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Cells.md

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Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

Eukaryote

A Eukaryote is a cell that contains their genetic material ([[DNA]]) in the nucleus. Both Animal and Plant cells are Eukaryotes

Features

Animal Cell
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosome
  • Mitochondria

Prokaryote

A Prokaryote is a cell where the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus

  • Their genetic material consists of one loop of [[DNA]]
  • The might also have small rings of [[DNA]] called Plasmids

Features

  • DNA loop
  • Plasmids
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane

Differences

  • Prokaryotes are much smaller
  • Prokaryotes have no nucleus

Cell Specialisation

Animal

Most animal cells are specialised which means they have adaptations which help them carry out a particular function when cells become specialised it's called differentiation

Sperm Cell

  • Only contain half of genetic information
  • Long tail to swim and are streamlined
  • Packed with mitochondria for energy to swim
  • Contain enzymes to digest their way through outer layer of ovum

Nerve Cell

  • Their job is to send electrical impulse around body
  • They have axon to carry impulses
  • Axon covered with myelin to insulate and speed up transfer of impulse
  • have synapse to allow impulse to pass to one nerve to next
  • dendrites to increase surface area so other nerves connect easier

Muscle Cell

  • Can contract they contain protein fibres to do this
  • Packed full of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
  • Work together to form muscle tissue

Plant

Xylem

  • Found in plant stem
  • Form long tubes to carry water dissolve minerals from roots to leaves
  • Very thick walls containing lignin to support plant, causes xylem cells to die
  • End walls between cells broken to form a tube
  • No nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole chloroplasts

Phloem

  • Carry dissolved sugars up and down plant
  • Consists of phloem vessel cells, no nucleus with limited cytoplasm. And the end walls of these have pores called sieve plates, these feature allow dissolved sugars to move through
  • Each vessel cell has a companion cell with lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

Root hair cell

  • Hairs on roots to increase surface area
  • Do not contain chloroplasts
  • Use [[Biological Transportation#Flashcards/Flashcards/Active Transport| Active Transport]] to absorb ions from the soil

Stem Cells

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell and is capable of differentiating into other types of cells.

  • Human/Animal
    • Embryonic stem cells - found in embryo and can differentiate into any body cell
    • Adult stem cells - found in bone marrow and differentiates to form cells in [[Circulatory System#Flashcards/Flashcards/Blood|blood]]
  • Plant
    • Meristem tissue (found in roots and buds) can differentiate into any cell at any point can be used to produced clones

Flashcards

#Biology/B1/Cell-Specialisation-Adaptions

How are sperm cells adapted and what is their function? ?

  • Only contain half of genetic information
  • Long tail to swim and are streamlined
  • Packed with mitochondria for energy to swim
  • Contain enzymes to digest their way through outer layer of ovum

How are nerve cells adapted and what is their function? ?

  • Their job is to send electrical impulse around body
  • They have axon to carry impulses
  • Axon covered with myelin to insulate and speed up transfer of impulse
  • have synapse to allow impulse to pass to one nerve to next
  • dendrites to increase surface area so other nerves connect easier

How are muscle cells adapted and what is their function? ?

  • Can contract they contain protein fibres to do this
  • Packed full of mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
  • Work together to form muscle tissue

How are xylem adapted and what is their function? ?

  • Found in plant stem
  • Form long tubes to carry water dissolve minerals from roots to leaves
  • Very thick walls containing lignin to support plant, causes xylem cells to die
  • End walls between cells broken to form a tube
  • No nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole chloroplasts

How are phloem adapted and what is their function? ?

  • Carry dissolved sugars up and down plant
  • Consists of phloem vessel cells, no nucleus with limited cytoplasm. And the end walls of these have pores called sieve plates, these feature allow dissolved sugars to move through
  • Each vessel cell has a companion cell with lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport

How are root hair cells adapted and what is their function? ?

  • Hairs on roots to increase surface area
  • Do not contain chloroplasts
  • Use [[Biological Transportation#Flashcards/Flashcards/Active Transport| Active Transport]] to absorb ions from the soil