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<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0043)https://bakrehu.github.io/hyyban/about.html -->
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>About Hýyban</title>
<link type="text/css" href="./web/res/layout.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="https://bakrehu.github.io/hyyban/images/icon.ico">
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</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<h1>Hýyban</h1>
<p><b>Hýyban</b> (<i>/çə˦.ə˨.bä˨n/</i>) is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_language">experimental</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language">constructed
language</a> designed to explore the bounds of what a human-usable language can be by using a
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search">breadth-first</a>
grammar which appears in few if any natural or constructed languages.
To make up for the unfamiliarity, it uses a largely simple grammar that
attempts to minimize the number of things a speaker or listener needs to think about.
The language was developed beginning in late June 2021 following various sketches of
potential breadth-first languages inspired by <a href="https://xkcd.com/2407/">xkcd 2407</a>.
It uses a modified consonant inventory from unrelated language sketches from December 2020, a
vowel inventory copied from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban">Lojban</a>, a tone system copied from
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1adan">Láadan</a>, and the grammar system is heavily inspired by
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_Pona">toki pona</a>.
</p>
<p>Hýyban is intended to explore many linguistic theories that claim some form of fundamental
or underlying genetic language or grammar. This language violates most if not all of their proposed
systems, so if it can be learned to fluency then those theories are likely false. However, Hýyban is a hobby project at best
and should not be taken seriously enough to be considered actual science. It exists to be interesting and entertaining, so no
enforced standard of Hýyban will ever have official support, and speakers will be encouraged to speak how they wish to.
</p>
<h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>
<h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>
<table style="text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-</br>alveolar</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a></th>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small></th>
<td>b</td>
<td colspan="2">d</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td>ɡ</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small></th>
<td>p</td>
<td colspan="2">t</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td>k</td>
<td>(ʔ)<sup><a href="#note1">1</a>, <a href="#note2">2</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Voicelessness">implosive </a></small></th>
<td>ɓ ⟨b́⟩</td>
<td colspan="2">ɗ ⟨d́⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td>ɠ ⟨ǵ⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Voicelessness">ejective</a></small></th>
<td>pʼ ⟨ṕ⟩</td>
<td colspan="2">tʼ ⟨t́⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td>kʼ ⟨ḱ⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small></th>
<td>v</td>
<td>z</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small></th>
<td>f</td>
<td>s</td>
<td>ʃ ⟨c⟩</td>
<td>ç ⟨h⟩</td>
<td>x</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th>
<td>m</td>
<td colspan="2">n</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<!---<td>ŋ ⟨q⟩</td>--->
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap/Flap consonant">Tap/Flap</a></th>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td colspan="2">ɾ ⟨r⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="lateral fricative consonant">Lat. Fricative</a></th>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td colspan="2">ɬ ⟨ś⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a></th>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td colspan="2">l</td>
<td>j ⟨ȷ⟩<sup><a href="#note3">3</a></sup></td>
<td>w<sup><a href="#note4">4</a></sup></td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p id="note1">1 The glottal stop is unwritten and may be analyzed as a null onset.</p>
<p id="note2">2 The glottal stop/null onset is treated morphologically as a voiced consonant.</p>
<p id="note3">3 /j/ is treated morphologically as an unvoiced consonant unless it preceeds /i/ or /ɛ/.</p>
<p id="note4">4 /w/ is treated morphologically as an unvoiced consonant unless it preceeds /u/ or /o/.</p>
<h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>
<table style="text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a></th>
<td>i ⟨ı⟩</td>
<td class="Unused"></td>
<td>u</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></th>
<td>ɛ ⟨e⟩</td>
<td>ə ⟨y⟩</td>
<td>o</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a>
</th><td colspan="3">ä ⟨a⟩<sup><a href="#note5">5</a></sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p id="note5">5 /ä/ is treated morphologically as a front vowel.</p>
<h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3>
<table style="text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Singular Tone</th>
<td>V˨ ⟨V⟩</td>
<td>V˦ ⟨V́⟩</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Dual Tone</th>
<td>V˨.V˦ ⟨VV́⟩</td>
<td>V˦.V˨ ⟨V́V⟩</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>
<p>Syllables in Hýyban are of the form CV(N), i.e. consonant + vowel (accompanied by tone) + optional final nasal stop.</p>
<p>Word weight in Hýyban is crucial to understanding word boundaries and can be calculated by adding up the total number of front
vowels, voiced consonants, and dual tones. Syllables bind to the prior syllables to form multisyllabic
words if the prior syllables collectively weigh less than two.
When the collective weight of the syllables becomes two or more, the word ends and a new word can begin.
</p>
<h3 id="Allophony">Allophony and Phonotactics</h3>
<p>The nasal at the end of a syllable is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)">assimilated</a> to the following
consonant's place of articulation and must be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissimilation">dissimilated</a> away from the following
consonant's place of articulation if the following consonant is a nasal.</p>
<p>/xu/, /çi/, /wu˨.u˦/, and /wu˦.u˨/ are illegal sequences.</p>
<p>The same vowel may not occur on both sides of a glottal stop word internally.</p>
<p>/j/ is realized as [ʒ] before /i/ or /ɛ/.</p>
<p>/i˨.i˦/ is realized as [jiː˨˦] unless it follows /ʔ/, /pʼ/, /z/, /s/, /x/, /ɾ/, /l/, or /w/.</p>
<p>/i˨.i˦/ is realized as [iː˨˨˦] when follows /ʔ/, /pʼ/, /z/, /s/, /x/, /ɾ/, /l/, or /w/.</p>
<p>/i˦.i˨/ is realized as [jə˦˨] unless it follows /ʔ/, /ɾ/, or /l/.</p>
<p>/ä˨.ä˦/ is realized as [äi̯˨˦].</p>
<p>/ä˦.ä˨/ is realized as [äu̯˦˨].</p>
<p>/ɛ˨.ɛ˦/ is realized as [ɛi̯˨˦].</p>
<p>/o˨.o˦/ is realized as [oi̯˨˦].</p>
<p>[tj] is realized as [t͡ʃ].</p>
<p>[tʼj] is realized as [t͡<span style="letter-spacing: 2px;">ʃ</span>ʼ].</p>
<p>[dj] is realized as [d͡ʒ].</p>
<p>[nj] is realized as [ɲ].</p>
<p>/ʔi/ is realized as [ʔji].</p>
<p>[ʒ] is realized as [ʑ] before [j].</p>
<p>[ʃ] is realized as [ɕ] before [j].</p>
<p>/k/, /g/ and /ɠ/ is pronounced as palatal before [j].</p>
<p>[kʼj] is realized as [cç].</p>
<p>Implosives are devoiced in high or falling tone syllables.</p>
<h2 id="Writing">Writing systems</h2>
<p>Hýyban has two main writing systems, the Latin script and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duployan_shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>.</p>
<p>Hýyban written with the Latin script lacks both punctuation and capitalization, except for the first letter of each sentence,
which is always capitalized. Additionally, the acute accent may be written as an apostrophe following the letter its attached to. "ı" and "ȷ" may be written as
"i" and "j" respectively in a pinch.</p>
<p>The acute accent is considered its own letter.</p>
<p>Hýyban in Duployan shorthand typically uses spaces only places spaces where a sharp corner would otherwise be created,
or where convient to the writer. Otherwise, letters are generally written immediately at the end of the previous
letter without lifting or repositioning the pen.</p>
<h3 id="Shorthand">Duployan shorthand alphabet</h3>
<ul>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱁</span> - /ä/ - a cicular loop</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰇</span> - /b/ - a long straight vertical line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰇𛱷</span> - /ɓ/ - a long straight vertical line with a stroke through it</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰛</span> - /ʃ/ - an upwards curved horizontal line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰈</span> - /d/ - a long straight horizontal line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰈𛱷</span> - /ɗ/ - a long straight horizontal line with a stroke through it</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱁𛱆</span> - /ɛ/ - a cicular loop followed by an additional half loop</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰄</span> - /f/ - a short straight diagonal(\) line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰊</span> - /g/ - a long straight downward diagonal(/) line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰊𛱷</span> - /ɠ/ - a long straight downward diagonal(/) line with a stroke through it</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰳</span> - /ç/ - a bottom-left quarter of a circle</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱁𛱑</span> - /i/ - a cicular loop followed by a small quarter circle</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰺</span> - /j/ - a top-left quarter of a circle</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰅</span> - /k/ - a short straight downward diagonal(/) line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰅𛱷</span> - /kʼ/ - a short straight downward diagonal(/) line with a stroke through it</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰆</span> - /l/ - a short straight upward diagonal(/) line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰙</span> - /m/ - a short leftwards curved vertical line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰚</span> - /n/ - a short rightwards curved vertical line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱗𛱇</span> - /o/ - an eliptical loop followed by an additional half loop</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰂</span> - /p/ - a short straight vertical line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰂𛱷</span> - /pʼ/ - a short straight vertical line with a stroke through it</li>
<!---<li><span class="Dupl">𛰧</span> - /ŋ/ - a long rightwards curved vertical line</li>--->
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰋</span> - /ɾ/ - a long straight upward diagonal(/) line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰜</span> - /s/ - a short downwards curved horizontal line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰜𛱷</span> - /ɬ/ - a short downwards curved horizontal line with a stroke through it</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰃</span> - /t/ - a short straight horizontal line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰃𛱷</span> - /tʼ/ - a short straight horizontal line with a stroke through it</li>
<li> <span class="Dupl">𛱗𛱒</span> - /u/ - an eliptical loop followed by a small quarter circle</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰉</span> - /v/ - a long straight diagonal(\) line</li>
<li> <span class="Dupl">𛰼</span> - /w/ - a bottom-right quarter of a circle</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰱</span> - /x/ - a small top-left quarter of a circle followed by a long leftwards curved vertical line</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱗</span> - /ə/ - an eliptical loop</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛰪</span> - /z/ - a long downwards curved horizontal line</li>
</ul>
Tone is marked on the vowels as follows
<ul>
<li> <span class="Dupl">◌</span> - /V˨/ - no marking</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱴</span> - /V˦/ - a horizontal stroke through the vowel loop</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱶</span> - /V˨.V˦/ - a diagonal(/) stroke through the vowel loop</li>
<li><span class="Dupl">𛱷</span> - /V˦.V˨/ - a diagonal(\) stroke through the vowel loop</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>
<!---<p>Hýyban has a mostly free constituent word order, with the topic of the clause coming at the beginning of the sentence.
Further complicating things leaves do not fall into well-defined parts of speech, so they may be used as nouns, verbs, modifiers, or interjections.</p>
--->
<h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3>
<p>Hýyban grammar is syntactically very simple, relying on only a handful of rules.
</p>
<ul>
<li>Particles always accept exactly two arguments, prefixes always accept exactly one argument, and leaves never accept any arguments.</li>
<li>Words are assigned as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar">tail</a> to the <u><b style="font-size:20px;">oldest</b></u> unfilled argument slot.</li>
<li>A sentence with remaining unfilled slots is grammatically incorrect until all the slots are filled at which point the sentence becomes finished.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Semantics">Semantics</h3>
<p>Hýyban was designed so that the majority of the grammatical weight lies on the vocabulary. As a result, while the syntax of Hýyban is
very straightforward, its semantics are less so. Sentences can be analyzed as recursively simplifying, with the final result being asserted
as contextually significant. In more simple terms, a sentence like <i>I nı́n suroó</i> may be translated as either "You ask." or
"question that you posed" This is important when considering embedded clauses like in <i>I mı lı́ ı sagó nı́n suroó</i> which may be translated as
"I reply to you asking a question." or "I answer your question."</p>
<p>A rough approximation of prepositons in many languages can be constructed using <i>e</i> with a complicated clause as the
first argument. For example <i>I mı e lı́ tı́go hýyban cıı́n</i> could be translated as "I speak using Hýyban." or "I (using Hýyban)ly speak." Or,
<i>I mı e keé ódo dómo run</i> could be translated as "I eat at home." or "I (location of home)ly eat." This rough structure is also used for
ordinals, <i>Keé wán da fýyré</i> could mean "The second person." or "The person of one before."
</p>
<h3 id="Prefixes">Prefixes</h3>
<p>Hýyban prefixes are not true prefixes, instead, they take a single argument and convert it into another semantic concept.</p>
<p><b>ceé</b> - 6 of the clause</p>
<p><b>dı́ı</b> - 2 of the clause</p>
<p><b>dón</b> - 5 of the clause</p>
<p><b>fı́ı</b> - 4 of the clause</p>
<p><b>huma</b> - asks whether a clause should be negated</p>
<p><b>ȷéro</b> - 0 of the clause</p>
<p><b>la</b> - negates a clause</p>
<p><b>nı́ı</b> - does nothing, used to prevent lexical phrases forming</p>
<p><b>pará</b> - converts a clause into a semantically adjacent meaning</p>
<p><b>sı́byn</b> - 7 of the clause</p>
<p><b>sı́ı</b> - emphasizes a clause</p>
<p><b>sı́wa</b> - 9 of the clause</p>
<p><b>sókale</b> - refers to a concept by its typical description regardless of its truth value (including nonce loans)</p>
<p><b>tıı́</b> - 3 of the clause</p>
<p><b>wán</b> - 1 of the clause</p>
<p><b>wyru</b> - 8 of the clause</p>
<p><b>an</b> - turns a clause into a name</p>
<p><b>un</b> - converts a clause into a semantically opposite meaning</p>
<h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3>
<p>Hýyban particles are very similar to its prefixes, but they take two arguments instead of one.</p>
<p><b>cı́ı</b> - the first clause and/or the second clause</p>
<p><b>keé</b> - attaches the first clause as an associate to the second</p>
<p><b>ȷaá</b> - attaches the second clause with the agentive case to the second</p>
<p><b>kalu</b> - the second clause, supposing the first clause is true</p>
<p><b>lı́</b> - attaches the first clause with the patientive case to the second</p>
<p><b>reé</b> - attaches the second clause with the patientive case to the first</p>
<p><b>e</b> - attaches the first clause as a modifier to the second</p>
<p><b>ı</b> - attaches the first clause with the agentive case to the second</p>
<p>When one of the case particles (<i>ȷaá</i>, <i>lı́</i>, <i>reé</i>, or <i>ı</i>) are placed in the second slot of
a case particle, they can be analyzed as currying their first argument into the nested particle.
This can be prevented with nı́ı.</p>
<p>note that the agentive case can represent the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thematic_relation"> thematic relation</a>
agent, stimulus, or force. While the patientive case can represent the experiencer, theme, or patient. This means that some words
(such as káan (look at) vs haza (see)) may have nearly the same meaning but with the agent and patient flipped relative to each other.</p>
<h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>
<p>Particles and prefixes are a closed class of words, while leaves and lexical phrases are an open class of words.</p>
<p>Hýyban words are taken from a wide range of languages with the only concerns being whether the word is needed and how much it needs to be modified
to obey proper morphology. This means that commonly spoken languages like English, Mandarin Chinese, or Spanish are <b>not</b> given special
consideration and are often passed over entirely. The semantic domains of the borrowed word are also mostly carried over with a small level of
modification to remove any wholly disconnected polysemy and to simply appease the desires of whoever is loaning the word.</p>
<h3 id="Phrases">Lexical phrases</h3>
<p>Certain grammatical constructs in Hýyban are assigned dictionary definitions that replace the literal interpretation of the
phrase. For example, <i>huma cı́ı</i> literally means "is it true that either ... or ...." but is overridden by a lexical phrase and instead
acts as an interrogative "or". To get the literal interpretation <i>nı́ı</i> is typically inserted to prevent the lexical phrase from forming.</p>
<h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3>
<p>Hýyban numbers are a special set of infinite lexical phrases formed out of only the following starting with the largest digit:</p>
<p><b>ȷéro</b> - digit 0</p>
<p><b>wán</b> - digit 1</p>
<p><b>dı́ı</b> - digit 2</p>
<p><b>tıı́</b> - digit 3</p>
<p><b>fı́ı</b> - digit 4</p>
<p><b>dón</b> - digit 5</p>
<p><b>ceé</b> - digit 6</p>
<p><b>sı́byn</b> - digit 7</p>
<p><b>wyru</b> - digit 8</p>
<p><b>sı́wa</b> - digit 9</p>
<p>For example, <i>fı́ı dı́ı da</i> means "fourty-two people," and <i>fı́ı nı́ı dı́ı da</i> means "four groups of two people."</p>
<h3 id="Names">Names and loans</h3>
<p>Loan words, including proper nouns, are typically converted to Hýyban's morphology one of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>attempting to maximize the recognizability of the pronunciation (the more common method)</li>
<li>attempting to maximize the recognizability of the spelling (used only when the spelling of the original word is extremely close to being a
valid as a Hýyban word and the pronunciation of the word is not nearly close to being a valid Hýyban word)</li>
</ul>
<p>Additionally, when using the first method, a few special guidelines may be followed:</p>
<ul>
<li>a and y may be swapped to manipulate the weight of the syllables</li>
<li>vowel frontness distinctions may be swapped to manipulate the weight of the syllables</li>
<li>glottal stop and j may be swapped to manipulate the weight of the syllables</li>
<li>voice distinctions may be swapped to manipulate the weight of the syllables</li>
<li>swapping vowels is preferred to swapping consonants unless the vowel of the word being loaned is a perfect match for a Hýyban vowel.</li>
<li>diphthongs may become dual tones inheriting their first vowel and rising or lowering depending on the vowel weight change of the diphthong (au => áa)</li>
<li>if diphthongs are comprised of vowels sharing a weight they may become dual tones inheriting their first vowel and rising or lowering depending on the vowel height change of the diphthong (ai => aá)</li>
<li>it is preferable to drop a syllable than to gain one unless dropping a syllable would result in a single syllable word</li>
<li>low tone may be treated as default with dual tones being used to transcribe vowel length, or high tone to transcribe stress</li>
<li>rarer phonemes are preferred to more common ones if the language being borrowed from has multiple valid pronunciations</li>
<li>unvoiced consonant clusters may become ejectives, and voiced consonant clusters may become implosives</li>
<li>any of these may be ignored if the result does not sound right</li>
</ul>
<p>Names must be the grammatical tail of the prefix <i>an</i>.</p>
<p>Nonce loans must be the grammatical tail of the prefix <i>sókale</i>.</p>
<h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2>
<p>E e ȷaá mé b́usuǵu rúo ȷaá reén áa saá</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> E <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> mé<sup><a href="#note6">6</a></sup> <br> this </div>
<div class="diagram"> b́usuǵu <br> night </div>
<br>that night
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ȷaá<sup><a href="#note7">7</a></sup> <br> rearranged agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> rúo <br> cold </div>
<div class="diagram"> ȷaá<sup><a href="#note8">8</a></sup> <br> rearranged agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> reén <br> rain </div>
<div class="diagram"> áa<sup><a href="#note9">9</a></sup> <br> (beyond) <br>
<div class="diagram Lexphrase"> saá <br> (skin) </div>
<br>outside
</div>
<br>it rains outside
</div>
<br>it's cold and rainy outside
</div>
<br>that night, it was cold and rainy outside
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p id="note6">6 Its important to note that in this phrase mé is a modifier and not a part of the <a href="#Phrases">lexical phrases</a> e _ mé.
The diffrence being that mé as a modifier means that the speaker has as specific instance of the concept in mind. While
the lexical phrase e _ mé implies that the listener should have a specific instance in mind.</p>
<p id="note7">7 ȷaá is used here in order to bring focus to the cold and rain, whereas the outside is basically implied so its less important.</p>
<p id="note8">8 Note this example of currying, the outsided is doing both raining and cold as part of the same clause.</p>
<p id="note9">9 This is a lexical phrases meaning something along the lines of "outside" or "the great outdoors".</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>E tázo ı keé sélı e dómo an sáa wıte</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> E<sup><a href="#note10">10</a></sup> <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram Lexphrase"> tázo <br> contrast </div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> genitive <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> an <br> name <br>
<div class="diagram"> wıte<sup><a href="#note11">11</a></sup> </div>
<br>White
</div>
<div class="diagram"> sáa <br> family </div>
</div>
<br>the White family
</div>
<div class="diagram"> dómo <br> home </div>
</div>
<br>the White family's home
</div>
<div class="diagram"> sélı <br> fire </div>
</div>
<br>the White family's home is warm
</div>
<br>but, the White family's home is warm
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p id="note10">10 This is a lexical phrases meaning something along the lines of "but" or "however".</p>
<p id="note11">11 This is a name word, and while name words may be actual leaves that means something, this one does not.</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>E keé ı e run an ı dómo mé e keé cákı wıte musa myn cıson</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> E <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> keé<sup><a href="#note12">12</a></sup> <br> genitive <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> e<sup><a href="#note13">13</a></sup> <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> dómo <br> home </div>
<div class="diagram Lexphrase"> mé <br> this </div>
<br>the home
</div>
<div class="diagram"> run <br> place </div>
</div>
<br>at the home
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> an <br> name <br>
<div class="diagram"> e<sup><a href="#note14">14</a></sup> <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> wıte </div>
<div class="diagram"> musa </div>
</div>
<br>Musa White
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> genitive <br>
<div class="diagram"> myn<sup><a href="#note15">15</a></sup> <br> M </div>
<div class="diagram"> cıson <br> child </div>
<br>M's (Musa's) child
</div>
<div class="diagram"> cákı <br> chess </div>
</div>
<br>M's child plays chess
</div>
<br>Musa White, and their child plays chess
</div>
<br>Musa White, and their child plays chess at the home
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p id="note12">12 Genitives as modifiers often act how prepostions do in english.</p>
<p id="note13">13 This is a lexical phrases meaning something along the lines of "the".</p>
<p id="note14">14 In this translation the family name is written as the modifer, but that is not a rule by any means.</p>
<p id="note15">15 Letteral pronouns refer to the previous leaf in the speech stream starting with the apropriate letter (ignoring accents).
in this case that would be musa.</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>Jaá e ı keé d́áan reé e sélı ókolo keé an okysona lı́ myn hare suzı e fı́ta cákı mé</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> Jaá <br> rearranged agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> genitive <br>
<div class="diagram"> sélı <br> fire </div>
<div class="diagram"> ókolo <br> around </div>
<br>by the fire
</div>
<div class="diagram"> d́áan <br> weave </div>
</div>
<br>weaving by the fire
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> reé<sup><a href="#note16">16</a></sup> <br> rearranged patient <br>
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> rearranged patient <br>
<div class="diagram"> myn <br> M </div>
<div class="diagram"> hare <br> love </div>
<br>M's love
</div>
<div class="diagram"> an <br> name <br>
<div class="diagram"> suzı <br> </div>
<br>Susie
</div>
<br>Susie, M's partner
</div>
<div class="diagram"> e<sup><a href="#note17">17</a></sup> <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> okysona <br> occasional </div>
<div class="diagram"> lı́ <br> patient <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> e <br> (leaf phrase) <br> <b>the</b> <br>
<div class="diagram"> cákı <br> chess <br> </div>
<div class="diagram Lexphrase"> mé <br> (this) <br> <b>the</b> </div>
</div>
<div class="diagram"> fı́ta <br> debate </div>
</div>
<br>critique the game of chess
</div>
<br>occasionally critique the game of chess
</div>
<br>Susie, M's partner, occasionally critiques the game of chess
</div>
<br>Susie, M's partner, weaves by the fire and occasionally critiques the game of chess
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p id="note16">16 Note that because this is the first argument of ı that it does NOT curry the arguments into ı.</p>
<p id="note17">17 Note that this e does not block the currying here from happening.</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>I an lı́ musa lı́ tı́go gón ı ȷáa d́óon</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> I <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> an <br> name <br>
<div class="diagram"> musa </div>
<br>Musa
</div>
<div class="diagram"> lı́ <br> patient <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> lı́ <br> patient <br>
<div class="diagram"> gón <br> air </div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> ȷáa <br> you! </div>
<div class="diagram"> d́óon <br> ear </div>
<br>listen!
</div>
<br>listen to the wind!
</div>
<div class="diagram"> tı́go <br> say </div>
</div>
<br>say "listen to the wind!"
</div>
<br>Musa says "listen to the wind!"
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<br>
<br>
<p>Jaá sı́ı jaá fala li’ myn e voré i la ı sıbá lı́ myn funxıı́n keé ı myn cıson e fin fala mé</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> Jaá <br> rearranged agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> sı́ı <br> really <br>
<div class="diagram"> fala <br> error </div>
<br>make a big mistake
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ȷaá <br> rearranged agent <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> lı́<sup><a href="#note18">18</a></sup> <br> patient <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> myn <br> M </div>
<div class="diagram"> funxıı́n <br> distract </div>
<br>M distracts
</div>
<div class="diagram"> sıbá <br> cause </div>
</div>
<br>M distracts to cause
</div>
<div class="diagram"> la <br> not <br>
<div class="diagram"> lı́ <br> patient <br>
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> genitive <br>
<div class="diagram"> myn <br> M </div>
<div class="diagram"> cıson <br> child </div>
<br>M's child
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> fala <br> error </div>
<div class="diagram Lexphrase"> mé <br> this </div>
<br>the mistake
</div>
<div class="diagram"> fin <br> feel </div>
</div>
<br>notice the mistake
</div>
<br>M's child notices the mistake
</div>
<br>its not that M's child notices the mistake
</div>
<br>M distracts to cause that its not that M's child notices the mistake
</div>
<div class="diagram"> voré <br> want </div>
</div>
<br>want instance of M's distraction causing that its not that M's child notices the mistake
</div>
<div class="diagram"> myn <br> M </div>
</div>
<br>M wants an instance of M's distraction causing that its not that M's child notices the mistake
</div>
<br>M makes a big mistake and wants to distract causing their child not to notice the mistake
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p id="note18">18 Note that while there is no actual currying happening here, the only plausible meaning is roughly equivalent to if it was curryed.</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>Jaá lı́ ı ı tı́go keé e mı d́óon myn cıson keé cıtıı́ e paná cákı mé</p>
<div style="width: 100%;float:left;">
<div class="diagram"> Jaá <br> rearranged agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> lı́ <br> patient <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> mı <br> I </div>
<div class="diagram"> d́óon <br> ear </div>
<br>I'm listening
</div>
<div class="diagram"> tı́go <br> say </div>
</div>
<br>say "I'm listening"
</div>
<div class="diagram"> ı <br> agent <br>
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> genitive <br>
<div class="diagram"> myn <br> M </div>
<div class="diagram"> cıson <br> child </div>
<br>M's child
</div>
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> keé <br> genitive <br>
<div class="fakeDiagram">
<div class="diagram"> e <br> leaf phrase <br>
<div class="diagram"> cákı <br> chess </div>
<div class="diagram Lexphrase"> mé <br> this </div>
<br>the game of chess
</div>
<div class="diagram"> paná <br> towards </div>
</div>
<br>at the game of chess
</div>
<div class="diagram"> cıtıı́ <br> concentrate </div>
</div>
<br>concentrating on the game of chess
</div>
<br>M's child concentrates on the game of chess
</div>
<br>M's child says "I'm listening" and concentrates on the game of chess
</div>
</div>
<p> </p>
<br>
<br>
</div>
</body></html>