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<div class="showAutolinks"><h2 class="mb-0">Observing Moras & Syllables in Relation to Pitch Accent</h2><div class="d-flex align-items-center mb-2 text-muted"><span><strong>Author:</strong> kezi</span> |<span class="ps-2"><strong>Created:</strong> Saturday, February 13, 2021</span></div><hr class="mt-0"><div><p>This article aims to cover the Japanese syllabaries for those who are already somewhat familiar with the system. First we begin with moras:</p>
<br>
<h3 ><a class="autolink" href="#moras-モーラ拍はく" aria-label="Moras"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Moras <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>モ</span></marking-element><span>ー</span><span>ラ</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>・拍（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>は</span></marking-element><span>く</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</h3>
<p>A mora is the smallest unit of rhythm in the Japanese language. It is usually a <code>vowel</code> or <code>consonant + vowel</code> combination. There are roughly around 100 moras. Each mora is given the same amount of time when pronounced; so sounds are produced with even rhythm. <strong>Examples:</strong> あ、ち、ぬ、し、しゅ、ちゃ、っ、か</p>
<p>As you can see there are some other moras that don't fit the V / VC model. Let's look at those more closely.</p>
<br>
<h3 ><a class="autolink" href="#yōon-拗音ようおん" aria-label="Yōon"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Yōon 拗音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>よ</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</h3>
<p>Yōon includes sounds such as にゃ、しゅ、みょ. These sounds are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)">palatalized</a> with the exception of しゃしゅしょ which use the same <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative">ɕ</a> sound from し. Each yōon constitute one moraic unit.</p>
<p><strong>Ex:</strong></p>
<p>辞書（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>じ</span></marking-element><span>しょ</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）is made up of 2 moras: じ・しょ</p>
<p>塾（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>じゅ</span></marking-element><span>く</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）is made up of 2 moras: じゅ・く</p>
<br>
<h3 ><a class="autolink" href="#sokuon-促音そくおん" aria-label="Sokuon"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Sokuon 促音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>そ</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>く</span></marking-element><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</h3>
<p>This is the mora っ which represents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemination">consonant germination</a> (doubling the length of consonants) of the following mora as seen in: <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ざ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>っ</span><span>し</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>さ</span></marking-element><span>っ</span><span>き</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>っ</span><span>ぱ</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
<p><strong>Ex:</strong></p>
<p>雑誌（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ざ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>っ</span><span>し</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）is made up of 3 moras: ざ・っ・し</p>
<p>でっかい（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>で</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>っ</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>か</span></marking-element><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）is made up of 4 moras: で・っ・か・い</p>
<br>
<h3 ><a class="autolink" href="#hatsuon-撥音はつおん" aria-label="Hatsuon"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Hatsuon 撥音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>つ</span></marking-element><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</h3>
<p>This is the mora ん which represents the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Moraic_nasal">moraic nasal</a> as seen in: <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>に</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>ほ</span></marking-element><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>か</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span>じ</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>え</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span>か</span><span>い</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
<p><strong>Ex:</strong></p>
<p>全然（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ぜ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span>ぜ</span><span>ん</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）is made up of 4 moras: ぜ・ん・ぜ・ん</p>
<p>本気（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ほ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span>き</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）is made up of 3 moras: ほ・ん・き</p>
<br>
<h3 ><a class="autolink" href="#nasalized-ga-row-ガ行鼻濁音-がぎょうびだくおん" aria-label="Nasalized Ga Row"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Nasalized Ga Row ガ行鼻濁音 （<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>が</span></marking-element><span>ぎょ</span><span>う</span><span>び</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>だ</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>く</span></marking-element><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</h3>
<p>This was a feature of the traditional Tokyo dialect; where the が row was pronounced with a nasal as かﾟ. Most speakers will use the が row without nasalization, however this phenomenon can still be observed today by singers and announcers. <strong>Note:</strong> NHK announcers use ﾟ to symbolize nasalization of the が row. Its usage doesn't go beyond that.</p>
<p><strong>Ex:</strong> <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>だ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>い</span><span>か゚</span><span>く</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>た</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>ま</span></marking-element><span>こ゚</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、etc…</p>
<br>
<p>Moving on from moras we are going to take a look a relatively small set of changes to Japanese pronunciation that effect the way you read some mora sequences.</p>
<br>
<h3 id="vowel-coalescence"><a class="autolink" href="#vowel-coalescence" aria-label="Vowel Coalescence"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Vowel Coalescence</h3>
<p>Sino-Japanese (SJ) words underwent changes as a result of the coalescence of vowels that created diphthongs. Many SJ words contain 長音 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>ちょ</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, elongated vowels) as a result of this change. For example the modern オー sound (the ー usually written う) is derived from the diphthong vowel sequences アウ、オウ、エウ. The modern エー sound (the ー usually written い) is derived from the diphthong vowel sequences アイ、エイ.</p>
<p><strong>Ex:</strong> 高校・カウカウ → コウコウ → <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>コ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
<br>
<p>If the morpheme of an SJ word is written with an:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>お段 (おこそとのほ…) mora followed by the mora う then pronounce the う as an extended vowel （Ex: 投稿 as <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ト</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, 卒業 as <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ソ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ツ</span><span>ギョ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>え段 (えけせてねへ…) mora followed by the mora い then pronounce the い as an extended vowel（Ex: 衛星 as <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>エ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>セ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, 命令 as <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>メ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>レ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>う段 (うくすつぬふ…) mora followed by the mora う then pronounce the う as an extended vowel （Ex: 空港 as <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ク</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, 夕方 as <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ユ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>ガ</span><span>タ</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</p>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
<h3 id="syllables"><a class="autolink" href="#syllables" aria-label="Syllables"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Syllables</h3>
<p>As moras are the basic units of Japanese, syllables are made up of one or moras. Japanese contains two types of syllables:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>heavy syllable:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>2 moras long</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>composed of an independent mora 自立拍 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>じ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>り</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>つ</span></marking-element><span>は</span><span>く</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>) + special (dependent) mora 特殊拍 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>と</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>く</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>しゅ</span></marking-element><span>は</span><span>く</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>light syllable</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>1 mora long</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>a singular 自立拍 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>じ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>り</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>つ</span></marking-element><span>は</span><span>く</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>特殊拍 include: </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>長音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>ちょ</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>促音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>そ</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>く</span></marking-element><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>撥音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>つ</span></marking-element><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>二重母音（<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>に</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>じゅ</span><span>う</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>ぼ</span></marking-element><span>い</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>）like: アイ、オイ、ウイ</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>自立拍 is everything else.</p>
<br>
<p>Let's try identifying some syllables. Guess how many syllables each word has and which syllables are heavy / light. Click the spoiler to check. Heavy syllables will be <strong>bolded</strong>.</p>
<p>食べる (たべる)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">タ・ベ・ル</span></label></p>
<p>高校 (こうこう)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>コー</strong>・<strong>コー</strong></span></label></p>
<p>信じる (しんじる)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>シン</strong>・ジ・ル</span></label></p>
<p>昨日 (きのう)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">キ・<strong>ノー</strong></span></label></p>
<p>使った (つかった)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">ツ・<strong>カッ</strong>・タ</span></label></p>
<p>名古屋 (なごや)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">ナ・ゴ・ヤ</span></label></p>
<p>いい：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>イー</strong></span></label></p>
<p>学校 (がっこう)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>ガッ</strong>・<strong>コー</strong></span></label></p>
<p>切符 (きっぷ)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>キッ</strong>・プ</span></label></p>
<p>外国 (がいこく)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>ガイ</strong>・コ・ク</span></label></p>
<p>転校生 (てんこうせい)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>テン</strong>・<strong>コー</strong>・<strong>セー</strong></span></label></p>
<p>手入れ (ていれ)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">テ・イ・レ</span></label></p>
<p>日本 (にほん)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">ニ・<strong>ホン</strong></span></label></p>
<p>アメリカ：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">ア・メ・リ・カ</span></label></p>
<p>中国 (ちゅうごく)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>チュー</strong>・ゴ・ク</span></label></p>
<p>関西 (かんさい)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>カン</strong>・<strong>サイ</strong></span></label></p>
<p>目医者 (めいしゃ)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler">メ・イ・シャ</span></label></p>
<p>政治 (せいじ)：<label><input type="checkbox" style="display: none;"><span class="spoiler"><strong>セー</strong>・ジ</span></label></p>
<br>
<p>So how does all of this relate to pitch accent?</p>
<br>
<h3 id="standard-dialect-pitch-accent"><a class="autolink" href="#standard-dialect-pitch-accent" aria-label="Standard Dialect Pitch Accent"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Standard Dialect Pitch Accent</h3>
<p>Japanese Standard Dialect has a falling pitch contour. Each phrase-element starts with an initial rise in pitch and mantains that pitch until a marked <strong>syllable</strong>, where at that point the pitch drops and stays low until the next phrase-element. At the sentence level we can observe down-stepping (catathesis) where after each phrase-element the pitch drops ever so slightly. These drops are more prominent following an accented (non-flat) phrase-element (Kubozono 2015).</p>
<br>
<p>Words that cannot be distinguished by their reading are distinguished by either a contrast in:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>lack of accented syllable (unaccented vs accented) Ex: 気 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="overline"></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>) vs 木 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>き</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>if both are accented then the location of the prominent syllable. Ex: 箸 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>は</span></marking-element><span>し</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>) vs 橋 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>し</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Accent phrase-elements</strong> exhibit an initial rise in pitch and then produce a falling contour when a word is accented. phrase-elements that start on an accented word produce a falling contour from the start.</p>
<br>
<p>Example: はし</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>端が：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>し</span><span>が</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (unaccented) = edge / end</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>箸が：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>は</span></marking-element><span>し</span><span>が</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 1st mora) = chopsticks</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>橋が：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>し</span></marking-element><span>が</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 2nd mora) = bridge</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Example: あめ</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>飴が：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>あ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>め</span><span>が</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (unaccented) = hard candy</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>雨が：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>あ</span></marking-element><span>め</span><span>が</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 1st mora) = rain</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>？が：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>あ</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>め</span></marking-element><span>が</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 2nd mora) = ????</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Example: きのう（キノー）</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>帰納は：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>の</span><span>う</span><span>は</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (unaccented) = induction</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>機能は：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>き</span></marking-element><span>の</span><span>う</span><span>は</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 1st mora) = function</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>昨日は：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>の</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>は</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 2nd mora) = yesterday</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>？？は：<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>の</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>う</span></marking-element><span>は</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, location: 3rd mora *) = ????</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>*This not only doesn’t exist but would be impossible since のう is pronounced ノー here and is a heavy syllable. As we know the accent must fall on a specific syllable let's dive into what that means.</p>
<br>
<h3 id="syllables-in-pitch-accent"><a class="autolink" href="#syllables-in-pitch-accent" aria-label="Syllables in Pitch Accent"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Syllables in Pitch Accent</h3>
<p>It is easier to reason about pitch accent by using syllables instead of mora. For example we can note that: the accent can never be placed on the second mora of a heavy syllable. Thus the accent is always placed on the first mora of any given syllable. This is useful in setting expectations for what you hear and limiting the number of possible options.</p>
<br>
<p>Example: 新幹線</p>
<p>Makeup: シン・カン・セン</p>
<p>There are 3 syllables so only 3 places you can place an accent (if there is one).</p>
<p>Options (given the rules we know thus far):</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>し</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span> </span><span>か</span><span>ん</span><span> </span><span> </span><span>せ</span><span>ん</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (unaccented) = ????</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>し</span></marking-element><span>ん</span><span> </span><span>か</span><span>ん</span><span> </span><span>せ</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, 1st syllable, 1st mora) = ????</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>し</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span> </span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>か</span></marking-element><span>ん</span><span> </span><span>せ</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, 2nd syllable, 3rd mora) = bullet train</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>し</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span> </span><span>か</span><span>ん</span><span> </span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>せ</span></marking-element><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, 3rd syllable, 5th mora) = ????</p>
<br>
<p>Example: 転校生</p>
<p>Makeup: テン・コー・セー</p>
<p>There are 3 syllables so only 3 places you can place an accent (if there is one).</p>
<p>Options (given the rules we know thus far):</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>テ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ン</span><span> </span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span><span> </span><span> </span><span>セ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (unaccented) = ????</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>テ</span></marking-element><span>ン</span><span> </span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span><span> </span><span>セ</span><span>ー</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, 1st syllable, 1st mora) = ????</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>テ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ン</span><span> </span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>コ</span></marking-element><span>ー</span><span> </span><span>セ</span><span>ー</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, 2nd syllable, 3rd mora) = transfer student</p>
<p><span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>テ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ン</span><span> </span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span><span> </span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>セ</span></marking-element><span>ー</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span> (accented, 3rd syllable, 5th mora) = ????</p>
<br>
<p>Additionally when an accent phrase-element starts with a heavy syllable containing a 長音 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>ちょ</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>) or 撥音 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>は</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>つ</span></marking-element><span>お</span><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>) there is not much of a rise from the 1st to 2nd mora. Ex: 高校 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>コ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ー</span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)、 新聞 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>シ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ン</span><span>ブ</span><span>ン</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
<br>
<h3 id="ways-of-labeling-pitch-accent"><a class="autolink" href="#ways-of-labeling-pitch-accent" aria-label="Ways of Labeling Pitch Accent"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Ways of Labeling Pitch Accent</h3>
<br>
<h4 id="mora-counting"><a class="autolink" href="#mora-counting" aria-label="Mora Counting"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Mora Counting</h4>
<p>Japanese dictionaries typically use mora counting to label pitch accent. A number is placed to tell you what mora the accent is on. 0 is used for unaccented (flat) words.</p>
<p>Ex:</p>
<p>[0] = (unaccented)</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>銀行 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ギ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ン</span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>アメリカ <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ア</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>メ</span><span>リ</span><span>カ</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>消える <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>え</span><span>る</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> </p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>[1] = (accented, 1st mora)</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>社会 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>しゃ</span></marking-element><span>か</span><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>会議 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>か</span></marking-element><span>い</span><span>ぎ</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>議会 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>ぎ</span></marking-element><span>か</span><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>[3] = (accented, 3rd mora)</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>表現 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ひょ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>う</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>げ</span></marking-element><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>条件 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>じょ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>う</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>け</span></marking-element><span>ん</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>出られる <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>で</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ら</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>れ</span></marking-element><span>る</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
<h4 id="mora-counting-from-the-back"><a class="autolink" href="#mora-counting-from-the-back" aria-label="Mora Counting From The Back"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Mora Counting From The Back</h4>
<p>For some sets of words it is easier to count from the back. Suffixes that may change the pitch of words are easier to process by counting from the back of the word. Like before 0 is used for unaccented words. -1 is used for the last mora, -2 for the second to last, so on and so forth.</p>
<p>[0] = (unaccented)</p>
<ul>
<li>銀行 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ギ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ン</span><span>コ</span><span>ー</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></li>
</ul>
<p>[-2] = (accented, 2nd to last mora)</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>回数 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>か</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>い</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>す</span></marking-element><span>う</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>無数 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>む</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>す</span></marking-element><span>う</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>奇数 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>す</span></marking-element><span>う</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>[-4] = (accented, 4th to last mora)</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>産業革命 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>さ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ん</span><span>ぎょ</span><span>う</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>か</span></marking-element><span>く</span><span>め</span><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>科学革命 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>か</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>が</span><span>く</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>か</span></marking-element><span>く</span><span>め</span><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
<h4 id="by-type"><a class="autolink" href="#by-type" aria-label="By Type"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>By Type</h4>
<p>Labeling lexical pitch accent by its type is pretty convenient especially for i-adjectives and verbs.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>平板 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>へ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>い</span><span>ば</span><span>ん</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> for unaccented words (i.e. 生活, 東京, 嫌い)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>頭高 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>あ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>た</span><span>ま</span><span>だ</span><span>か</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> for accent on the 1st mora (i.e. タイプ, 韓国)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>中高 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>な</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>か</span><span>だ</span><span>か</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> for accent somewhere other than the first and last mora (i.e. 試行錯誤 [4], 真っ黒 [3])</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>尾高 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>お</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>だ</span><span>か</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> for accent on the last mora (i.e. 石, 親, 豆)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>起伏 <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>き</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ふ</span><span>く</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span> particularly for accented i-adjectives and verbs (i.e. 食べる <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>た</span><marking-element class="drop"><span>べ</span></marking-element><span>る</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>こ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>し</span><span>か</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>け</span></marking-element><span>る</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>う</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>れ</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>し</span></marking-element><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ま</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ぎ</span><span>ら</span><span>わ</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>し</span></marking-element><span>い</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>形容詞 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>け</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>い</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>よ</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>し</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, i-adjectives) and 動詞(<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>ど</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>う</span><span>し</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, verbs) in their plain forms are 二型アクセント (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>に</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>が</span><span>た</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>ア</span></marking-element><span>ク</span><span>セ</span><span>ン</span><span>ト</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>) because there is usually only one place an accent can be placed. So the word only has two accent patterns: either accented at a predetermined location or unaccented. That accent location is usually [-2] for the dictionary forms.</p>
<br>
<p>Note very few 形容詞 (<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>け</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>い</span></marking-element><marking-element class="drop"><span>よ</span></marking-element><span>う</span><span>し</span></visual-element></phrase-element></span>, i-adjectives) are unaccented. Young speakers tend to accent these traditionally unaccented 形容詞 so you may hear these get accented more frequently. Ex: <span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>く</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>ら</span><span>い</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>か</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>る</span><span>い</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span>、<span class="visual-element-type-showPitchAccentDrops"><phrase-element><visual-element><span>あ</span><marking-element class="overline"><span>か</span><span>い</span></marking-element></visual-element></phrase-element></span></p>
<br>
<h4 id="using-low-high"><a class="autolink" href="#using-low-high" aria-label="Using Low High"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Using L(ow) H(igh)</h4>
<p>Ex:</p>
<p>LHH (H) = unaccented; 3 moras long i.e. 希望, 自分, 辞める</p>
<p>LHH = accented on 3rd mora; 3 moras long i.e. 相手, 女, 男</p>
<p>HLLL = accented on 1st mora; 4 moras long i.e. 概念, 魂 , 挨拶</p>
<p>(H) at the end means that the word is [0] as opposed to [-1]</p>
<br>
<h4><a class="autolink" href="#using--or--or-" aria-label="Using drop markers"><span class="bi bi-link-45deg"></span></a>Using ＼ or ↓ or ↘︎</h4>
<p>＼ marks the fall of the accent; a lack of ＼ means the word is unaccented. Colloquial usage of ↓ among natives may vary.</p>
<p>世界（セ＼カイ）[1]</p>
<p>真面目（マジメ）[0]</p>
<p>犬（イヌ＼）[2]</p>
<p>納得（ナットク）[0]</p></div></div>
</div>
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