · 19.8 KB
/
TheWorldofQuantum01.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
<title>1. Introduction to the Quantum World: A Video — World of Tech</title>
<link href="_static/css/theme.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="_static/css/index.ff1ffe594081f20da1ef19478df9384b.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="_static/vendor/fontawesome/5.13.0/css/all.min.css">
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin
href="_static/vendor/fontawesome/5.13.0/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2">
<link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin
href="_static/vendor/fontawesome/5.13.0/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/sphinx-book-theme.css?digest=c3fdc42140077d1ad13ad2f1588a4309" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/togglebutton.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/copybutton.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/mystnb.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/sphinx-thebe.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/panels-main.c949a650a448cc0ae9fd3441c0e17fb0.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/panels-variables.06eb56fa6e07937060861dad626602ad.css" />
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="_static/js/index.be7d3bbb2ef33a8344ce.js">
<script data-url_root="./" id="documentation_options" src="_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
<script src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script src="_static/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="_static/copybutton.js"></script>
<script>let toggleHintShow = 'Click to show';</script>
<script>let toggleHintHide = 'Click to hide';</script>
<script>let toggleOpenOnPrint = 'true';</script>
<script src="_static/togglebutton.js"></script>
<script>var togglebuttonSelector = '.toggle, .admonition.dropdown, .tag_hide_input div.cell_input, .tag_hide-input div.cell_input, .tag_hide_output div.cell_output, .tag_hide-output div.cell_output, .tag_hide_cell.cell, .tag_hide-cell.cell';</script>
<script src="_static/sphinx-book-theme.d59cb220de22ca1c485ebbdc042f0030.js"></script>
<script>const THEBE_JS_URL = "https://unpkg.com/thebe@0.8.2/lib/index.js"
const thebe_selector = ".thebe,.cell"
const thebe_selector_input = "pre"
const thebe_selector_output = ".output, .cell_output"
</script>
<script async="async" src="_static/sphinx-thebe.js"></script>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="about.html" />
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
<link rel="next" title="2. Wave-Particle Duality" href="TheWorldofQuantum02.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="The Quantum vs. Classical World" href="TheWorldofQuantum00.html" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="docsearch:language" content="None">
<!-- Google Analytics -->
</head>
<body data-spy="scroll" data-target="#bd-toc-nav" data-offset="80">
<div class="container-fluid" id="banner"></div>
<div class="container-xl">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-md-3 bd-sidebar site-navigation show" id="site-navigation">
<div class="navbar-brand-box">
<a class="navbar-brand text-wrap" href="index.html">
<!-- `logo` is deprecated in Sphinx 4.0, so remove this when we stop supporting 3 -->
<img src="_static/logo.png" class="logo" alt="logo">
<h1 class="site-logo" id="site-title">World of Tech</h1>
</a>
</div><form class="bd-search d-flex align-items-center" action="search.html" method="get">
<i class="icon fas fa-search"></i>
<input type="search" class="form-control" name="q" id="search-input" placeholder="Search this book..." aria-label="Search this book..." autocomplete="off" >
</form><nav class="bd-links" id="bd-docs-nav" aria-label="Main">
<div class="bd-toc-item active">
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="introqc.html">
The Quantum World
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p aria-level="2" class="caption" role="heading">
<span class="caption-text">
Quantum vs. Classical
</span>
</p>
<ul class="current nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="TheWorldofQuantum00.html">
<strong>
The Quantum vs. Classical World
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current active">
<a class="current reference internal" href="#">
1. Introduction to the Quantum World: A Video
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="TheWorldofQuantum02.html">
2. Wave-Particle Duality
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="TheWorldofQuantum03.html">
3. Superposition
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="TheWorldofQuantum05.html">
4. Wave-Function Collapse
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="TheWorldofQuantum04.html">
5. Entanglement
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p aria-level="2" class="caption" role="heading">
<span class="caption-text">
Quantum Computing
</span>
</p>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="QuantumComputing01.html">
<strong>
What is Quantum Computing?
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="QuantumComputing01b.html">
<strong>
What is a Qubit?
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="QuantumComputing02.html">
<strong>
How does Quantum Computing work?
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="QuantumComputing02b.html">
<strong>
Types of Quantum Computers
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="QuantumComputing03.html">
<strong>
Why is Quantum Computing important?
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="quantum03.html">
<strong>
How to become a Quantum Scientist
</strong>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p aria-level="2" class="caption" role="heading">
<span class="caption-text">
Quantum Programming
</span>
</p>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="Tutorial00.html">
<strong>
An Introduction to Quantum Programming
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="Tutorial01.html">
Tutorial A : Single Qubit Operations and Visualization of the Qubit State
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="Tutorial02.html">
Tutorial B: More Single Qubit Gates
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="comingsoon.html">
Tutorial C: Multiple Qubit Operations and Quantum Circuits
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p aria-level="2" class="caption" role="heading">
<span class="caption-text">
Back Matter
</span>
</p>
<ul class="nav bd-sidenav">
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="QuantumGlossary.html">
<strong>
A Quantum Glossary
</strong>
</a>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="about.html">
<strong>
About the Author
</strong>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav> <!-- To handle the deprecated key -->
<div class="navbar_extra_footer">
Powered by <a href="https://jupyterbook.org">Jupyter Book</a>
</div>
</div>
<main class="col py-md-3 pl-md-4 bd-content overflow-auto" role="main">
<div class="topbar container-xl fixed-top">
<div class="topbar-contents row">
<div class="col-12 col-md-3 bd-topbar-whitespace site-navigation show"></div>
<div class="col pl-md-4 topbar-main">
<button id="navbar-toggler" class="navbar-toggler ml-0" type="button" data-toggle="collapse"
data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" data-target=".site-navigation" aria-controls="navbar-menu"
aria-expanded="true" aria-label="Toggle navigation" aria-controls="site-navigation"
title="Toggle navigation" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left">
<i class="fas fa-bars"></i>
<i class="fas fa-arrow-left"></i>
<i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i>
</button>
<div class="dropdown-buttons-trigger">
<button id="dropdown-buttons-trigger" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" aria-label="Download this page"><i
class="fas fa-download"></i></button>
<div class="dropdown-buttons">
<!-- ipynb file if we had a myst markdown file -->
<!-- Download raw file -->
<a class="dropdown-buttons" href="_sources/TheWorldofQuantum01.ipynb"><button type="button"
class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" title="Download source file" data-toggle="tooltip"
data-placement="left">.ipynb</button></a>
<!-- Download PDF via print -->
<button type="button" id="download-print" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" title="Print to PDF"
onclick="printPdf(this)" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left">.pdf</button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Source interaction buttons -->
<div class="dropdown-buttons-trigger">
<button id="dropdown-buttons-trigger" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn"
aria-label="Connect with source repository"><i class="fab fa-github"></i></button>
<div class="dropdown-buttons sourcebuttons">
<a class="repository-button"
href="https://github.com/Jaim-gem/qc"><button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn"
data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="Source repository"><i
class="fab fa-github"></i>repository</button></a>
<a class="issues-button"
href="https://github.com/Jaim-gem/qc/issues/new?title=Issue%20on%20page%20%2FTheWorldofQuantum01.html&body=Your%20issue%20content%20here."><button
type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left"
title="Open an issue"><i class="fas fa-lightbulb"></i>open issue</button></a>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Full screen (wrap in <a> to have style consistency -->
<a class="full-screen-button"><button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" data-toggle="tooltip"
data-placement="bottom" onclick="toggleFullScreen()" aria-label="Fullscreen mode"
title="Fullscreen mode"><i
class="fas fa-expand"></i></button></a>
<!-- Launch buttons -->
<div class="dropdown-buttons-trigger">
<button id="dropdown-buttons-trigger" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn"
aria-label="Launch interactive content"><i class="fas fa-rocket"></i></button>
<div class="dropdown-buttons">
<a class="binder-button" href="https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/Jaim-gem/qc/gh-pages?labpath=_sources/v2/gh/Jaim-gem/qc/gh-pages?urlpath=tree/_sources/TheWorldofQuantum01.ipynb"><button type="button"
class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn" title="Launch Binder" data-toggle="tooltip"
data-placement="left"><img class="binder-button-logo"
src="_static/images/logo_binder.svg"
alt="Interact on binder">Binder</button></a>
<a class="colab-button" href="https://colab.research.google.com/github/Jaim-gem/qc/blob/gh-pages/_sources/TheWorldofQuantum01.ipynb"><button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn"
title="Launch Colab" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left"><img class="colab-button-logo"
src="_static/images/logo_colab.png"
alt="Interact on Colab">Colab</button></a>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary topbarbtn"
onclick="initThebeSBT()" title="Launch Thebe" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left"><i
class="fas fa-play"></i><span style="margin-left: .4em;">Live Code</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<div class="d-none d-md-block col-md-2 bd-toc show noprint">
<div class="tocsection onthispage pt-5 pb-3">
<i class="fas fa-list"></i> Contents
</div>
<nav id="bd-toc-nav" aria-label="Page">
<ul class="visible nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="toc-h1 nav-item toc-entry">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#">
1. Introduction to the Quantum World: A Video
</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 nav-item toc-entry">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#short-quiz">
Short Quiz
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="main-content" class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-md-9 pl-md-3 pr-md-0">
<!-- Table of contents that is only displayed when printing the page -->
<div id="jb-print-docs-body" class="onlyprint">
<h1>1. Introduction to the Quantum World: A Video</h1>
<!-- Table of contents -->
<div id="print-main-content">
<div id="jb-print-toc">
<div>
<h2> Contents </h2>
</div>
<nav aria-label="Page">
<ul class="visible nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="toc-h1 nav-item toc-entry">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#">
1. Introduction to the Quantum World: A Video
</a>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 nav-item toc-entry">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#short-quiz">
Short Quiz
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<section class="tex2jax_ignore mathjax_ignore" id="introduction-to-the-quantum-world-a-video">
<span id="quantum-video"></span><h1>1. Introduction to the Quantum World: A Video<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction-to-the-quantum-world-a-video" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p> </p>
<div class="cell tag_remove-input docutils container">
<div class="cell_output docutils container">
<div class="output text_html">
<iframe
width="400"
height="300"
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rUVaEbiDrd0"
frameborder="0"
allowfullscreen
></iframe>
</div></div>
</div>
<p><em>Did you catch all that?</em> <br></p>
<p>Not to worry, we’ll go them over in the following sections. Until then, let’s see how much you do remember.</p>
</section>
<section class="tex2jax_ignore mathjax_ignore" id="short-quiz">
<h1>Short Quiz<a class="headerlink" href="#short-quiz" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>
Try to answer these questions and when you’re done, click the button to find out if you were right!</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What is wave-particle duality?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>Wave-particle duality is the ability of small-scaled objects to show both wave-like behaviour and particle behaviour.</p>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What do we call the phenomenon whereby waves can add up and/or cancel each other out?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>It’s called Interference!</p>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What do physicists mean when they speak about the <em>state</em> of a physical object or system ?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>The state of an object or system is simply its <em>description</em> with respect to a particular property.
For example, the state of a handbag could be its colour, size, dimensions, number of zips etc…</p>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What is a two-level physical system?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>A two-level system is a physical system that can have only two possible states with respect to a given property.
For example, a coin can be a two-level system with respect to the sides of the coin. It can land on “heads” or it can land on “tails”. An example of something that isn’t a two-level system could be a coffee mug with respect to its colour. There are many colours that a coffee mug can be, so this isn’t a two-level system. On the other hand, the coffee mug can be a two-level system with respect to having a handle or not. It’s either it has a handle or it doesn’t have a handle, and that’s two possible states.</p>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What is Superposition?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>Superposition is a phenomenon associated with wave-like behaviour. It is when something can be in two or more different states at the same time! If a coffee mug was quantum, a superposition could be that <strong>it has</strong> a handle and <strong>doesn’t have</strong> a handle <strong>at the same time</strong>.</p>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What did Albert Einstein find spooky about Quantum Mechanics?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>Einstein popularly described the idea of quantum entanglement as “spooky action at a distance”. Entanglement is when two quantum objects can be “in sync” with each other whilst being physically separated by large distances. In more scientific terms, their states can no longer be described for each individual object, but now must be described for the “whole”.</p>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><em>What happens when we measure a quantum object?</em></p></li>
</ul>
<div class="toggle docutils container">
<p>If we measure a quantum object that’s in a superposition of two or more states, we force it to choose which state it belongs to. This is what we call “wave-function collapse”.</p>
</div>
<p> </p>
</section>
<script type="text/x-thebe-config">
{
requestKernel: true,
binderOptions: {
repo: "Jaim-gem/qc",
ref: "gh-pages",
},
codeMirrorConfig: {
theme: "abcdef",
mode: "python"
},
kernelOptions: {
kernelName: "python3",
path: "./."
},
predefinedOutput: true
}
</script>
<script>kernelName = 'python3'</script>
</div>
<!-- Previous / next buttons -->
<div class='prev-next-area'>
<a class='left-prev' id="prev-link" href="TheWorldofQuantum00.html" title="previous page">
<i class="fas fa-angle-left"></i>
<div class="prev-next-info">
<p class="prev-next-subtitle">previous</p>
<p class="prev-next-title"><strong>The Quantum vs. Classical World</strong></p>
</div>
</a>
<a class='right-next' id="next-link" href="TheWorldofQuantum02.html" title="next page">
<div class="prev-next-info">
<p class="prev-next-subtitle">next</p>
<p class="prev-next-title">2. Wave-Particle Duality</p>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<footer class="footer">
<p>
By TTLAB<br/>
© Copyright 2021.<br/>
</p>
</footer>
</main>
</div>
</div>
<script src="_static/js/index.be7d3bbb2ef33a8344ce.js"></script>
</body>
</html>