diff --git a/velox/common/encode/CMakeLists.txt b/velox/common/encode/CMakeLists.txt
index d9918d53b59c..bc27527e14ac 100644
--- a/velox/common/encode/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/velox/common/encode/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -12,5 +12,9 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+if(${VELOX_BUILD_TESTING})
+  add_subdirectory(tests)
+endif()
+
 add_library(velox_encode Base64.cpp)
 target_link_libraries(velox_encode PUBLIC Folly::folly)
diff --git a/velox/common/encode/EncoderUtils.h b/velox/common/encode/EncoderUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b86366954750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/velox/common/encode/EncoderUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include <exception>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <folly/Range.h>
+
+namespace facebook::velox::encoding {
+
+class EncoderException : public std::exception {
+ public:
+  explicit EncoderException(const char* msg) : msg_(msg) {}
+  const char* what() const noexcept override {
+    return msg_;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  const char* msg_;
+};
+
+constexpr size_t CHARSET_SIZE = 64;
+constexpr size_t REVERSE_INDEX_SIZE = 256;
+
+using Charset = std::array<char, CHARSET_SIZE>;
+using ReverseIndex = std::array<uint8_t, REVERSE_INDEX_SIZE>;
+
+/// Padding character used in encoding, placed at the end of the encoded string
+/// when padding is necessary.
+constexpr static char kPadding = '=';
+
+// Checks is there padding in encoded data
+inline bool isPadded(const char* data, size_t len) {
+  return (len > 0 && data[len - 1] == kPadding) ? true : false;
+}
+
+// Counts the number of padding characters in encoded data.
+inline size_t countPadding(const char* src, size_t len) {
+  size_t padding_count = 0;
+  for (; len > 0 && src[len - 1] == kPadding; --len) {
+    padding_count++;
+  }
+  return padding_count;
+}
+
+// Gets value corresponding to an encoded character
+inline uint8_t
+baseReverseLookup(int base, char p, const ReverseIndex& reverse_lookup) {
+  auto curr = reverse_lookup[(uint8_t)p];
+  // Value of encoded character shall be less than base.
+  if (curr >= base) {
+    throw EncoderException(
+        "decode() - invalid input string: invalid characters");
+  }
+
+  return curr;
+}
+
+//  Validate the character in charset with ReverseIndex table
+constexpr bool checkForwardIndex(
+    uint8_t idx,
+    const Charset& charset,
+    const ReverseIndex& table) {
+  for (uint8_t i = 0; i <= idx; ++i) {
+    if (!(table[static_cast<uint8_t>(charset[i])] == i)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/// Checks for the presence of a specified character 'c' within a subset of
+/// 'charset'. The search is conducted within the first 'base' characters of
+/// 'charset', up to the 'idx' index. Returns true if 'c' is found, false
+/// otherwise. This function does not consider the null character '\0' as part
+/// of 'charset'.
+constexpr bool findCharacterInCharSet(
+    const Charset& charset,
+    int base,
+    uint8_t idx,
+    const char c) {
+  for (; idx < base; ++idx) {
+    if (charset[idx] == c) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+//  Validate the value in ReverseIndex table with charset.
+constexpr bool checkReverseIndex(
+    uint8_t idx,
+    const Charset& charset,
+    int base,
+    const ReverseIndex& table) {
+  for (uint8_t currentIdx = idx;; --currentIdx) {
+    if (table[currentIdx] == 255) {
+      if (findCharacterInCharSet(
+              charset, base, 0, static_cast<char>(currentIdx))) {
+        return false; // Character should not be found
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!(charset[table[currentIdx]] == currentIdx)) {
+        return false; // Character at table index does not match currentIdx
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (currentIdx == 0) {
+      break; // Stop the loop when reaching 0 to avoid underflow
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace facebook::velox::encoding
diff --git a/velox/common/encode/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/velox/common/encode/tests/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..314e3a95b53c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/velox/common/encode/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+add_executable(velox_common_encode_test EncoderUtilsTests.cpp)
+add_test(velox_common_encode_test velox_common_encode_test)
+target_link_libraries(
+  velox_common_encode_test
+  PUBLIC Folly::folly
+  PRIVATE velox_encode
+          velox_exception 
+          gtest 
+          gtest_main)
diff --git a/velox/common/encode/tests/EncoderUtilsTests.cpp b/velox/common/encode/tests/EncoderUtilsTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..841095c1d643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/velox/common/encode/tests/EncoderUtilsTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include "velox/common/base/tests/GTestUtils.h"
+#include "velox/common/encode/EncoderUtils.h"
+
+namespace facebook::velox::encoding {
+class EncoderUtilsTest : public ::testing::Test {};
+
+TEST_F(EncoderUtilsTest, ChecksPadding) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(isPadded("ABC=", 4));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(isPadded("ABC", 3));
+}
+
+TEST_F(EncoderUtilsTest, CountsPaddingCorrectly) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, countPadding("ABC", 3));
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, countPadding("ABC=", 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, countPadding("AB==", 4));
+}
+
+constexpr Charset testCharset = {
+    'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M',
+    'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', 'Z',
+    'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j', 'k', 'l', 'm',
+    'n', 'o', 'p', 'q', 'r', 's', 't', 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', 'z',
+    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '+', '/'};
+
+constexpr ReverseIndex testReverseIndex = {
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 62,  255,
+    255, 255, 63,  52,  53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,  60,  61,  255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,
+    10,  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,
+    25,  255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 26,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  32,  33,
+    34,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  47,  48,
+    49,  50,  51,  255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255,
+    255};
+
+TEST_F(EncoderUtilsTest, HandlesLookupAndExceptions) {
+  int base = 64;
+  EXPECT_NO_THROW(baseReverseLookup(base, 'A', testReverseIndex));
+  EXPECT_THROW(
+      baseReverseLookup(base, '=', testReverseIndex), EncoderException);
+}
+
+TEST_F(EncoderUtilsTest, ValidatesCharsetWithReverseIndex) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(checkForwardIndex(63, testCharset, testReverseIndex));
+}
+
+TEST_F(EncoderUtilsTest, ValidatesReverseIndexWithCharset) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(checkReverseIndex(255, testCharset, 64, testReverseIndex));
+}
+
+} // namespace facebook::velox::encoding