gold_normalized.json

[
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "K2C2O4": "potassium oxalate", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "Hg": "mercury", 
            "Nitrogen": "nitrogen"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "A_Rapid_Synthesis_of_Oriented_Palladium_Nanoparticles_by_UV_Irradiation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "potassium oxalate", 
                "mf": "C2K2O4", 
                "cid": 11413
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "mercury", 
                "mf": "Hg", 
                "cid": 23931
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, a mixture of 20 mL of 5 mM PdCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9% purity) solution and 20 mL of 25 mM K2C2O4 (Merck, 99% purity) solution were stirred for 5 min. Formation of reddish yellow needles was observed. But, upon further dilution, the needles disappeared. Nitrogen gas was purged through reaction mixture for 5 min. Then, the mixture in a quartz tube was irradiated using 450 W Hg lamp (Oriel Corporation, USA) for 5 min in order to get the black precipitate.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "sodium chloride": "sodium chloride", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "silver chloride": "silver monochloride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "glucose": "d-glucose"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium chloride", 
            "silver monochloride", 
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "A_Simple_Hydrothermal_Route_to_Large-Scale_Synthesis_of_Uniform_Silver_Nanowires.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium chloride", 
                "mf": "ClNa", 
                "cid": 5234
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver monochloride", 
                "mf": "AgCl", 
                "cid": 24561
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical procedure, silver nitrate (0.02 M, 5 mL) and sodium chloride (0.02 M, 5 mL) were added to distilled water (30 mL) under stirring to form silver chloride colloidal solution. Then glucose (0.04 g, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in the above colloidal solution; this was then transferred into a stainless steel autoclave with a Teflon liner of 50 mL capacity, and heated in an oven at 180 \u00b0C for 18 h. After the autoclave was air-cooled to room temperature unaided, the resulting silver-gray fluffy precipitate was filtered and washed with distilled water and absolute ethanol, then dried under vacuum at 60 \u00b0C for 2 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "d-glucose"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "d-glucose", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "N2H4": "hydrazine", 
            "hydrazine": "hydrazine", 
            "EDA": "diazoacetic ester", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "Cu(NO3)2": "copper nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "copper nitrate", 
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "A_rapid_synthesis_of_high_aspect_ratio_copper_nanowires_for_high-performance_transparent_conducting_films.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "diazoacetic ester", 
                "mf": "C4H6N2O2", 
                "cid": 12192
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrazine", 
                "mf": "H4N2", 
                "cid": 9321
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper nitrate", 
                "mf": "CuN2O6", 
                "cid": 18616
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 10.5\u201320 \u03bcL of 35 wt% hydrazine (N2H4, 5.7\u201310.5 mM in the final solution) is injected into a mixture containing 4.8 mM Cu(NO3)2, 14.3 M NaOH and 72\u2013214 mM EDA preheated to 70 \u00b0C.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "C6SH": "C6SH", 
            "TOABr": "TOABr", 
            "Pd(II)": "palladium iodide (pdi2)", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "palladium": "palladium", 
            "H2O": "water", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "toluene": "toluene"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "toluene"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Alkanethiolate-Protected_Palladium_Nanoparticles.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "c6sh"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pdi2", 
                "mf": "I2Pd", 
                "cid": 424947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "toabr"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "toluene", 
                "mf": "C7H8", 
                "cid": 1140
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical reaction, 0.17 g (1 mmol) of PdCl2 was dissolved in 50 mL of ~0.5 M HCl under vigorous stirring. A total of 80 mL of toluene with 1.1 g of TOABr was then added into this solution, where the bright orange/red Pd(II) was transferred from the aqueous phase to the toluene phase. The aqueous phase was then removed, and a calculated amount of C6SH was injected into the toluene solution (depending on the desired C6SH:Pd ratio). The solution was stirred for about 20 min, and then 0.39 g of NaBH4 in 20 mL of H2O was added quickly into the solution, where, after a few seconds delay, the solution color changed rapidly from orange/red to dark green/black, indicating the formation of palladium particles, akin to the case of gold nanoparticles where the color changed from bright red to dark brown/black.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "water": "water", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride", 
            "sodium hydroxide", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "An_Effective_Strategy_for_Room-Temperature_Synthesis_of_Single-Crystalline_Palladium_Nanocubes_and_Nanodendrites_in_Aqueous_Solution.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Pd nanocubes were synthesized as follow: First, a 10 mM Na2PdCl4 aqueous solution was prepared by completely dissolving 44.5 mg of PdCl2 in 5 mL of 100 mM HCl and 19 mL of deionized water, followed by the addition of 1 mL of 500 mM NaOH. Typically, the Na2PdCl4 and CTAB solutions were added to the AA solution in the following two different ways. In the first method (method A), 1 mL of 10 mM Na2PdCl4 was mixed with 1 mL of 10 mM CTAB, and the mixture was then dripped into a flask containing 4 mL of 25 mM AA over a period of 5 min. The whole solution was kept under stirring for an hour. In the second method (method B), 1 mL of 10 mM Na2PdCl4 and 1 mL of 10 mM CTAB were injected simultaneously into a flask containing 4 mL of 25 mM AA with a homemade two-channel syringe pump at a rate of 12 mL/h. The whole solution was then kept under stirring for another 30 min. All reactions were performed at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "2-naphthol": "2-naphthol", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Anisotropic_growth_of_gold_clusters_to_gold_nanocubes_under_UV_irradiation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "2-naphthol", 
                "mf": "C10H8O", 
                "cid": 8663
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis 2 ml of CTAB (10\u22122 M) solution was mixed with a stock HAuCl4 solution in an open mouth borosil glass vial (25 ml) in such an amount so that the final HAuCl4 concentration became 1.6 \u00d7 10\u22125 M. After that 1 ml (10\u22123 M) solution of aqueous 2-naphthol was added to the mixture and the final concentration of 2-naphthol in the mixture became 3.1 \u00d7 10\u22124 M. Finally 40 \u00b5l of 10\u22122 M NaOH was introduced rapidly with stirring to induce gold nanoparticle nucleation and then the mixture was irradiated under a ~365 nm UV light for about 17 h. The irradiation was done keeping the UV light source 3 cm apart from the open end of the glass vials.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "Ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "Au(III)": "gold triiodide", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Au(I)": "gold monoiodide", 
            "hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide": "hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Chemical_Synthesis_of_Gold_Nanowires_in_Acidic_Solutions.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold triiodide"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold monoiodide", 
                "mf": "AuI", 
                "cid": 82526
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "synonym": "hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide", 
                "cid": 5974
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "First, 3\u22124 nm seed particles are prepared by rapid reduction of a gold precursor (i.e., HAuCl4) with a strong reducing agent (e.g., NaBH4). Then the seed particles are added to a growth solution containing HAuCl4, ascorbic acid, and hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Ascorbic acid rapidly reduces the gold salt from its Au(III) to Au(I) state, leading to a colorless, meta-stable solution at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "water": "water", 
            "KBr": "potassium bromide", 
            "palladium": "palladium", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium bromide", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Chinese_Physics_B_Synthesis_of_monodisperse_palladium_nanocubes_and_their_catalytic_activity_for_methanol_electrooxidation_Related_content_Synthesis_of_graphene-supported_monodisperse_AuPd_bimetallic_nanoparticles_for_electrochemical_oxidation_of_met.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium bromide", 
                "mf": "BrK", 
                "cid": 253877
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a 50-mL flask, 0.0120 g of PVP and 0.200 g of KBr were dissolved in 10-mL EG, and then heated in air under magnetic stirring at 150 \u25e6C for 1 h. The palladium precursor was prepared in another vessel by dissolving 0.0371 g of Na2PdCl4 in a mixed solution of 1-mL water and 4-mL EG. This solution was injected into the flask using a syringe pump at a rate of 20 mL per hour. The reaction mixture was then heated up to 150 \u25e6C in air and kept at this temperature for 1 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Controllable_synthesis_of_palladium_nanoparticles_via_a_simple_sonoelectrochemical_method.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "First, 0.01 mol/l PdCl2 and varied amounts of CTAB were dissolved in distilled water to form a final volume of approximately 50 ml.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "Ammonia": "ammonia"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Controlled_growth_of_silver_nanoparticles_in_a_hydrothermal_process.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ammonia", 
                "mf": "H3N", 
                "cid": 222
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical procedure, measured amounts of AgNO3 and PVP were separately dissolved in 30 mL water to prepare two aqueous solutions, as shown in Table 1. Ammonia was added dropwise to the aqueous solution of AgNO3 under magnetic stirring until a clear colorless solution was obtained, and then the above solution was mixed with the aqueous solution of PVP. After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was transferred to a Teflon-lined autoclave, and the hydrothermal reaction was carried out at different temperature for 36 h. The resultant samples were vacuum-dried at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "Na2S": "sodium sulfide", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Controlled_synthesis_of_monodisperse_silver_nanocubes_via_a_solvothermal_method.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium sulfide", 
                "mf": "HNa2S+", 
                "cid": 237873
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The procedure is briefly described as follows: a 10 mL EG solution with different concentrations of Na2S was vigorously stirred after the addition of 0.15 M PVP. This mixed solution was injected dropwise into 10 mL EG solution of AgNO3 (0.1 M) under magnetically stirring. Afterwards, the mixture was transferred into a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and kept at different temperatures for 1.5 h. When the reaction was finished, the autoclave was natural cooled to the room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "hydrochloric acid": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "Na2S": "sodium sulfide", 
            "silver": "silver", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Convenient,_rapid_synthesis_of_silver_nanocubes_and_nanowires_via_a_microwave-assisted_polyol_method.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium sulfide", 
                "mf": "HNa2S+", 
                "cid": 237873
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In the synthesis of silver nanocubes, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to the solution; also the rate of AgNO3 solution addition is controlled. In a typical procedure, a 10 ml EG solution of Na2S was vigorously stirred after the addition of 0.075 M PVP. Then this mixed solution was injected drop by drop using a syringe into 10 ml of a magnetically stirred EG solution of AgNO3 (0.05 M). Afterward, the solutions were transferred to a microwave oven operating at 2.45 GHz and heated. Upon completion of the reaction, the solutions were allowed to cool down in air.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "CTAC": "CTAC", 
            "KI": "potassium iodide", 
            "water": "water", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "KBr": "potassium bromide", 
            "Pd": "palladium"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride", 
            "potassium bromide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Direct_Synthesis_of_Palladium_Nanocrystals_in_Aqueous_Solution_with_Systematic_Shape_Evolution.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ctac", 
                "mf": "C19H42ClN", 
                "cid": 8154
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium iodide", 
                "mf": "IK", 
                "cid": 4875
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium bromide", 
                "mf": "BrK", 
                "cid": 253877
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was prepared by completely dissolving 0.0178 g of PdCl2 powder in 10 mL of 20 mM HCl solution. Subsequently, 0.048 g of CTAC and 0.7 mL of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution were added to each of the sample vials. The vials were kept in a water bath set at 35 \u00b0C throughout the particle synthesis. The vials were left undisturbed in the water bath for 15 min for halide ligand replacement reaction to complete. Next, 5 \u03bcL of 1.0 \u00d7 10\u20133 M KI solution was introduced, and the solution was left undisturbed for another 15 min. Finally, 120 \u03bcL of 0.05 M AA was added with thorough mixing, and the mixture was kept in the water bath for another 30 min to form Pd nanocrystals. The solution color turned light brown quickly within 30 s of introduction of AA and became dark brown in 30 min. First, 0.048 g of CTAC, 8.795 mL of deionized water, and 0.7 mL of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution were mixed in a sample vial. The vial was kept in a water bath set at 60 \u00b0C. Then 50 \u03bcL of 1.0 \u00d7 10\u20133 M KBr solution was introduced, and the vial was left undisturbed for 15 min. Next, 5 \u03bcL of 1.0 \u00d7 10\u20133 M KI solution was introduced, and the solution was left undisturbed for another 15 min. After 450 \u03bcL of 0.05 M AA was added, the solution was thoroughly mixed. The mixture was kept in the water bath set at 60 \u00b0C for 30 min to form the concave cubes.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocrystal"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "DMSO": "dimethyl sulfoxide", 
            "dimethyl sulfoxide": "dimethyl sulfoxide", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "Pd(CH3CO)2": "Pd(CH3CO)2", 
            "water": "water", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Direct_solution_synthesis_of_Pd_nanowire_networks_and_their_application_in_surface-enhanced_Raman_scattering.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "dimethyl sulfoxide", 
                "mf": "C2H6OS", 
                "cid": 679
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pd(ch3co)2"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 0.0224 g Pd(CH3CO)2 (Aldrich) was introduced into 2 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 23 ml of ethylene glycol (EG) in a three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser and a magnetic Teflon-coated stirrer at room temperature. The reaction mixture was slowly heated to 120 \u00b0C and held in air for 3 h. After being cooled down to room temperature, the products were centrifuged, washed with distilled water and then with ethanol for several times to remove any excess EG and DMSO and finally dried in vacuum at 60 \u00b0C.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "C19H42BrN": "cetyltrimethylammonium bromide", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "cetyltrimethylammonium bromide": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "TTAB": "4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid", 
            "C48H100BrN": "tetradodecylammonium bromide", 
            "acetone": "acetone", 
            "tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide": "tetradonium bromide"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Electrochemical_synthesis_of_gold_nanocubes.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "synonym": "cetyltrimethylammonium bromide", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "tetradodecylammonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C48H100BrN", 
                "cid": 3014871
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "tetradonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C17H38BrN", 
                "cid": 14250
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid", 
                "mf": "C25H26O2", 
                "cid": 119342
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C19H42BrN; CTAB, 98%, Fluka) (0.08 M) served as the electrolytic growth solution, of which 3 mL was put in the glass test tube. Then, 25.2 mg of powdered auxiliary surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C48H100BrN; TTAB, 99%, Fluka) was added to the same test tube, where it floated on the growth solution. A pipette was then used to add 0.95 mL of acetone (99%, J. T. Baker) solvent on the top of the solution, after which the test tube was sonicated at 40 kHz for 5 min. Electrolysis was carried out under constant ultrasonication (ELMA T710DH, Germany) at 40 kHz for 5 min. During the electrolysis, the acetone solvent was simultaneously injected into the growth solution at a rate of 0.125 mL min\u2212 1. The typical current was set to 5 mA, and the temperature was held constant at 36 \u00b0C.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "water": "water", 
            "FeCl3": "iron trichloride", 
            "CTAC": "CTAC", 
            "CF3COOAg": "acetic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoro-, silver salt (1:1)"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "iron trichloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Facile_Synthesis_of_Silver_Nanocubes_with_Sharp_Corners_and_Edges_in_an_Aqueous_Solution.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:1"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ctac", 
                "mf": "C19H42ClN", 
                "cid": 8154
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "iron trichloride", 
                "mf": "Cl3Fe", 
                "cid": 24380
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a standard protocol, aqueous solutions of CTAC (5 mL, 20 mM) and AA (0.5 mL, 100 mM) were added into a 20 mL glass vial and heated at 60 \u00b0C for 10 min. Aqueous solutions of CF3COOAg (50 \u03bcL, 10 mM) and FeCl3 (80 \u03bcL, 4.29 \u03bcM) were then added in one shot. The reaction solution had a pH value of about 3.1 during the entire synthesis. After 6 h, the products were collected by centrifugation at 8000 rpm and redispersed in DI water.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "CuCl2\u00b72H2O": "CuCl2\u00b72H2O", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Facile_Synthesis_of_Silver_Nanowires_with_Different_Aspect_Ratios_and_Used_as_High-Performance_Flexible_Transparent_Electrodes.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cucl2\u00b72h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Typically, 0.170 g of AgNO3 is dissolved in 10 mL of EG under magnetic stirring. Then, 0.15 M of PVP-40 and 0.111 mM of CuCl2\u00b72H2O mixed solution in 10 mL of EG is added dropwise to the above solution. Afterwards, the mixture is transferred into Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave with a capacity of 50 mL and heated at 160 \u00b0C for 3 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "K2PdCl6": "palladate, hexachloro-, potassium (1:2), (oc-6-11)-", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide", 
            "palladate, hexachloro-, potassium (1:2), (oc-6-11)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Facile_synthesis_of_monodisperse_palladium_nanocubes_and_the_characteristics_of_self-assembly.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (oc-6-11)-"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Into 18 ml of 0.1 M CTAB aqueous solution, 0.5 ml of 0.01 M K2PdCl6, prepared by dissolving into hot pure water, was added with stirring at 25 \u00b0C. Then, 0.1 ml of 0.1 M ascorbic acid was added, followed by the addition of 0.12 ml of 0.1 M NaOH. The solution was just shaken to mix it, and then left for 24 h without stirring.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Forest_of_Gold_Nanowires:_A_New_Type_of_Nanocrystal_Growth.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "All solutions were prepared using deionized water (resistivity >18 M\u03a9\u00b7cm\u20131).\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "sodium borohydride": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Ag": "silver", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "C8H17)4NBr": "C8H17)4NBr", 
            "chloroformic": "chloroform", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "nonanethiol": "nonanethiol", 
            "1-nonanethiol": "1-nonanethiol", 
            "silver": "silver"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Formation_of_Silver_Nanoparticles_and_Self-Assembled_Two-Dimensional_Ordered_Superlattice.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "chloroform", 
                "mf": "CHCl3", 
                "cid": 6212
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "c8h17)4nbr"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nonanethiol", 
                "mf": "C9H20S", 
                "cid": 15077
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1-nonanethiol", 
                "mf": "C9H20S", 
                "cid": 15077
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Thirty milliliters of an aqueous silver ion solution (0.03 M AgNO3) was mixed with 20 mL of a chloroformic solution of phase transfer catalyst (0.20 M (C8H17)4NBr) and stirred vigorously for 1 h. The French gray organic phase was subsequently collected, and 150 \u03bcL 1-nonanethiol was added. After the nonanethiol/Ag+ solution was stirred for 15 min, 24 mL of fresh aqueous sodium borohydride (0.43 M NaBH4) solution used as the reducing agent was injected, and the system color became sable immediately. The reaction mixture was stirred for over 3 h before the organic/nanocrystal-rich phase was collected.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Gold_nanorod_synthesis_catalysed_by_Au_clusters.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "5 ml of 0.2 M CTAB solution was mixed with 2.5 ml of 5 \u00d7 10\u22124 M HAuCl4. While stirring the solution, 30 \u03bcl of ice-cold freshly prepared 0.1 M NaBH4 was added, which results in the formation of a solution with a brownish yellow colour. Vigorous stirring of the seed solution was continued for 2 minutes. The seeds were used after 10 min of preparation. 5 ml of 0.2 M CTAB solution was mixed with 5 ml of 5 \u00d7 10\u22124 M HAuCl4. While stirring the solution, 60 \u03bcl of ice-cold freshly prepared 0.1 M NaBH4 was added, which results in the formation of a solution with a brownish yellow colour. Vigorous stirring of the cluster solution was continued and used after 10 s, 30 s, 1 min and 5 min of preparation. 2.5 ml of 0.2 M CTAB solution were added to 100 \u03bcl of 4 \u00d7 10\u22123 M AgNO3 solution at 25 \u00b0C. To this solution, 2.5 ml of 10\u22123 M HAuCl4 were added and, after gentle mixing of the solution, 35 \u03bcl of 0.0788 M ascorbic acid (freshly prepared) were added. For comparison experiments, 6 \u03bcl of the seed solution were added. The colour of the solution gradually changed within 10\u201320 min. 5 ml of the gold cluster solution were added to 2.5 ml of deionized water at 25 \u00b0C. To this solution, 2.5 ml of 10\u22123 M HAuCl4 were added and, after gentle mixing of the solution, 35 \u03bcl of 0.0788 M ascorbic acid (freshly prepared) were added. For comparison experiments, 6 \u03bcl of the seed solution were added. The colour of the solution gradually changed within 10\u201320 min.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "NMP": "n-methylpyrrolidin-2-one", 
            "isopropanol": "propan-2-ol", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "acetonitrile": "acetonitrile", 
            "water": "water", 
            "Riboflavin": "fmn", 
            "acetone": "acetone", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "N-methylpyrrolidinone": "n-methylpyrrolidin-2-one", 
            "acetic acid": "acetic acid"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Green_Synthesis_of_Ag_and_Pd_Nanospheres,_Nanowires,_and_Nanorods_Using_VitaminB2:_Catalytic_Polymerisation_of_Aniline_and_Pyrrole.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "fmn", 
                "mf": "C17H21N4O9P", 
                "cid": 643976
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n-methylpyrrolidin-2-one", 
                "mf": "C5H9NO", 
                "cid": 13387
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetic acid", 
                "mf": "C2H4O2", 
                "cid": 176
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "propan-2-ol", 
                "mf": "C3H8O", 
                "cid": 3776
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetonitrile", 
                "mf": "C2H3N", 
                "cid": 6342
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In particularly, 50 mg of Riboflavin was dissolved in 20 mL (glass vial) of solvents such as ethylene glycol, acetic acid, N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), water, isopropanol, acetone, and acetonitrile in separate experiments. To this, 2 mL of aqueous solution containing 1 x 10-1 M AgNO3 were added at room temperature, hand-shaken for a minute and allowed to settle.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "water": "water", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "sodium borohydrate": "sodium borohydride", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Green_synthesis,_characterization_and_catalytic_activity_of_palladium_nanoparticles_by_xanthan_gum.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Solutions were prepared with double distilled water. 0.0356 g of PdCl2 was accurately weighed and dissolved in 100 ml of HCl (0.000413 M) to form an H2PdCl4 aqueous solution. An aliquot of 5 ml of the aqueous H2PdCl4 solution was mixed with 5 ml of a 0.2 % aqueous solution of XG in a boiling tube. This reaction is carried out in an autoclave at a pressure of 15 psi and at 120 \u00b0C temperature by 10 min time. To a 3-ml cuvette containing freshly prepared sodium borohydrate (1 ml, 15 mM) solution, 2 ml of 4-NP (0.2 mM) solution was added. After adding PdNPs stabilized in XG (10 \u00b5l) solution, cuvette was shaken vigorously for mixing and kept in UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometer to examine the reaction. The reaction was carried out in an autoclave at a pressure of 15 psi and at 120 \u00b0C temperature. The yellow colour reaction mixture was converted to the characteristic black colour after the autoclaving.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "phenylboronic acid": "phenylboronic acid", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "potassium hydroxide": "potassium hydroxide", 
            "aryl iodide": "amyl iodide", 
            "hydroalcoholic": "hydroalcoholic", 
            "water": "water", 
            "methanol": "methanol", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "palladium": "palladium"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride", 
            "potassium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Green_synthesis_of_palladium_nanoparticles_using_Hippophae_rhamnoides_Linn_leaf_extract_and_their_catalytic_activity_for_the_Suzuki\u2013Miyaura_coupling_in_water.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "phenylboronic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H7BO2", 
                "cid": 66827
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HKO", 
                "cid": 14797
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydroalcoholic"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "methanol", 
                "mf": "CH4O", 
                "cid": 887
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "amyl iodide", 
                "mf": "C5H11I", 
                "cid": 12335
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "100 g of dried leaves powdered of sea buckthorn were kept into 1000-mL conical flask containing 500 mL hydroalcoholic solution (30% methanol), well mixed and then boiled for 30 min. The extract obtained was centrifuged in 6500 rpm then filtered through a filter paper and filtrate was kept at refrigerator to use further. Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Hippophae rhamnoides Linn leaves extract. In a typical synthesis of Pd NPs, 10 mL extract of the plant leaves was added dropwise to 50 mL of 0.003 M aqueous solution of PdCl2 with constant stirring at 80 \u00b0C. The color of the reaction mixtures gradually changed from transparent yellow to dark brown in 25 min at 80 \u00b0C indicating the formation of palladium nanoparticles, then the colored solution of palladium nanoparticles was centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 30 min to completely dispersing. To a mixture of aryl iodide (1.0 mmol), phenylboronic acid (1.2 mmol), and potassium hydroxide (2.0 mmol), 10 mL of the Pd NPs solution (1.0 mol%) in water was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 100 \u00b0C for 12 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "palladium": "palladium", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Green_synthesis_of_palladium_nanoparticles_using_gum_ghatti_(Anogeissus_latifolia)_and_its_application_as_an_antioxidant_and_catalyst.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Then, a 0.5% (w/v) of homogenous gum stock solution was prepared in ultrapure water by stirring overnight at room temperature. Then, this solution was centrifuged (5500\u00d7g, 10 min) to remove the insoluble materials and the supernatant was used for synthesis. The palladium nanoparticles were synthesized by autoclaving the gum solutions containing PdCl2 at 121 \u00b0C and 103 kPa for 30 min.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "[HAuCl4]\u00b73H2O": "tetrachloroauric acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "citric acid": "citric acid", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Au (III)": "gold triiodide", 
            "citrate": "citric acid"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Growth_and_form_of_gold_nanorods_prepared_by_seed-mediated,_surfactant-directed_synthesis.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "tetrachloroauric acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "citric acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O7", 
                "cid": 311
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold triiodide", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Briefly, 10 ml of citrate-stabilised gold nanoparticles (seed crystals) were prepared by reduction of a 10 ml solution containing 0.25 mM [HAuCl4]\u00b73H2O and 2.5 mM citric acid with 0.3 ml of ice cold aqueous 0.1 M NaBH4. 9 ml of an aqueous growth solution containing 0.1 M CTAB and 0.25 mM [HAuCl4]\u00b73H2O were poured into each of four test-tubes. 50 \u03bcl of 0.1 M ascorbic acid, followed by 1 ml of the original solution containing the seed crystals, were added to one of the tubes (tube 1). The mixture was left for 24 h before similarly reducing the Au (III) solution in a second test-tube (tube 2) with ascorbic acid, and then adding 1 ml of the aged solution from tube 1. This procedure was then repeated after a further 24 h such that successive transfers of 1 ml of aged solutions into freshly reduced solutions proceeded from tube 2 to 3, and then from 3 to 4.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "citric acid"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "citric acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "H2PtCl6": "platinic chloride", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Growth_mechanism_of_silver_nanowires_synthesized_by_polyvinylpyrrolidone-assisted_polyol_reduction.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "platinic chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl6H2Pt", 
                "cid": 61859
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The procedure is briefly described as follows: 10 ml ethylene glycol (EG) was refluxed in a three-necked flask at ~170\u00b0 for about 2 h, and then 3 ml EG solution of H2PtCl6 (0.1 mM) was added quickly. After reaction for 5 min, 12 ml of an EG solution of an AgNO3 (0.05 M) and PVP (0.1 M) mixture was added into the refluxing solution drop by drop. When the addition ended, the reaction solution was further heated at ~170\u00b0 for about 1 h. The 12 ml EG solution of the AgNO3 (0.05 M) and PVP (0.1 M) mixture was rapidly added into the refluxing EG solution at ~170\u00b0 and allowed to react for 1 h under the same conditions.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "[Ag(NH3)2]+": "silver diammine", 
            "ammonia": "ammonia", 
            "water": "water", 
            "silver": "silver", 
            "glucose": "d-glucose"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "High-yield_water-based_synthesis_of_truncated_silver_nanocubes.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver diammine", 
                "mf": "AgH6N2+", 
                "cid": 3082113
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ammonia", 
                "mf": "H3N", 
                "cid": 222
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "First, 0.17 g of silver nitrate was dissolved in 20 ml of deionized water, followed by the stepwise addition of 1 M ammonia aqueous solution. After the ammonia was added, the transparent silver nitrate solution turned brown briefly, and as the amount of ammonia was increased, the mixture appeared transparent again. Subsequently, we added extra deionized water to render a 10 mM [Ag(NH3)2]+ solution. To form the desired silver nanoparticles, 25 ml of 10 mM [Ag(NH3)2]+ solution was properly mixed with 15 ml of 50 mM CTAB aqueous solution and 50 ml of glucose aqueous solution. The mixture was heated in an autoclave at 120 \u00b0C for 8 h and was allowed to cool to 25 \u00b0C afterwards.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "d-glucose"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "d-glucose"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "K2PtCl4": "potassium tetrachloroplatinate", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "Pt": "platinum", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Au": "gold"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium tetrachloroplatinate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "High_Aspect_Ratio_Gold_Nanorods_Grown_with_Platinum_Seeds.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "platinum", 
                "mf": "Pt", 
                "cid": 23939
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium tetrachloroplatinate", 
                "mf": "Cl4K2Pt", 
                "cid": 61440
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The synthesis of 3 nm Pt NCs stabilized in CTAB was carried out following the method described by Grzelczak et al. A mixture of 9.63 mL of CTAB 0.1 M with 50 \u03bcL of K2PtCl4 0.05 M was heated up to 40 \u00b0C for 5 min until the solution became clear. After adding 0.3 mL of NaBH4 0.06 M, the vial was capped immediately. After 10 min, the vial was opened and stirred for several minutes until the decomposition of the NaBH4. The synthesis of Au NCs stabilized in CTAB were prepared via the method developed by Nikoobakht and El-Sayed. Briefly, 5 mL CTAB solution 0.2 M was mixed with 5 mL of HAuCl4 solution 0.0005 M. Next, 0.6 mL of freshly prepared NaBH4 0.01 M was added to the mixture while vigorously stirring, which resulted in the formation of a light-brown solution within few seconds. Stirring of the solution was continued for 2 min. Growth solution was prepared by mixing 5 mL of CTAB 0.2 M and 5 mL of HAuCl4 0.001 M. After that, 50 \u03bcL of AA 0.1 M was added as a mild reducing agent, changing the growth solution from dark yellow to colorless. Then, a volume between 5 and 30 \u03bcL of the presynthesized Pt seeds was added and gently mixed for 10 s. The solution was kept at RT without stirring for 1 month. Three different volumes (0.015, 0.15, and 1.5 mL) of K2PtCl4 solution 0.004 M were added to 5 mL CTAB solution 0.2 M. Then, 5 mL of HAuCl4 0.001 M and 55 \u03bcL of AA 0.1 M were added simultaneously to the solutions dropwise, and then gently mixed for 10 s. The final step was the addition of 12 \u03bcL of the presynthesized Au NC seed solution to the growth solutions. The solutions were kept at RT.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "n-octylamine": "octylamine", 
            "PdCl2-(CH3CN)2": "bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "tetrahydrofuran": "oxolane", 
            "LiBEt3H": "LiBEt3H", 
            "chloroform": "chloroform", 
            "[N(n-C8H17)4]Br": "[N(n-C8H17)4]Br", 
            "Superhydride": "Superhydride", 
            "n-octyl isocyanide": "n-octyl cyanide", 
            "nitrogen": "nitrogen", 
            "THF": "l-valine", 
            "n-Octyl isocyanide": "n-octyl cyanide", 
            "benzyltriethylammonium chloride": "benzenemethanaminium, n,n,n-triethyl-, chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Hydrogen_Storage_Properties_of_Isocyanide-Stabilized_Palladium_Nanoparticles.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "octylamine", 
                "mf": "C8H19N", 
                "cid": 8143
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "benzenemethanaminium, n,n,n-triethyl-, chloride", 
                "mf": "C13H22ClN", 
                "cid": 66133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "bis(acetonitrile)dichloropalladium", 
                "mf": "C4H6Cl2N2Pd", 
                "cid": 6093782
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-valine", 
                "mf": "C5H11NO2", 
                "cid": 6287
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "[n(n-c8h17)4]br"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "chloroform", 
                "mf": "CHCl3", 
                "cid": 6212
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n-octyl cyanide", 
                "mf": "C9H17N", 
                "cid": 16715
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "superhydride", 
                "mf": "C6H15BLi", 
                "cid": 23712863
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "libet3h"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "oxolane", 
                "mf": "C4H8O", 
                "cid": 8028
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "n-Octyl isocyanide was prepared from n-octylamine and chloroform in a 50% NaOH aqueous solution in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium chloride as a phase-transfer catalyst. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, PdCl2-(CH3CN)2 (2.59 g, 10.0 mmol) and [N(n-C8H17)4]Br (surfactant:  21.9 g, 40.0 mmol) were dissolved in dehydrated tetrahydrofuran (THF) (300 mL) and stirred until an orange-yellow solution was formed. Superhydride (LiBEt3H, 30 mL, 30.0 mmol, 1.0 M THF solution) was subsequently added to the solution, and immediately the solution turned dark brown. The mixture was vigorously stirred for 30 min. Then n-octyl isocyanide (2.78 g, 20 mmol) was added into the obtained dispersion. The mixture was stirred for another 15 min, and the solvent was removed by evaporation until only a small volume remained.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "Ag": "silver", 
            "SiO2": "silicon dioxide", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "[Ag(NH3)2]OH": "[Ag(NH3)2]OH", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "TEOS": "ethyl silicate", 
            "ammonia": "ammonia", 
            "acetone": "acetone", 
            "glucose": "d-glucose"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "acetone", 
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Hydrothermal_synthesis_of_Ag@MSiO2@Ag_three_core\u2013shell_nanoparticles_and_their_sensitive_and_stable_SERS_properties.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "silicon dioxide", 
                "mf": "O2Si", 
                "cid": 24261
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethyl silicate", 
                "mf": "C8H20O4Si", 
                "cid": 6517
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "[ag(nh3)2]oh"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ammonia", 
                "mf": "H3N", 
                "cid": 222
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "10 mM [Ag(NH3)2]OH solution was prepared by adding ammonia into an aqueous solution of AgNO3 (0.17 g) until the solution turned from brown to transparent and then some more deionized water was added to obtain a total volume of 20 mL. Then, 5 ml [Ag(NH3)2]OH, 3 ml CTAB (20 mM), and 10 ml aqueous glucose (7.5 mM) solution were sequentially mixed and transferred to a 25 ml autoclave, sealed and maintained at 120 \u00b0C for 8 h. After the autoclave was cooled to room temperature naturally, the resulting precipitates were separated and washed three times by centrifugation. The above synthesized Ag NPs were added into a solution containing 25 mL of water, 15 mL of ethanol, 75 mg of CTAB and 0.25 mL of aqueous solution of ammonia. After being agitated ultrasonically for 30 min, 120 \u03bcL of TEOS was added dropwise into the solution with continuous stirring for about 10 seconds and the reaction was continued for 1 h. The particles were collected by centrifugation and washed with ethanol and water, respectively. The CTAB surfactant was removed by dissolving the sample in acetone for 6 h to form the mesoporous shell. 0.1 g AgNO3 was first dissolved into a mixed solution of water and ammonia (water 2 mL, ammonia 0.2 mL), and 1 g PVP was added into 13 mL Ag@MSiO2 (2 M) ethanol solution. The above two solutions were then mixed together and fully dispersed under magnetic stirring. After that, the mixed solution was transferred to a 20 mL autoclave, sealed and maintained at 120 \u00b0C for 12 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "d-glucose"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "d-glucose", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "4MBA": "4MBA", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "ammonia": "ammonia", 
            "water": "water", 
            "[Ag(NH3)2]OH": "[Ag(NH3)2]OH", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "R6G": "R6G", 
            "silver": "silver", 
            "glucose": "d-glucose"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Hydrothermal_synthesis_of_silver_nanocubes_with_tunable_edge_lengths_and_their_size_dependent_SERS_behaviors.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "r6g", 
                "mf": "C28H31ClN2O3", 
                "cid": 13806
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ammonia", 
                "mf": "H3N", 
                "cid": 222
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "[ag(nh3)2]oh", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "4mba"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "10 mM [Ag(NH3)2]OH solution was prepared by adding ammonia into aqueous solution of AgNO3 (0.17 g) until the solution turned from brown to transparent and then extra deionized water were added to form a total volume of 20 mL. Then, 5 mL [Ag(NH3)2]OH, 5 mL CTAB (50 mM), and 10 mL glucose (1.5 or 1 mM) aqueous solution was sequentially mixed and transferred to a 25 mL autoclave, sealed and maintained at 120 \u00b0C for 8 h. The 75 nm silver NCs were prepared by lengthening the hydrothermal time for the precursor solution with 1 mM glucose to 12 h. In order to obtain further larger silver NCs, a secondary growth method was applied. In a standard synthesis, 5 mL the as-prepared 65 nm silver NCs, 5 mL [Ag(NH3)2]OH, 5 mL CTAB (50 mM), and 10 mL glucose (1 mM) in aqueous solutions were mixed together as the precursor solution. Then the mixture solution was transferred to a 30 mL autoclave, sealed and maintained at 120 \u00b0C for 8 h. The 105 nm silver NCs were finally obtained. R6G or 4MBA-labeled silver NCs were prepared as follow: 20 \u03bcL of R6G or 4MBA (1 mM) ethanol solution was added to 5 mL of the purified silver NCs solution under stirring and agitated for 12 h at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "d-glucose"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "d-glucose", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "Au(III)": "gold triiodide", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Improved_Size-Tunable_Synthesis_of_Monodisperse_Gold_Nanorods_through_the_Use_of_Aromatic_Additives.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold triiodide", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 5 mL amount of 0.5 mM HAuCl4 was mixed with 5 mL of 0.2 M CTAB solution. A 0.6 mL portion of fresh 0.01 M NaBH4 was diluted to 1 mL with water and was then injected into the Au(III)\u2013CTAB solution under vigorous stirring (1200 rpm). The solution color changed from yellow to brownish-yellow, and the stirring was stopped after 2 min. The seed solution was aged at room temperature for 30 min before use. To prepare the growth solution, 9.0 g of CTAB together with defined amounts of additives (Table S1) were dissolved in 250 mL of warm water (50\u201370 \u00b0C, depending on the additive) in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The solution was allowed to cool to 30 \u00b0C, when a 4 mM AgNO3 solution, as detailed in Table S1, was added. The mixture was kept undisturbed at 30 \u00b0C for 15 min, after which 250 mL of 1 mM HAuCl4 solution and, if necessary, a small amount of HCl (37 wt % in water, 12.1 M) was added. After 15 min of slow stirring (400 rpm), 0.064 M ascorbic acid (Table S1) was added, and the solution was vigorously stirred for 30 s until it became colorless. The growth solution had a CTAB concentration of about 0.05 M and was used right after preparation. Finally, 0.8 mL of seed solution was injected into the growth solution. The resultant mixture was stirred for 30 s and left undisturbed at 30 \u00b0C for 12 h for NR growth.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "EDA": "diazoacetic ester", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "Cu(NO3)2": "copper nitrate", 
            "ethylenediamine": "ethylenediamine", 
            "water": "water", 
            "hydrazine": "hydrazine"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "copper nitrate", 
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Large-Scale_Synthesis_of_High-Quality_Ultralong_Copper_Nanowires.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "diazoacetic ester", 
                "mf": "C4H6N2O2", 
                "cid": 12192
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper nitrate", 
                "mf": "CuN2O6", 
                "cid": 18616
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylenediamine", 
                "mf": "C2H8N2", 
                "cid": 3301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrazine", 
                "mf": "H4N2", 
                "cid": 9321
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In each synthesis, 20\u221230 mL of NaOH (3.5\u221215 M) and 0.5\u22121.0 mL of Cu(NO3)2 (0.10 M) aqueous solution were added to a glass reactor (capacity 50 mL). Varying amounts of ethylenediamine (EDA; 0.050\u22122.0 mL; 99 wt %) and hydrazine (0.020\u22121.0 mL; 35 wt %) were also added sequentially, followed by a thorough mixing of all reagents. The reactor was then placed in a water bath with temperature control over 25\u2212100 \u00b0C (optimized at 60 \u00b0C) for 15 min to 15 h;\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)": "poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Large-Scale_Synthesis_of_Silver_Nanocubes:_The_Role_of_HCl_in_Promoting_Cube_Perfection_and_Monodispersity.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, ethylene glycol (EG; 5 mL, J. T. Baker, 9300-01) was placed in a 20-mL vial, capped, and heated with stirring in an oil bath at 140 \u00b0C for 1 h. HCl (1 mL of a 3 mM solution in EG) was then quickly added, and the vial was recapped. After 10 min, AgNO3 (3 mL of a 94 mM solution in EG; Aldrich, 209 139\u2013100G) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP; 3 mL of a solution in EG (147 mM in terms of the repeating unit); Mr\u224855 000, Aldrich, 856568-100G) were simultaneously added with a two-channel syringe pump (KDS-200, Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL) at a rate of 45 mL per hour to the stirring solution. The vial was then capped and heated at 140 \u00b0C. For the scale-up synthesis, the vial was replaced with a 100-mL flask, and the volumes of all solutions were increased by a factor of five.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "CuCl2\u00b72H2O": "CuCl2\u00b72H2O", 
            "OM": "OM", 
            "OA": "oxolinic acid", 
            "water": "water", 
            "H2O": "water", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "Cu": "copper", 
            "glucose": "d-glucose"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Large-Scale_Synthesis_of_Well-Dispersed_Copper_Nanowires_in_an_Electric_Pressure_Cooker_and_Their_Application_in_Transparent_and_Conductive_Networks.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "copper", 
                "mf": "Cu", 
                "cid": 23978
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "om"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cucl2\u00b72h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "oxolinic acid", 
                "mf": "C13H11NO5", 
                "cid": 4628
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "CuCl2\u00b72H2O (6.8 g, ~40 mmol) and glucose (7.92 g, ~40 mmol) were added to a 900 mL beaker containing 800 mL of H2O under magnetic sirring. Then, 80 mL of OM, 0.8 mL of OA, and 140 mL of ethanol were loaded to a 400 mL beaker under magnetic stirring. Afterward, these two solutions were put into a 5 L plastic container and diluted to 4000 mL with water, followed by magnetic stirring for 12 h on a 50 \u00b0C hot plate. Subsequently, the mixture was transferred to a 5 L electric pressure cooker. The reaction temperature was held for 2\u201312 h. Finally, the reddish brown CuNWs were obtained.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "d-glucose"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "d-glucose", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "copper chloride": "cupric chloride", 
            "glucose": "d-glucose", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "hexadecylamine": "hexadecylamine"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "cupric chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Low-Temperature_Large-Scale_Synthesis_and_Electrical_Testing_of_Ultralong_Copper_Nanowires\u2020.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cupric chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Cu", 
                "cid": 24014
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hexadecylamine", 
                "mf": "C16H35N", 
                "cid": 8926
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In the course of a typical preparation procedure, copper chloride (0.17 g, 12.5 mM) and glucose (0.391 g, ~2 mmol) were dissolved in 80 mL of distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask. Then hexadecylamine (1.44 g) was slowly added to the water solution followed by vigorous mixing for 5 h by magnetic stirrer until a light blue emulsion was obtained. The emulsion was placed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave of 200 mL capacity. The autoclave was rotated at 393 K for 2 h under autogenous pressure and then allowed to cool to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "d-glucose", 
            "hexadecylamine"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "d-glucose"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "water": "water", 
            "K2PdCl4": "potassium palladium chloride", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "KBr": "potassium bromide", 
            "acetone": "acetone"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium bromide", 
            "potassium palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Mechanism_of_a_Suzuki-Type_Homocoupling_Reaction_Catalyzed_by_Palladium_Nanocubes.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium bromide", 
                "mf": "BrK", 
                "cid": 253877
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl4K2Pd", 
                "cid": 61438
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The synthesis of Pd-NCs was performed by adapting procedures described in the literature. In a two-neck round-bottom flask, 105 mg of PVP, 60 mg of AA, and 0.30\u20130.90 g of KBr were dissolved in 8 mL of water and stirred for 10 min at 80 \u00b0C. In the next step, 63 mg of K2PdCl4 in 3 mL of water was added and the mixture was aged for 4 h at 80 \u00b0C. The resulting black solutions were mixed with acetone and centrifuged to collect the Pd-NCs as a fine powder.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "mercaptoacetic acid": "thioglycolic acid", 
            "AgI": "silver iodide", 
            "NaI": "sodium iodide i 125", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "silver": "silver"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver iodide", 
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Mercaptoacetic_Acid-Capped_Silver_Nanoparticles_Colloid:_Formation,_Morphology,_and_SERS_Activity.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "thioglycolic acid", 
                "mf": "C2H4O2S", 
                "cid": 1133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium iodide i 125", 
                "mf": "INa", 
                "cid": 71382
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver iodide", 
                "mf": "AgI", 
                "cid": 24563
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A total of 2.5 mL of 10-2 M AgNO3 was added to 75 mL of triply distilled water. A total of 5 mL of 10-2 M mercaptoacetic acid was added as stabilizer to the solution with stirring. After 10 min of mixing, 2.5 mL of 10-2 M NaI was dropped into the solution slowly, yielding a green-yellow AgI colloid. A total of 20 mg of NaBH4 was added to the AgI colloidal solution, and the reaction mixture was continually stirred for about 20 min. The silver colloid was finally obtained.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "thioglycolic acid"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "CTAC": "CTAC", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "AuI": "gold monoiodide", 
            "NaI": "sodium iodide i 125", 
            "borohydride": "boron hydride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "Au0": "Au0", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Au": "gold", 
            "AuIII": "gold triiodide"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Monodisperse_Gold_Nanotriangles:_Size_Control,_Large-Scale_Self-Assembly,_and_Performance_in_Surface-Enhanced_Raman_Scattering.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ctac", 
                "mf": "C19H42ClN", 
                "cid": 8154
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "au0"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold triiodide", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "boron hydride", 
                "mf": "B2", 
                "cid": 6328200
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium iodide i 125", 
                "mf": "INa", 
                "cid": 71382
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold monoiodide", 
                "mf": "AuI", 
                "cid": 82526
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The initial seeds were prepared by the standard CTAC/NaBH4 procedure: 25 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M HAuCl4 solution was added to 4.7 mL of 0.1 M CTAC solution; 300 \u03bcL of a freshly prepared 0.01 M NaBH4 solution was then injected under vigorous stirring. Excess borohydride was consumed by keeping the seed solution for 2 h at room temperature prior to use. In a typical synthesis of 40 mL of a Au NT solution the following two growth solutions were prepared: (1) 1.6 mL of a 0.1 M CTAC solution was added to 8 mL of Milli-Q water, followed by 40 \u03bcL of 0.05 M HAuCl4 solution and 15 \u03bcL of a 0.01 M NaI solution; (2) 500 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M HAuCl4 solution was added to 40 mL of 0.05 M CTAC, followed by 300 \u03bcL of a 0.01 M NaI solution. Before proceeding, the initial seed@CTAC solution was diluted 10\u00d7 in a 0.1 M CTAC solution. Subsequently, 40 and 400 \u03bcL of 0.1 M AA solution were added to solutions 1 and 2, respectively, and both solutions were manually stirred until the complete transparency of the solutions was achieved, indicating AuIII to AuI reduction. Finally, 100 \u03bcL of diluted seed@CTAC solution was added to solution 1 (and manually stirred for 1 s), and immediately 3.2 mL of this solution was added to solution 2 (and manually stirred for a few seconds). The Au NT dispersion was left undisturbed at room temperature for at least 1 h (see SI, Scheme S1, for a schematic representation of the synthetic protocol). We observed that addition of 15 \u03bcL of a 0.01 M NaI solution to solution 1 further improved the yield in NTs obtained with the fast addition procedure. Flocculation of the Au NTs was completed overnight, the supernatant was then removed, and the precipitated particles were redispersed in 5 mL of 0.1 M CTAC solution. The pellet was redispersed in 50 \u03bcL of a 0.1 M CTAC solution and sonicated briefly. Subsequently, water was added to reach a Au0 concentration of 0.5 mM. A 10 mg/mL PVP solution was prepared, sonicated for 10 min, and finally added under vigorous stirring to the Au NTs to achieve a final PVP concentration of 1 mg/mL. This solution was stirred overnight at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "KOH": "potassium hydroxide", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "oxygen": "oxygen", 
            "H2PtCl6\u00b76H2O": "H2PtCl6\u00b76H2O", 
            "HCOOH": "formic acid", 
            "polyol": "polyol", 
            "carbon": "carbon", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "acetone": "acetone"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride", 
            "potassium hydroxide", 
            "formic acid"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Nanostructured_Pt_C_and_Pd_C_catalysts_for_direct_formic_acid_fuel_cells.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "h2ptcl6\u00b76h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HKO", 
                "cid": 14797
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "oxygen", 
                "mf": "O2", 
                "cid": 977
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "formic acid", 
                "mf": "CH2O2", 
                "cid": 284
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "carbon", 
                "mf": "C", 
                "cid": 5462310
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polyol"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The catalyst loadings at the anode and cathode were 8 and 4 mg cm\u22122 respectively and the effective electrode area was 6 cm2. The fuel was 3 M HCOOH delivered at 2 ml min\u22121 by a micropump and the oxygen flow was regulated by a flowmeter at 500 cm3 min\u22121. In another approach, first used by Yu and co-workers [16] and generally known as the polyol process, an ethylene glycol solution of the metal salt was refluxed at 393\u2013443 K to generate in situ reducing species from ethylene glycol for the reduction of the metallic species. In a 100-ml beaker, 1.0 ml of an aqueous solution of 0.05 M H2PtCl6\u00b76H2O (Aldrich, A.C.S. Reagent) or 0.05 M PdCl2 was mixed with 25 ml of ethylene glycol (Mallinckrodt, AR). Next, 0.4 M KOH was added drop wise to give a total volume of 0.75 (or 0.25 ml) and then 0.040 g of Vulcan XC-72 carbon with a specific BET surface-area of 250 m2 g\u22121 and an average article size of 40 nm was added to the mixture and sonicated. The beaker and its contents were heated in a house-hold microwave oven (National NN-S327WF, 2450 MHz, 700 W) for 50 s. The resulting suspension was filtered and the residue was washed with acetone and dried at 373 K overnight in a vacuum oven.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4\u00b73 H2O": "HAuCl4\u00b73 H2O"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "New_aspects_of_gold_nanorod_formation_via_seed-mediated_method.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "haucl4\u00b73 h2o"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The seed solution was prepared in a 20 mL flask in which two aqueous solutions of HAuCl4\u00b73 H2O (5.0 mL; 0.5 mmol/L) and CTAB (2.5 mL; 0.20 mol/L) were added. In the sequence, an ice-cold aqueous solution of NaBH4 (0.6 mL; 0.01 mol/L) was added at one time. The resulting solution was kept under gentle magnetic stirring for 2 min. The resulting solution was used for a period of 2 h after the preparation.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "H[Au(Cl4)]\u00b73H2O": "h[aucl4]\u00b73h2o", 
            "C18H37SH": "n-octadecyl mercaptan", 
            "hydrogen tetrachloroaureate(III) trihydrate": "hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate", 
            "H2IrCl6\u00b7H2O": "H2IrCl6\u00b7H2O", 
            "lithium triethylborohydride": "lithium triethylborohydride", 
            "ODT": "ODT", 
            "Superhydride": "Superhydride", 
            "dihydrogen hexachloroiridate(IV)": "dihydrogen hexachloroiridate", 
            "palladium(II) acetate trimer": "palladium(II) acetate trimer", 
            "superhydride": "superhydride", 
            "nitrogen": "nitrogen", 
            "THF": "l-valine", 
            "octadecanethiol": "n-octadecyl mercaptan", 
            "[Pd(C2H3O2)2]3": "[Pd(C2H3O2)2]3"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Novel_One-Phase_Synthesis_of_Thiol-Functionalized_Gold,_Palladium,_and_Iridium_Nanoparticles_Using_Superhydride.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "lithium triethylborohydride"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "superhydride", 
                "mf": "C6H15BLi", 
                "cid": 23712863
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2ircl6\u00b7h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-valine", 
                "mf": "C5H11NO2", 
                "cid": 6287
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "dihydrogen hexachloroiridate"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n-octadecyl mercaptan", 
                "mf": "C18H38S", 
                "cid": 17905
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "odt"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "superhydride", 
                "mf": "C6H15BLi", 
                "cid": 23712863
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium(ii) acetate trimer", 
                "mf": "C4H8O4Pd", 
                "cid": 4144353
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "haucl4\u00b73h2o", 
                "synonym": "h[aucl4]\u00b73h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium acetate trimer", 
                "synonym": "[Pd(C2H3O2)2]3"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 235 mg (0.82 mmol) sample of octadecanethiol (C18H37SH, ODT) was added under vigorous stirring to a solution of 0.9 mmol of hydrogen tetrachloroaureate(III) trihydrate (H[Au(Cl4)]\u00b73H2O) in 10 mL of freshly distilled, anhydrous THF. The reaction mixture was stirred for approximately 20 min at room temperature, before a 1.0 M solution of lithium triethylborohydride in THF was added dropwise. The mixture turned dark red-brown immediately. The addition of the reducing agent was continued at increasingly slower rate, until no more gas evolution could be observed. A 0.426 g (1.5 mmol) sample of ODT was added, under vigorous stirring, to a solution of 0.336 g (0.5 mmol) of palladium(II) acetate trimer ([Pd(C2H3O2)2]3) in 10 mL of freshly distilled THF. The solution immediately turned light brown and was stirred for an additional 30 min. \u201cSuperhydride\u201d (8 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h more, at which point it was dark brown. A 0.186 g (0.5 mmol) sample of dihydrogen hexachloroiridate(IV) H2IrCl6\u00b7H2O was added under vigorous stirring to a solution of 0.142 g (0.5 mmol) of ODT in 10 mL of freshly distilled THF under nitrogen. A 7 mL aliquot of \u201csuperhydride\u201d was added dropwise to the solution, which turned light greenish brown and became more homogeneous.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "n-hexane": "hexane", 
            "copper": "copper", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "octadecylamine": "stearylamine", 
            "copper (II) chloride": "copper chloride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "ODA": "saccharin sodium"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Obtaining_ultra-long_copper_nanowires_via_a_hydrothermal_process.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "copper", 
                "mf": "Cu", 
                "cid": 23978
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "saccharin sodium", 
                "mf": "C7H4NNaO3S", 
                "cid": 656582
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "stearylamine", 
                "mf": "C18H39N", 
                "cid": 15793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Cu", 
                "cid": 24014
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hexane", 
                "mf": "C6H14", 
                "cid": 8058
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical process for synthesizing copper nanowires, 2 mmol octadecylamine (ODA) was added to 80 mL of copper (II) chloride (12.5 mmol L-1) aqueous solution and vigorously stirred for 5 h forming a blue emulsion.  Then the solution was transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave of 100-mL capacity and heated at 120\u2013180 \u00b0C for 48 h. After the autoclave was cooled down to room temperature naturally, the supernatant was decanted and the final product was obtained after washing the solid part with n-hexane, deionized water and ethanol, respectively.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "Pt": "platinum", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "NaI": "sodium iodide i 125", 
            "FeCl3": "iron trichloride", 
            "Na2PtCl6\u00b76H2O": "Na2PtCl6\u00b76H2O", 
            "water": "water", 
            "DI water": "ddi water", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "KBr": "potassium bromide", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "DEG": "diethylene glycol"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "iron trichloride", 
            "potassium bromide", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "diethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "One-Pot_Synthesis_of_Penta-twinned_Palladium_Nanowires_and_Their_Enhanced_Electrocatalytic_Properties.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "platinum", 
                "mf": "Pt", 
                "cid": 23939
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "diethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C4H10O3", 
                "cid": 8117
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "na2ptcl6\u00b76h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium iodide i 125", 
                "mf": "INa", 
                "cid": 71382
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "iron trichloride", 
                "mf": "Cl3Fe", 
                "cid": 24380
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium bromide", 
                "mf": "BrK", 
                "cid": 253877
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ddi water"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a standard synthesis, 105 mg of PVP, 100 mg of AA, 100 mg of NaI, and 5 \u03bcL of aqueous HCl (12 M) were dissolved in 8 mL of DEG hosted in a 24 mL vial and heated at 160 \u00b0C in an oil bath for 15 min under magnetic stirring. Subsequently, 3 mL of DEG containing 30 mg of Na2PdCl4 was added in one shot through a pipet. After the reaction had proceeded for 1 h, it was terminated by immersing the vial in an ice\u2013water bath. In a typical procedure, 2.0 mL of the Pd nanowires (0.20 mg/mL), 100 mg of AA, 66.6 mg of PVP, 54 mg of KBr, and 13 mL of EG were mixed in a 50 mL three-neck flask and heated at 110 \u00b0C for 15 min under magnetic stirring. The reaction temperature was then quickly ramped to 200 \u00b0C within 30 min. Meanwhile, 1.2 mg of Na2PtCl6\u00b76H2O was dissolved in 12 mL of EG and this solution was then injected into the flask using a syringe pump at a rate of 4 mL/h. After completion of the injection, the reaction mixture was kept at 200 \u00b0C for another 10 min. The reaction was quenched by immersing the flask in an ice bath. In a typical process, 0.5 mL of the aqueous suspension of Pd@Pt core\u2013sheath nanowires (0.48 mg/mL), 25 mg of FeCl3, 0.15 mL of HCl (12 M), 50 mg of PVP, 300 mg of KBr, and 7 mL of DI water was mixed in a 20 mL vial. The vial was then immersed in an oil bath held at 95 \u00b0C under magnetic stirring.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "5-HT": "5-HT", 
            "5-hydroxytryptamine": "serotonin", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "One-pot_synthesis_of_chain-like_palladium_nanocubes_and_their_enhanced_electrocatalytic_activity_for_fuel-cell_applications.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "serotonin", 
                "mf": "C10H12N2O", 
                "cid": 5202
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "5-ht", 
                "mf": "C10H12N2O", 
                "cid": 5202
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 10 ml aqueous solution of PdCl2 (0.1 mM) was taken in a beaker and then 0.1 ml of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (10 mM) was rapidly injected into the solution, allowed for 30 min in static state.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "NaOL": "NaOL", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "One-pot_synthesis_of_gold_nanorods_using_binary_surfactant_systems_with_improved_monodispersity,_dimensional_tunability_and_plasmon_resonance_scattering_properties.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "naol"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 140 mg (37 mM in the final growth solution) of CTAB and 31 mg (9.9 mM in the final growth solution) of NaOL were dissolved in 5 ml of warm water (~50 \u00b0C). The solution was allowed to cool down to 30 \u00b0C and 5 ml HAuCl4 (1 mM) solution was added. The solution became colorless after 5 min of ultrasonication. Following this, 250 \u03bcl AgNO3 (4 mM) solution was added, and the mixture was gently shaken. 50 \u03bcl HCl (37 wt% in water, 12 M) was introduced to adjust the pH value to ~1.5. Then, 15 \u03bcl of freshly prepared AA (100 mM) was added to the solution. The mixture was ultrasonicated for around 5 min until it achieved homogeneous mixing. Finally, 1 \u03bcl ice-cold NaBH4 (10 mM) was injected into the unstirred solution and allowed to react for 6 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "copper": "copper", 
            "copper(II) nitride": "copper(II) nitride", 
            "L-ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "Cu": "copper", 
            "Polyvinylpyrrolidone": "povidone"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "One-step_green_route_to_narrowly_dispersed_copper_nanocrystals.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper", 
                "mf": "Cu", 
                "cid": 23978
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper(ii) nitride"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis of copper nanoparticles, 50 ml aqueous solution of 0.4 M L-ascorbic acid (reagent grade, fine crystal, Fisher Scientific) and 0.8 M Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (in repeating unit, weight-average molecular weight of 58,000, Acros Organics) was directly mixed with another 50 ml aqueous solution of 0.01 M copper(II) nitride (anhydrous, 99%, Acros Organics) and 0.8 M PVP under stirring. Then the mixture was kept in constant 45\u00b0C without any inert gas protection. After 3 h there was no further color change and red Cu nanoparticles were collected via centrifuge (8000 rpm for 30 min) of the colloid.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "L-ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "sodium borohydride": "sodium borohydride", 
            "H2O": "water", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "KI": "potassium iodide", 
            "TSC": "thiosemicarbazide", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Au": "gold", 
            "trisodium citrate dihydrate": "trisodium citrate dihydrate", 
            "PVP": "povidone"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "One-step_seeded_growth_of_Au_nanoparticles_with_widely_tunable_sizes.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium iodide", 
                "mf": "IK", 
                "cid": 4875
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "thiosemicarbazide", 
                "mf": "CH5N3S", 
                "cid": 2723789
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "trisodium citrate dihydrate", 
                "mf": "C6H9Na3O9", 
                "cid": 71474
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, Au seeds with an average diameter of ~3 nm (TEM, ESI\u2020) were prepared by a direct reduction method using sodium borohydride as the reducing agent and trisodium citrate dihydrate (TSC) as the capping agent. More specifically, 1 mL of HAuCl4 (5 mM) and 1 mL of TSC (5 mM) were mixed with 18 mL of H2O in a flask. Under vigorous stirring, 0.6 mL of freshly made NaBH4 solution (0.1 M) was quickly injected into the solution, leading to an immediate color change to yellowish red. After stirring for 4 h, the solution was collected as the seed solution for subsequent seeded growth. Again under vigorous stirring, a predetermined amount of the seed solution (1\u20131600 \u03bcL) was then quickly injected into a freshly prepared growth solution of Au containing 500 \u03bcL of PVP (5 wt%), 250 \u03bcL of L-ascorbic acid (0.1 M), 200 \u03bcL of KI (0.2 M), 60 \u03bcL of HAuCl4 (0.25 M), and 2 mL of H2O.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "trisodium citrate dihydrate"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "sodium borohydride": "sodium borohydride", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Palladium_nanowires_stabilized_by_thiol-functionalized_ionic_liquid:_seed-mediated_synthesis_and_heterogeneous_catalyst_for_Sonogashira_coupling_reaction.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In the next step, an excess amount of sodium borohydride was added to the mixture containing 10 ml of 1.0 mM H2PdCl4 and 0.5 ml of 2.2 nm as-prepared gold seeds under vigorous stirring at room temperature. The nanocomposite was precipitated, and the supernatant liquid was removed by ethanol.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "Pd(NH3)4Cl2": "tetramminepalladium chloride", 
            "phosphoric acid": "phosphoric acid", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "aluminum": "aluminium", 
            "H2SO4": "sulfuric acid", 
            "AAO": "AAO", 
            "SnCl4": "stannic chloride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "Na2EDTA": "na2-edta", 
            "alumina": "alumina", 
            "Ar": "argon", 
            "acetone": "acetone", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "chromic acid": "dichromic acid", 
            "NH3 \u00b7 H2O": "NH3 \u00b7 H2O", 
            "Pt": "platinum"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "stannic chloride", 
            "sodium hydroxide", 
            "tetramminepalladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Pd_nanowire_arrays_as_electrocatalysts_for_ethanol_electrooxidation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "platinum", 
                "mf": "Pt", 
                "cid": 23939
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "aluminium", 
                "mf": "Al", 
                "cid": 5359268
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "na2-edta", 
                "mf": "C10H14N2Na2O8", 
                "cid": 8759
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "alumina", 
                "mf": "Al2O3", 
                "synonym": "alumina", 
                "cid": 14769
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "aao", 
                "mf": "C37H63NO28", 
                "cid": 4369393
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "phosphoric acid", 
                "mf": "H3O4P", 
                "cid": 1004
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "stannic chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl4Sn", 
                "cid": 24287
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "argon", 
                "mf": "Ar", 
                "cid": 23968
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sulfuric acid", 
                "mf": "H2O4S", 
                "cid": 1118
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "dichromic acid", 
                "mf": "Cr2H2O7", 
                "cid": 26090
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nh3 \u00b7 h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "tetramminepalladium chloride"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Prior to anodizing, high-purity aluminum foils (99.999%) were annealed at 500 \u00b0C for 2 h in vacuum, then degreased in acetone. Anodization was carried out for 2 h with 1 M H2SO4 to form the holes. After removing the alumina layer formed at the above step in a mixture of phosphoric acid (6 wt%) and chromic acid (1.8 wt%), the aluminum foils were anodized again at the same condition as the first step for 5 h, then the AAO templates were etched by saturated SnCl4 solution to remove the remaining aluminum. The AAO templates were etched treatment carried out in a 5 wt% phosphoric acid solution at 25 \u00b0C for 20 min to remove the barrier layer on the bottom side of the AAO. Electro-deposition was carried out in an aqueous solution containing 0.5 g L\u22121 Pd(NH3)4Cl2 and 0.8 g L\u22121 Na2EDTA to prepare Pd nanowire arrays. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 8.5 with NH3 \u00b7 H2O. The Pd nanowire arrays electrode was prepared using the potential of \u22120.6 V for 40 min under stirring. All of the solutions were prepared by using distilled water and were purged with Ar before experiment. The Pd nanowire arrays embedded in AAO were lastly dipped into 2 M NaOH solution for 1 h to remove the AAO completely and washed by distilled water several times. The PTFE, Pt loading on electrode was 0.24 mg cm\u22122. A standard three-electrode cell was used and was controlled at 25 \u00b0C using a water bath during the experiment.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "cyclohexane": "cyclohexane", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "Hydrogen tetracholoaurate": "hydrogen tetracholoroaurate", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "tetradodecylammonium bromide": "tetradodecylammonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4\u00b73H2O": "HAuCl4\u00b73H2O", 
            "hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "acetone": "acetone"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "cyclohexane", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Photochemical_Synthesis_of_Gold_Nanorods.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "cyclohexane", 
                "mf": "C6H12", 
                "cid": 8078
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "tetradodecylammonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C48H100BrN", 
                "cid": 3014871
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "haucl4\u00b73h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen tetracholoroaurate"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A quantity of 3 mL of an aqueous solution of 0.08 M hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.42 mg/mL tetradodecylammonium bromide was used as the growth solution. Hydrogen tetracholoaurate (0.25 mL of 0.024 M, HAuCl4\u00b73H2O, Alfa Aeser) was added to the solution as the precursor of gold, and 0.065 mL of acetone and 0.045 mL of cyclohexane were added to loosen the micellar structure. Different amounts of 0.01 M silver nitrate (AgNO3) aqueous solution were added to the solution. The solution was irradiated with a 254-nm UV light (420 \u03bcW/cm2) for about 30 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "(CF3COO)2Pd": "(CF3COO)2Pd", 
            "DEG": "diethylene glycol"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "diethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Polyol_Synthesis_of_Ultrathin_Pd_Nanowires_via_Attachment-Based_Growth_and_Their_Enhanced_Activity_towards_Formic_Acid_Oxidation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "diethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C4H10O3", 
                "cid": 8117
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "(cf3coo)2pd"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a standard synthesis, PVP (30 mg) and DEG (2 mL) were added into a glass vial and heated in an oil bath at 140 \u00b0C under magnetic stirring. Then, another DEG solution (1 mL) containing (CF3COO)2Pd (10 mg) was quickly injected with a pipette. The vial was removed from the oil bath 3 h later and naturally cooled down to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "Na2PdCl4\u00b73H2O": "Na2PdCl4\u00b73H2O", 
            "l-ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "Pd2+": "Pd2+", 
            "CMC": "carboxymethylcellulose", 
            "water": "water", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Precise_Seed-Mediated_Growth_and_Size-Controlled_Synthesis_of_Palladium_Nanoparticles_Using_a_Green_Chemistry_Approach.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "na2pdcl4\u00b73h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "carboxymethylcellulose", 
                "mf": "C8H16O8", 
                "cid": 24748
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pd2+"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "First, 250 mL of a 0.15 wt % CMC aqueous solution was introduced into a 500 mL volumetric flask and gradually heated to 95 \u00b0C using a stirred/hot plate followed by the addition of 1000 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M Na2PdCl4\u00b73H2O aqueous solution under stirring (700 rpm). Subsequently, 3000 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M l-ascorbic acid aqueous solution was added under constant stirring (700 rpm) and allowed to proceed for a reduction reaction at 95 \u00b0C for 5 min. Finally, the reaction system (i.e., volumetric flask) was moved from the hot stir plate to a room temperature (~23 \u00b0C) stir plate and then aged for about 24 h under stirring (300 rpm) prior to transmission electron microscopy characterization of these Pd nanoparticle seeds. After the Pd nanoparticle seeds were aged for 24 h, a seed-mediated growth process was performed. The Pd seeds were first mixed with a certain amount of Pd salt followed by a gradual addition of ascorbic acid solution. For the growth of 4.8 nm Pd nanoparticles, 360 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M Na2PdCl4\u00b73H2O aqueous solution was added to 50 mL of the aqueous Pd nanoparticle seed dispersion in flask (I) and then stirred (700 rpm) for 3 h to allow a complete mixing of the Pd2+ with the Pd nanoparticle seeds at room temperature. Next, 1800 \u03bcL of a 0.03 M l-ascorbic acid aqueous solution was slowly added (dropwise) under stirring (700 rpm). In flask (II), for the growth of 6.2 nm Pd nanoparticles, 50 mL of the aqueous Pd nanoparticle seed dispersion was initially mixed with 1000 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M Na2PdCl4\u00b73H2O aqueous solution and stirred (700 rpm) for 3 h. This was followed by slow addition (dropwise) of 5000 \u03bcL of a 0.03 M l-ascorbic acid aqueous solution under stirring (700 rpm) at room temperature. In flask (III), for the growth of 7.6 nm Pd nanoparticles, 50 mL of the aqueous Pd nanoparticle seed dispersion was mixed with 2040 \u03bcL of a 0.05 M Na2PdCl4\u00b73H2O aqueous solution and stirred (700 rpm) for 3 h at room temperature. Subsequently, 10 200 \u03bcL of a 0.03 M l-ascorbic acid aqueous solution was slowly added (dropwise) under stirring (700 rpm). After the addition of the ascorbic acid solutions, the stirring speed was changed to 300 rpm where the growth systems were aged for 7 h. In the case of the CMC that had been heated to 95 \u00b0C, 250 mL of a 0.15 wt % CMC aqueous solution was introduced into a 500 mL volumetric flask and gradually heated to 95 \u00b0C using a stir/hot plate. After aging 5 min at 95 \u00b0C, the CMC solution in water was allowed to cool to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "BDAC": "BDAC", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "benzyldimethylhexadecylammoniumchloride": "benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride", 
            "silver": "silver"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Preparation_and_Growth_Mechanism_of_Gold_Nanorods_(NRs)_Using_Seed-Mediated_Growth_Method.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "bdac", 
                "mf": "C12H24O6Si", 
                "cid": 83199
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride", 
                "mf": "C25H46ClN", 
                "cid": 31202
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "To grow longer NRs with aspect ratios ranging from 4.6 to 10, a binary surfactant mixture composed of benzyldimethylhexadecylammoniumchloride (BDAC) and CTAB was used. NRs are grown in this mixture either by aging or by addition of a growth solution suitable to shorter NRs. CTAB solution (5 mL, 0.20 M) was mixed with 5.0 mL of 0.00050 M HAuCl4. To the stirred solution, 0.60 mL of ice-cold 0.010 M NaBH4 was added, which resulted in the formation of a brownish yellow solution. Vigorous stirring of the seed solution was continued for 2 min. After the solution was stirred, it was kept at 25 \u00b0C. CTAB (5 mL, 0.20 M) was added to (0.050, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mL) of 0.0040 M AgNO3 solution at 25 \u00b0C. To this solution, 5.0 mL of 0.0010 M HAuCl4 was added, and after gentle mixing of the solution 70 \u03bcL of 0.0788 M ascorbic acid was added. The final step was the addition of 12 \u03bcL of the seed solution to the growth solution at 27\u221230 \u00b0C. The color of the solution gradually changed within 10\u221220 min. The temperature of the growth medium was kept constant at 27\u221230 \u00b0C in all the experiments. In both cases a binary surfactant mixture of benzyldimethylhexadecylammoniumchloride (BDAC) and CTAB was used. In the first approach the surfactant mixture was prepared by adding 5 mL of 0.15 M BDAC to 0.010, 0.030, 0.050, 0.080, 0.10, 0.12, and 0.20 g of CTAB for making surfactant mixtures with ratios of 27 to 1.3. After dissolving the mixtures by sonication (20 min at 40 \u00b0C), each solution was added to 200 \u03bcL of 0.0040 M AgNO3. In these solutions the silver content was kept constant while the fraction of the cosurfactant (CTAB) was changed. To this solution, 5.0 mL of 0.0010 M HAuCl4 was added, and after gentle mixing of the solution 70 \u03bcL of 0.0778 M ascorbic acid was added. By aging the NR solution for 7 days, the aspect ratio increases to 9\u221210. The growth process was initiated after adding 12 \u03bcL of seed solution. The growth solution (called B) was prepared by adding 5.0 mL of a mixture of 0.15 M BDAC and 0.10 g of CTAB to 200 \u03bcL of 0.0040 M AgNO3. This solution was then added to 5.0 mL of 0.00050 M HAuCl4 solution. To this solution, 36 \u03bcL of 0.0778 M ascorbic acid was added, which resulted in a colorless solution. The growth solution (B) was added to solution A at a rate of 1.0 mL per 20 min. The growth solution (B) was added to solution A at a rate of 1.0 mL per 20 min. By introducing 12 \u03bcL of the 5-min-aged seed solution to a growth solution, the NRs start to grow.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "BDAC"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "NaCl": "sodium chloride", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "polyvinylpyrrolidone": "povidone"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium chloride", 
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Preparation_and_optical_properties_of_silver_nanowires_and_silver-nanowire_thin_films.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium chloride", 
                "mf": "ClNa", 
                "cid": 5234
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Typically, 0.68 g AgNO3 was dissolved in 60 mL of ethylene glycol (EG, 99%). Then, 1.766 g polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW = 1.3 Mg/mol) and 4.6 mg NaCl was dissolved in 40 mL EG at 120 \u00b0C while stirring at 600 rpm. The PVP/NaCl/EG solution was then added to the AgNO3/EG solution drop-by-drop under vigorous stirring. The combined solution was allowed to mix for 5 min and was then transferred into a 125 mL autoclave. The autoclave was heated at 160 \u00b0C for 7 h, and then allowed to cool to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "CuCl2\u00b72H2O": "CuCl2\u00b72H2O", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "hydrazine monohydrate": "hydrazine hydrate", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "poly-vinylpyrrolidone": "polyvinylpyrrolidone", 
            "Cu": "copper"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Rapid_and_large-scale_synthesis_of_Cu_nanowires_via_a_continuous_flow_solvothermal_process_and_its_application_in_dye-sensitized_solar_cells_(DSSCs).txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "copper", 
                "mf": "Cu", 
                "cid": 23978
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrazine hydrate", 
                "mf": "H6N2O", 
                "cid": 24654
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cucl2\u00b72h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "synonym": "polyvinylpyrrolidone", 
                "cid": 6917
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "To prepare feed precursor solutions for a typical synthesizing CuNWs, 0.5 mM CuCl2\u00b72H2O (in ethanol solvent), and 0.5 mM long-chain poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 60[thin space (1/6-em)]000, in ethanol solvent) were, simultaneously, injected dropwise into a round-bottom flask which was magnetically stirred at a rate of 45 mL h\u22121. Then the precursor solution was pre-heated for 3 min and flowed through a continuous flow reactor (CFR, Scheme 1) using a low flow peristaltic pump at a total rate of 5.0 mL min\u22121 under refluxing conditions at 80 \u00b0C, while hydrazine monohydrate (50% vol. in ethanol) was prepared in a separate flask with the appropriate feed lines inserted, such that the final concentration of the precursor solution in the reaction column would be persisted unchanged.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "hydrazine hydrate", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "NaHS": "sodium hydrosulfide", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "Na2S": "sodium sulfide", 
            "poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)": "poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)", 
            "water": "water", 
            "sulfide": "hydrosulfide", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "silver": "silver"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Rapid_synthesis_of_small_silver_nanocubes_by_mediating_polyol_reduction_with_a_trace_amount_of_sodium_sulfide_or_sodium_hydrosulfide.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydrosulfide", 
                "mf": "HNaS", 
                "cid": 28015
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium sulfide", 
                "mf": "HNa2S+", 
                "cid": 237873
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrosulfide", 
                "mf": "HS-", 
                "cid": 5047209
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 6 mL ethylene glycol (EG, J.T. Baker, 9300-03) was heated under stirring with a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar for 1 hour in a 24-mL glass vial. While the EG was heated, EG solutions containing AgNO3 (48 mg/mL, Aldrich, 209139) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, 20 mg/mL, MW ~55,000, Aldrich, 856568) were prepared. A 3 mM solution of Na2S (Aldrich, 208043) or NaHS (Aldrich, 161527) in EG was also prepared 45 minutes prior to injection. Shortly after injecting 80 \u03bcL of the sulfide solution, 1.5 mL and 0.5 mL of the PVP and AgNO3 solutions were sequentially injected (all with a micro-pipettor). As silver nitrate was added, the clear and colorless solution immediately turned purple-black, followed instantly by a transparent bright yellow color. In a typical synthesis, a fixed amount (100 \u03bcL) of the as-synthesized silver nanocubes was dispersed in 5 mL water containing 1 mg/mL PVP in a 50 mL flask under magnetic stirring and then heated to boil for 10 minutes. A specific amount (3 mL) of 0.2 mM HAuCl4 aqueous solution was added to the flask through a syringe pump at a rate of 45 mL/h under magnetic stirring. The solution was heated for another 10 minutes until the color of the system was stable.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "NaCl": "sodium chloride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate": "hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate", 
            "Au": "gold", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "tannic acid": "tannic acid", 
            "trisodium citrate": "sodium citrate", 
            "BSPP": "BSPP"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Role_of_Salt_in_the_Spontaneous_Assembly_of_Charged_Gold_Nanoparticles_in_Ethanol.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium chloride", 
                "mf": "ClNa", 
                "cid": 5234
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen tetrachloroaurate trihydrate", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "tannic acid", 
                "mf": "C76H52O46", 
                "cid": 16129778
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "bspp"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "cid": 6224
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Briefly, a 20 mL aqueous solution containing 4 mL of 1% (w/w) trisodium citrate and 0.08 mL of 1% (w/w) tannic acid was rapidly added to an 80 mL aqueous solution containing 1 mL of 1% (w/w) hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate after all were heated to 60 \u00b0C. Then the mixed solution was boiled for about 10 min under magnetic stirring. The solution was subsequently cooled to room temperature (RT) with chilled water. In brief, the AuNPs solution was mixed with an excess quantity of BSPP (with a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL), and then shaken overnight. In a typical process, 1.0 mL AuNP solution was first washed carefully with water after centrifugation at 10 000 rpm (12 745g) for 6 min, then to the precipitate (ca. 1 \u03bcL) was added 10 \u03bcL of 4.0 mM NaCl aqueous solution before the addition of ethanol (100 \u03bcL), and finally the mixture was allowed to sit for 30 min.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "sodium citrate", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "water": "water", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "CTAC": "CTAC"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-Mediated_Growth_of_Nearly_Monodisperse_Palladium_Nanocubes_with_Controllable_Sizes.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ctac", 
                "mf": "C19H42ClN", 
                "cid": 8154
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A ten millimolar H2PdCl4 solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1773 g of PdCl2 in 10 mL of 0.2 M HCl and further diluting to 100 mL with double distilled water. 0.5 mL of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was added to 10 mL of 12.5 mM CTAB solution under stirring, and then the solution was heated at 95 \u00b0C for 5 min before 80 \u03bcL of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 30 min. 125 \u03bcL of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was added to 5 mL of 50 mM CTAB solution kept at 40 \u00b0C, different volumes (400 \u03bcL for 37 nm, 200 \u03bcL for 44 nm, 80 \u03bcL for 56 nm, 40 \u03bcL for 76 nm, 10 \u03bcL for 109 nm nanocubes) of the as-synthesized 22 nm Pd nanocubes solution were added, and then 25 \u03bcL of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added and mixed thoroughly. The resulting solution was placed in a water bath at 40 \u00b0C. The reactions were stopped after 14 h by centrifuging (12000 rpm, 10 min). All procedures were the same as those described for seed-mediated growth of bigger Pd nanocubes except that 80 \u03bcL of CTAC-capped Pd seed solution was added as seeds and CTAC solution was used instead of CTAB solution. The reduction process was rather fast and the color of the solution turned brownish yellow within 30 s. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 30 min.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "water": "water", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "HNO3": "nitrogen hydroxide oxide (n(oh)2o)", 
            "borohydride": "boron hydride", 
            "nitric acid": "nitrogen hydroxide oxide (n(oh)2o)"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-Mediated_Growth_of_Ultralong_Gold_Nanorods_and_Nanowires_with_a_Wide_Range_of_Length_Tunability.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "boron hydride", 
                "mf": "B2", 
                "cid": 6328200
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n(oh)2o"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A volume of 10 mL of aqueous solution containing 0.25 mM HAuCl4 and 0.10 M CTAB was prepared in a 20 mL vial. Concurrently, 10 mL of 0.02 M ice-cold NaBH4 was freshly made. Then 450 \u03bcL of the NaBH4 solution was introduced into the CTAB\u2013HAuCl4 solution while stirring vigorously. After stirring for 5 min, the solution was kept undisturbed for 2 h at 27 \u00b0C to decompose excess borohydride by water. First, two 25 mL flasks and one 50 mL conical flask were labeled A, B, and C. For samples a\u2013f, or series I samples (see Table S1 in the Supporting Information), 1.9681 g of CTAB, deionized water (52.569 mL for sample a, 52.596 mL for samples b and e, 52.623 mL for samples c and d, and 52.542 mL for sample f), and 1.35 mL of 0.01 M HAuCl4 solution were mixed. Next, various amounts of NaOH or HNO3 solution were added to the mixture (81, 54, and 27 \u03bcL of 0.5 M NaOH solution for samples a, b, and c and 27, 54, and 108 \u03bcL of 0.5 M HNO3 solution for samples d, e, and f, respectively). At this point, the total solution volume is 54 mL. CTAB and HAuCl4 concentrations in the growth solution are, respectively, 0.1 M and 0.25 mM excluding the volume of ascorbic acid. Then 4.5 mL of the growth solution was added to flasks A and B and 45 mL to flask C. Finally, 25, 25, and 250 \u03bcL of 0.1 M ascorbic acid were, respectively, introduced into flasks A, B, and C. The flasks were gently shaken until the solutions became colorless. Here a mixture of 1.093 g of CTAB, 29.475 mL of deionized water, and 525 \u03bcL of 0.01 M HAuCl4 solution was made first. A volume of 2.5 mL of the solution was transferred to flasks A and B and 25 mL to flask C. CTAB and HAuCl4 concentrations in the growth solution are, respectively, 0.1 M and 0.175 mM excluding the volume of nitric acid and ascorbic acid. Subsequently, 0.5 M HNO3 solution was added to flask C only (0.0504, 0.252, 0.550, 1.1, and 3.0 mL of HNO3 solution for samples g, h, i, j, and k and 0.0504, 0.252, 1.1, 3.0, and 5.0 mL of HNO3 solution for samples l, m, n, o, and p, respectively). Finally, 10, 10, and 100 \u03bcL of 0.1 M ascorbic acid solution was introduced into flasks A, B, and C, respectively. For series I, II, and III samples, 400, 200, and 200 \u03bcL of the gold seed solution was, respectively, added to flask A and shaken slightly for 10 s. Immediately 400 (series I) and 200 \u03bcL (series II and III) of the solution in flask A was transferred to flask B and shaken for 10 s. Finally, 4 mL (series I), 2 mL (series II), and 200 \u03bcL (series III) of the solution in flask B was transferred to flask C and shaken for 5 s. Flask C was left undisturbed for 12 h for completion of nanorod and nanowire growth.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "sodium borohydride": "sodium borohydride", 
            "ethanolic": "ethanolic", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "D-glucose": "d-glucose", 
            "4-MBA": "4-mercaptobutyramidine", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "citrate": "citric acid", 
            "water": "water", 
            "borohydride": "boron hydride", 
            "Gold": "gold", 
            "trisodium citrate": "sodium citrate", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "sodium citrate": "sodium citrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-Mediated_Synthesis_of_Gold_Nanorods:_Role_of_the_Size_and_Nature_of_the_Seed.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanolic"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "boron hydride", 
                "mf": "B2", 
                "cid": 6328200
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "4-mercaptobutyramidine", 
                "mf": "C4H10N2S", 
                "cid": 130303
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "d-glucose", 
                "mf": "C6H12O6", 
                "cid": 5793
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "citric acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O7", 
                "cid": 311
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "cid": 6224
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The seeds were synthesized according to our method reported previously. Typically this involves the preparation of a 20 mL aqueous solution containing 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 and 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M trisodium citrate. To this solution was added 0.6 mL of ice cold 0.1 M NaBH4 with stirring. The seed particles were stored at 25 \u00b0C for 3 h prior to any further experimentation, to allow excess borohydride to be decomposed by water. A 10 mL sample of the citrate-stabilized seed solution (the 3.5 nm seed solution mentioned above in (a)), aged after 3 h of synthesis, was taken in a conical flask. Next, to this was added 250 \u03bcL of a 10-2 M ethanolic solution of 4-MBA with stirring. Typically, 18 mL of an aqueous solution of 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 was prepared in a conical flask. To this solution was added 2 mL of 1 M D-glucose. The solution was heated to 60 \u00b0C, 40 \u03bcL of 1 M NaOH was added, and the resulting solution was subsequently stirred rapidly for 10 s. The seed solution was cooled to room temperature and used directly for all further experiments. Specifically, 100 mL of an aqueous solution of 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 was heated to boiling. To this was added 10 mL of an aqueous solution of 1% sodium citrate, and boiling was continued. Next, a growth solution was prepared wherein 100 mL of an aqueous solution of 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 was taken in a conical flask. To this was added 3 g of solid CTAB (0.08 M final CTAB concentration), and the resulting solution was heated with stirring. The solution was cooled to room temperature and used as a stock solution.  A 7.5 mL aliquot of the growth solution was mixed with 50 \u03bcL of freshly prepared 0.1 M ascorbic acid solution. Next, 2.5 mL of the 3.5 nm seed solution was added with stirring. Stirring was continued for a further 10 min for complete reduction of the gold salt. A 9 mL sample of the growth solution and 50 \u03bcL of 0.1 M ascorbic acid solution were mixed, and 1.0 mL of the 3.5 nm seed solution was added with vigorous stirring. Stirring was continued for an additional 10 min. The final color of the solution was dark red, and the particles prepared by this method were 8.0 \u00b1 0.8 nm. A 9 mL sample of the growth solution was mixed with 50 \u03bcL of 0.1 M ascorbic acid solution, and 1.0 mL of the 8.0 nm seed solution (as synthesized above) was added with vigorous stirring. Specifically, to a 10 mL 0.1 M aqueous solution of CTAB was added 250 \u03bcL of 0.01 M HAuCl4. To the stirred solution was added 0.60 mL of 0.01 M sodium borohydride, which resulted in the formation of a brown-yellow solution. Vigorous stirring of the seed solution, which was kept at 25 \u00b0C, was continued for 2 min. This seed solution was further used for the synthesis of gold nanorods after 30 min of its synthesis. Gold nanorods were synthesized by the three-step seeding protocol as described previously. Specifically, two 20 mL conical flasks and one 100 mL conical flask (labeled A, B, and C, respectively) were taken. To these flasks were added 9 mL (in flasks A and B) and 45 mL (in flask C) of growth solution containing a mixture of 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 and 0.1 M CTAB solutions. To these solutions were added 50 \u03bcL (flasks A and B) and 250 \u03bcL (flask C) of 0.1 M freshly prepared ascorbic acid, and the resulting solutions were stirred gently. The orange color of the gold salt in the CTAB solution disappeared when ascorbic acid was added. After 15 s, 1.0 mL of sample A was mixed with sample B (step 2). A 5.0 mL portion of sample B was further added to sample C after 30 s (step 3). In all cases, each flask was gently stirred to homogenize the solutions. The solution in flask C was kept at 25 \u00b0C for a period of 16 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanorod"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "citric acid", 
            "d-glucose"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "citric acid", 
            "d-glucose", 
            "sodium citrate"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PdCl42": "PdCl42", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "cetyltrimethylammonium bromide": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "oxygen": "oxygen", 
            "copper(II) acetate": "cupric acetate", 
            "NaCl": "sodium chloride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "l-(+)-ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "nitrogen": "nitrogen", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium chloride", 
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-Mediated_Synthesis_of_Palladium_Nanorods_and_Branched_Nanocrystals_and_Their_Use_as_Recyclable_Suzuki_Coupling_Reaction_Catalysts.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "oxygen", 
                "mf": "O2", 
                "cid": 977
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pdcl42"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium chloride", 
                "mf": "ClNa", 
                "cid": 5234
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cupric acetate", 
                "mf": "C4H6CuO4", 
                "cid": 8895
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "First, a 2.0 mM PdCl42\u2212 solution was prepared by dissolving 0.0355 g of deep brown PdCl2 powder (Aldrich, 99%) and 0.876 g of NaCl in 100 mL of deionized water. In a round-bottom flask, 10 mL of 2.5 \u00d7 10\u22124 M PdCl42\u2212 aqueous solution, prepared by diluting the 2.0 mM PdCl42\u2212 solution, was bubbled with nitrogen for 30 min to remove the dissolved oxygen and prevent reoxidation of the initially formed seed particles. The bubbled solution was injected into a two-neck flask containing 0.3645 g (1 mmol) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant (Alfa Aesar, 98%) and stirred until the CTAB powder was dissolved. Concurrently, 10 mL of ice-cold 0.015 M NaBH4 (Aldrich, 98%) solution was prepared in another flask. Next, 220 \u03bcL of the NaBH4 aqueous solution was injected into the solution in the two-neck flask. This solution must be kept under nitrogen to avoid exposure to air. Two 20 mL vials labeled A and B were used. The growth solution was prepared by adding 0.345 g of CTAB powder and 10 mL of 2.5 \u00d7 10\u22124 M PdCl42\u2212 solution into both of these vials and stirred until the CTAB powder was completely dissolved. Then 78 \u03bcL of 0.1 M l-(+)-ascorbic acid (Riedel-de-Ha\u00ebn, 99.7%) was added as a reducing agent into vial A. Next, 84 \u03bcL of the seed solution was transferred into vial A, and the vial was shaken for 5 s. After 2 h, the solution in vial A turned blackish green. At this time, 100 \u03bcL of 4.0 \u00d7 10\u22123 M copper(II) acetate (J.T. Baker, 98%) solution was added to vial B, followed by the addition of 78 \u03bcL of 0.1 M l-(+)-ascorbic acid. A volume of 84 \u03bcL of the blackish green solution in vial A was withdrawn and added to vial B. Again, this vial was shaken for 5 s. The mixture was left undisturbed at 30 \u00b0C for 20 h, and the solution turned dark brown.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "CTAC": "CTAC", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "Au": "gold"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-Mediated_Synthesis_of_Single-Crystal_Gold_Nanospheres_with_Controlled_Diameters_in_the_Range_5-30_nm_and_their_Self-Assembly_upon_Dilution.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ctac", 
                "mf": "C19H42ClN", 
                "cid": 8154
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The initial Au seeds were prepared by adding an ice-cold aqueous solution of NaBH4 (0.6 mL, 10 mM) into an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 (10 mL, 0.25 mM) and CTAB (100 mM). Then, the mixture was left undisturbed at 27 \u00b0C for 3 h to ensure the complete decomposition of any NaBH4 that remained in the reaction mixture. In a standard synthesis of 10 nm Au nanospheres, an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 (2 mL, 0.5 mM), an aqueous solution of CTAC (2 mL, 200 mM), and an aqueous solution of AA (1.5 mL, 100 mM) were mixed in a glass vial (20 mL), followed by the addition of the initial seeds (100 \u03bcL). The reaction was allowed to proceed at 27 \u00b0C for 10 min. For the synthesis of 25 nm Au nanospheres, an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 (2 mL, 0.25 mM), an aqueous solution of CTAC (2 mL, 200 mM), and an aqueous solution of AA (1.5 mL, 50 mM) were mixed in a vial (20 mL), followed by the addition of the as-prepared suspension of 10 nm Au nanospheres (100 \u03bcL, before washing). The reaction was allowed to proceed at 27 \u00b0C for 10 min.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanosphere"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "water": "water", 
            "KSCN": "potassium thiocyanate", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "palladium": "palladium", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-mediated_growth_of_palladium_nanocrystals:_The_effect_of_pseudo-halide_thiocyanate_ions.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium thiocyanate", 
                "mf": "CKNS", 
                "cid": 516872
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1773 g PdCl2 in 10 mL of 0.2 M HCl solution and further diluting to 100 mL with doubly distilled water. Synthesis of 22 nm Pd nanocubes as seeds. The method of producing Pd seeds is similar to our previous reports.20 Briefly, 0.5 mL aliquot of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was added to 9420 \u00b5L of 12.5 mM CTAB solution heated at 95 \u00b0C under stirring. After 5 minutes, 80 \u00b5L of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 min. The nanocube solution was stored at 30 \u00b0C for future use as seeds. Seed-mediated growth of polyhedral palladium nanocrystals. In a typical synthesis, 5 \u00b5L of 1 mM KSCN solution was added to 5 mL of 100 mM CTAB solution kept at a given temperature. 250 \u00b5L of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution and 80 \u00b5L as-synthesized seed palladium nanocube solution were then added. Finally, 50 \u00b5L of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added and the solution was mixed thoroughly. The resulting solution was placed in a water bath at 40 \u00b0C, 60 \u00b0C and 80 \u00b0C, respectively.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "AuI": "gold monoiodide", 
            "H2O": "water", 
            "sodium hydroxide": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "AuIII": "gold triiodide", 
            "H[AuCl4]\u00b73H2O": "h[aucl4]\ufffd3h2o", 
            "hydroquinone": "hydroquinone"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seed-mediated_synthesis_of_gold_nanorods:_control_of_the_aspect_ratio_by_variation_of_the_reducing_agent.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h[aucl4]\u00b73h2o", 
                "synonym": "h[aucl4]\ufffd3h2o"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold triiodide", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold monoiodide", 
                "mf": "AuI", 
                "cid": 82526
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydroquinone", 
                "mf": "C6H6O2", 
                "cid": 785
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "For the preparation of all samples, freshly deionized H2O was employed. In a first step, 100 mL of a growth solution containing 0.1 M CTAB and 2.5 \u00d7 10\u22124 M H[AuCl4]\u00b73H2O were prepared. This solution was kept at 33 \u00b0C for 24 h to completely dissolve the CTAB powder. Further, 20 mL of a seed solution containing small gold particles was prepared. This solution was kept undisturbed for 24 h at room temperature. After 24 h, 80 \u03bcL of a freshly prepared 0.1 M reducing agent solution (8.0 \u00d7 10\u22126 mol reducing agent) were added to 14.4 mL of the growth solution (containing 3.6 \u00d7 10\u22126 mol gold). The solution was mixed by shaking, whereupon it became colourless in the case of ascorbic acid (indication for the reduction of AuIII to AuI) and brighter yellow in the case of hydroquinone. The colour of the solution did not change for the other three used reducing agents. The addition of 16 \u03bcL of the seed solution (aged 24 h, containing 4.0 \u00d7 10\u22129 mol gold) and subsequent mixing of the solution by shaking led to a reddish colour of the solution. In some experiments, sodium hydroxide solution (e.g. 80 \u03bcL, 0.1 M, leading to a final pH around 4) was used to modify the pH value, added to the growth solution just before the addition of seed solution. In this case, after addition of the seed solution the reaction mixture became transparent for all reducing agents after a certain time (if not already transparent before addition of the seed solution).\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "water": "water", 
            "K2PdCl4": "potassium palladium chloride", 
            "trisodium citrate dihydrate": "trisodium citrate dihydrate", 
            "trisodium citrate": "sodium citrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Seedless_and_Templateless_Synthesis_of_Rectangular_Palladium_Nanoparticles.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "trisodium citrate dihydrate", 
                "mf": "C6H9Na3O9", 
                "cid": 71474
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "cid": 6224
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl4K2Pd", 
                "cid": 61438
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "K2PdCl4 was reduced by ascorbic acid in the presence of CTAB and trisodium citrate. A \u201cstock\u201d solution was made by mixing aqueous solutions of K2PdCl4 and CTAB. Upon mixing, the solution changed color from light yellow to orange. K2PdCl4 was reduced by ascorbic acid in the presence of CTAB and trisodium citrate. A \u201cstock\u201d solution was made by mixing aqueous solutions of K2PdCl4 and CTAB. Upon mixing, the solution changed color from light yellow to orange. The stock solution consisted of 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M K2PdCl4 and 8 \u00d7 10-3 M CTAB in water. Six clean centrifuge tubes containing different amounts of trisodium citrate dihydrate were labeled A, B, C, D, E, and F. Into each tube we placed 45 mL of the stock solution, which dissolved trisodium citrate completely in a few seconds. Then 250 \u03bcL of 0.1 M freshly prepared ascorbic acid aqueous solution was added to each of the six tubes.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "trisodium citrate dihydrate"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "sodium citrate"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "NaCl": "sodium chloride", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium chloride", 
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Self-organized_formation_of_silver_nanowires,_nanocubes_and_bipyramids_via_a_solvothermal_method.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium chloride", 
                "mf": "ClNa", 
                "cid": 5234
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 40 ml EG solution of NaCl with different concentrations (0.2 and 20 mM) was vigorously stirred after the addition of 1.776 g of PVP. The mixed solution was injected drop by drop using a syringe into 40 ml of a magnetically stirred EG solution of AgNO3 (0.1 M) for 5 min. Afterwards, the solution was put into four separate 25 ml Teflon-lined autoclave tubes. The tubes were sealed and maintained at 160 \u00b0C for different periods of time, followed by natural cooling to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "argon": "argon", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Shape-Controlled_Synthesis_of_Palladium_Nanorods_and_Their_Magnetic_Properties.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "argon", 
                "mf": "Ar", 
                "cid": 23968
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, a solution of 0.6 mmol PVP was mixed with 10 mL of EG in a three-neck flask and heated at 150 \u00b0C for 1 h under argon flow. Ten minutes after the injection of 2 mL aqueous CTAB solution (0.09 M) into the flask, 1 mL of aqueous H2PdCl4 (0.125 M) solution was added in the solution with vigorous stirring. The solution was then kept at 150 \u00b0C for 30 min and cooled to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "KI": "potassium iodide", 
            "water": "water", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "palladium": "palladium", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Shape-Controlled_Synthesis_of_Single-Crystalline_Palladium_Nanocrystals.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium iodide", 
                "mf": "IK", 
                "cid": 4875
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1773 g of PdCl2 in 10 mL of 0.2 M HCl solution and further diluting to 100 mL with doubly distilled water.In a typical synthesis, a 1 mL aliquot of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was added to 20 mL of 12.5 mM CTAB solution heated at 95 \u00b0C under stirring. After 5 min, 160 \u03bcL of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 min. In a typical synthesis, a 1 mL aliquot of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution was added to 20 mL of 12.5 mM CTAB solution heated at 95 \u00b0C under stirring. After 5 min, 160 \u03bcL of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 min. In a typical synthesis, a given amount of KI solutions were added to 5 mL of 100 mM CTAB solution kept at a given temperature. A 125 \u03bcL portion of 10 mM H2PdCl4 solution and 40 \u03bcL of the as-synthesized seed palladium nanocubes solution were then added. Finally, 50 \u03bcL of freshly prepared 100 mM ascorbic acid solution was added, and the solution was mixed thoroughly. The resulting solution was placed in a water bath at designated temperatures.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "palladium acetylacetonate": "palladium diacetylacetonate", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "Pd(acac)2": "pd(acac) 2", 
            "DMF": "n,n-dimethylformamide", 
            "NaI": "sodium iodide i 125", 
            "platinum": "platinum", 
            "water": "water", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "Pd(II)acetylacetonate": "pt acetylacetonate", 
            "PtCl2": "platinous chloride", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "Pt(acac)2": "pt(acac) 2", 
            "palladium": "palladium", 
            "sodium iodide": "sodium iodide", 
            "polyvinylpyrrolidone": "povidone"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride", 
            "sodium iodide", 
            "platinous chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "n,n-dimethylformamide"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Simplifying_the_Creation_of_Hollow_Metallic_Nanostructures:_One-Pot_Synthesis_of_Hollow_Palladium_Platinum_Single-Crystalline_Nanocubes**.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "platinum", 
                "mf": "Pt", 
                "cid": 23939
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n,n-dimethylformamide", 
                "mf": "C3H7NO", 
                "cid": 6228
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pd(acac) 2"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pt acetylacetonate"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pd(acac) 2", 
                "mf": null, 
                "synonym": "pt(acac) 2", 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium iodide i 125", 
                "mf": "INa", 
                "cid": 71382
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "platinous chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pt", 
                "cid": 2770
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium iodide", 
                "mf": "INa", 
                "cid": 5238
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium diacetylacetonate"
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis of palladium nanocubes, palladium acetylacetonate ([Pd(acac)2]), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and an aqueous solution of sodium iodide (NaI) were mixed together with DMF (see the Experimental Section). The resulting homogeneous solution was transferred to a teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The sealed vessel was then heated at 150 \u00b0C for 8 h. The purified palladium nanocubes were then reacted with [Pt(acac)2] for eight hours in a DMF solution of PVP containing different halides. Synthesis of Pd multiply twinned nanoparticles: Pd(II)acetylacetonate ([Pd(acac)2], 50.0 mg), PVP (160.0 mg), and water (2 mL) were mixed together in DMF (10 mL). The resulting homogeneous yellow solution was transferred to a teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The sealed vessel was then heated at 150 \u00b0C for 8 h before it was cooled to room temperature. Synthesis of palladium nanocubes: [Pd(acac)2] (50.0 mg), PVP (160.0 mg), and an NaI solution (2 mL, 0.15 g mL\u22121) were mixed together in DMF (10 mL). Synthesis of hollow palladium/platinum nanocubes: [Pd(acac)2] (25.0 mg), [Pt(acac)2] (30.0 mg), PVP (160.0 mg), and an NaI solution (2 mL, 0.15 g mL\u22121) were mixed together in DMF (10 mL). The resulting solution was transferred to a teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The sealed vessel was then heated at 150 \u00b0C for the desired time before it was cooled to room temperature. Synthesis of solid palladium/platinum nanocubes: PdCl2 (13.3 mg), PtCl2 (20.0 mg), PVP (160.0 mg), and an NaI solution (2 mL, 0.15 g mL\u22121) were mixed together in DMF (10 mL). The resulting homogeneous brown solution was then sealed and heated at 150 \u00b0C for 8 h to yield the solid nanocubes.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "TSC": "thiosemicarbazide", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide", 
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Size-controlled_silver_nanoparticles_synthesized_over_the_range_5\u2013100_nm_using_the_same_protocol_and_their_antibacterial_efficacy.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "thiosemicarbazide", 
                "mf": "CH5N3S", 
                "cid": 2723789
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A typical procedure is as follows: the required volumes of freshly prepared aqueous solutions containing NaBH4 and TSC were mixed and heated to 60 \u00b0C for 30 minutes in the dark with vigorous stirring to ensure a homogenous solution. At the end of 30 minutes, the required volume of AgNO3 solution was added drop-wise to the mixture and subsequently, the temperature was further raised to 90 \u00b0C. As the temperature reached 90 \u00b0C, the pH of the solution was adjusted to 10.5 using 0.1 M NaOH while heating was continued for 20 minutes, until a change of colour was evident. The nanoparticle suspension was allowed to cool at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "Palladium": "palladium", 
            "Pd(fod)2": "Pd(fod)2", 
            "nitrogen": "nitrogen", 
            "o-xylene": "o-xylene"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Size-controlled_synthesis_of_Pd_nanoparticles_from_-diketonato_complexes_of_palladium.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pd(fod)2"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "o-xylene", 
                "mf": "C8H10", 
                "cid": 7237
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A solution mixture of Pd(fod)2 (50 mg) and CTAB (26 mg) in o-xylene (20 ml) was refluxed under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 3 h and the colour of the solution turned from pale yellow to dark brown. Palladium nanoparticles were generated in the solution.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "PdCl2": "palladium chloride", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "Palladium chloride": "palladium chloride", 
            "water": "water", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "H2PdCl4": "H2PdCl4", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "alcohol": "ethanol"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Size_Control_of_Palladium_Nanoparticles_and_Their_Crystal_Structures.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "h2pdcl4", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pd", 
                "cid": 24290
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Palladium chloride (Kanto Chemicals) was used as purchased. H2PdCl4 aqueous solution (2.0 mM) was prepared by mixing 106.4 mg of PdCl2 (0.6 mmol), 6.0 mL of 0.2 M HCl, and 294 mL of distilled water. A mixture of 15 mL of 2.0 mM H2PdCl4 aqueous solution (30 \u03bcmol of Pd), x mL of water, y mL of alcohol (x + y = 35 mL), and the designated amount of PVP was refluxed in a 100 mL flask for 3 h under air to synthesize the PVP-protected Pd nanoparticles (abbreviated as PVP\u2212Pd). A second growth of PVP\u2212Pd nanoparticles was carried out by mixing 25 mL of 0.6 mM PVP\u2212Pd dispersion with 25 mL of a 0.6 mM H2PdCl4 in ethanol/water (2/3, v/v) solution, followed by refluxing the mixture for 3 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "CuCl": "cuprous chloride"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "cuprous chloride", 
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Solvothermal_fabrication_of_uniform_silver_nanowires.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cuprous chloride", 
                "mf": "ClCu", 
                "cid": 62652
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Briefly, 0.087 g PVP was dissolved in 10 mL EG solution of CuCl (20 \u03bcM), and then 10 mL EG solution of AgNO3 (0.05 M) was quickly added into the above solution. The mixed solution was stirred for about 1 min and put into a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. This autoclave was then sealed and heated at 160 \u00b0C for 2.5 h. Afterwards, the solution was cooled to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "Au(III)": "gold triiodide", 
            "PNR seed": "PNR seed", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Starfruit-Shaped_Gold_Nanorods_and_Nanowires:_Synthesis_and_SERS_Characterization.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pnr seed"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold triiodide", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, a 100 mL Au(III) solution (0.25 mM HAuCl4, 0.1 M CTAB) was combined with 1 mL AgNO3 solution (30 mM). To this was added 0.55 mL of ascorbic acid solution (0.1 M) and the flask was shaken continuously in order to induce stirring of the flask\u2019s content (hand-stirred). Immediately, 0.5 mL of PNR seed solution (c = 1 mg/mL) was added and stirred. The solution was hand-stirred several times during the first few hours and the growth was allowed to continue for 24 h. A 10 mL Au(III) solution (0.25 mM HAuCl4, 0.1 M CTAB) was combined with 0.1 mL of AgNO3 solution (30 mM). To this was added 55 \u03bcL of ascorbic acid solution (0.1 M), and the mixture was hand-stirred rapidly. Immediately, 1 mL of nanowire solution (~0.5 mg nanowires) was added and stirred. The solution was hand-stirred several times during the first few hours, and the growth was allowed to continue for 24 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "Na2SO4": "sodium sulfate", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "organosol": "organosol", 
            "H2SO4": "sulfuric acid", 
            "dionized water": "deionized water", 
            "TOAB": "TOAB", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "Palladium": "palladium", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
            "toluene": "toluene"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "sodium hydroxide", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
            "sodium sulfate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol", 
            "toluene"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis,_characterization_and_magnetism_of_monodispersed_water_soluble_palladium_nanoparticles.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "organosol"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium sulfate", 
                "mf": "Na2O4S", 
                "cid": 24436
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "toab"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "deionized water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sulfuric acid", 
                "mf": "H2O4S", 
                "cid": 1118
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "toluene", 
                "mf": "C7H8", 
                "cid": 1140
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 15 mL of a 30 mM aqueous solution of Na2PdCl4 was mixed with 40 mL of a 50 mM TOAB solution in toluene. Then, 11.4 mL of a freshly prepared 0.1 M NaBH4 aqueous solution was slowly added, keeping the mixture under vigorous stirring. The mixture was gently stirred overnight and, after removing the water phase, the organic phase was washed with 40 mL of a 0.1 M H2SO4 solution, 40 mL of a 0.1 M NaOH solution, and finally three times with 40 mL of dionized water. To remove the remaining water, the organosol was finally dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Palladium nanoparticle samples were obtained by mixing 40 mL of the organosol with 1 L of ethanol and kept for 24 h at \u221218 \u00b0C.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "Ag": "silver", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis,_characterization_and_self-assembly_of_silver_nanowires.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The preparation procedure of the Ag nanowires was described as follows: Firstly, 10 ml ethylene glycol (EG) was refluxed in three-necked round-bottom flask at 160 \u00b0C for 2 h, then 6 ml EG solution of 0.1 M silver nitrate and 6 ml EG solution of 0.6 M PVP were simultaneously injected dropwise. After injection, the solution turned turbid with a grey color in about 15 min, indicating the appearance of Ag nanowires, and the reaction continued at 160 \u00b0C for 60 min.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "Br": "bromine, isotope of mass 82", 
            "PdCl42": "PdCl42", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "water": "water", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "KBr": "potassium bromide", 
            "acetone": "acetone"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium bromide", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_and_Mechanistic_Study_of_Palladium_Nanobars_and_Nanorods.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pdcl42"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium bromide", 
                "mf": "BrK", 
                "cid": 253877
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "bromine, isotope of mass 82", 
                "mf": "BrH", 
                "cid": 105174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical synthesis, 5 mL of EG was hosted in a 25-mL, three-neck flask (equipped with a reflux condenser and a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar) and heated in air under magnetic stirring at 100 \u00b0C. Meanwhile, 0.0486 g of Na2PdCl4 and 0.600 g of KBr were dissolved in 3 mL of water, and 0.0916 g of PVP was dissolved in 3 mL of EG at room temperature. These two solutions (with the molar ratio of PdCl42- to Br- and the repeating unit of PVP being 1:30:15) were then injected simultaneously into the flask using a two-channel syringe pump (KDS-200, Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL) at a rate of 45 mL per hour. The reaction mixture was heated at 100 \u00b0C in air for 1 h before the product was collected by centrifugation and washed with acetone once and with ethanol three times to remove most of the EG and excess PVP.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "sodium borohydride": "sodium borohydride", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_and_Study_of_Silver_Nanoparticles.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 10-mL volume of 1.0 mM silver nitrate was added dropwise (about 1 drop/second) to 30 mL of 2.0 mM sodium borohydride solution that had been chilled in an icebath. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously on a magnetic stir plate. The solution turned light yellow after the addition of 2 mL of silver nitrate and a brighter yellow (Figure 1A) when all of the silver nitrate had been added. The entire addition took about three minutes, after which the stirring was stopped and the stir bar removed. \n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "Ag": "silver", 
            "water": "water", 
            "HCl": "hydrogen chloride", 
            "CF3COOAg": "acetic acid, 2,2,2-trifluoro-, silver salt (1:1)", 
            "NaSH": "sodium hydrosulfide", 
            "acetone": "acetone", 
            "DEG": "diethylene glycol"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [
            "diethylene glycol", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_Ag_Nanocubes_18\u201332_nm_in_Edge_Length:_The_Effects_of_Polyol_on_Reduction_Kinetics,_Size_Control,_and_Reproducibility.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydrosulfide", 
                "mf": "HNaS", 
                "cid": 28015
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrogen chloride", 
                "mf": "ClH", 
                "cid": 313
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "diethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C4H10O3", 
                "cid": 8117
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:1", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The standard synthesis of Ag nanocrystals was carried out in a 100 mL flask with round-bottom (ACE Glass). In a standard synthesis, 5 mL of DEG was added into a flask and heated under magnetic stirring in an oil bath set to 150 \u00b0C for 30 min. Other reagents were separately dissolved in DEG and sequentially introduced into the flask using a pipet. Specifically, 0.06 mL of NaSH solution (3 mM) was added first. After 4 min, 0.5 mL of HCl (3 mM) was added, followed by 1.25 mL of PVP (20 mg/mL). After another 2 min, 0.4 mL of CF3COOAg solution (282 mM) was introduced. During the entire process, the flask was capped with glass stoppers except for the addition of reagents. The synthesis was quenched by placing the flask in an ice\u2013water bath and the products were collected by centrifugation, followed by washing with acetone and then DI water to remove the remaining precursor, DEG, and excess PVP.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocrystal"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PdO": "palladium oxide", 
            "alcohol": "ethanol", 
            "zirconia": "zirconium oxide"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium oxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_Palladium_Nanoparticles_and_Palladium_Spherical_Carbon_Composite_Particles_in_the_Solid-Liquid_System_of_Palladium_Oxide-Alcohol_by_Microwave_Irradiation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "zirconium oxide", 
                "mf": "O2Zr", 
                "cid": 62395
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium oxide"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "0.1 g PdO powder and zirconia balls were added to 100 ml alcohol solvent and wet ball milled for 24 h. A black suspension was obtained that turned dark brown.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "palladium nitrate": "palladium nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "nitrate": "nitric acid", 
            "Pd(NO3)2": "palladium nitrate", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladium nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_Palladium_Nanoparticles_by_Sonochemical_Reduction_of_Palladium(II)_Nitrate_in_Aqueous_Solution.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium nitrate", 
                "mf": "N2O6Pd", 
                "cid": 24932
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitric acid", 
                "mf": "HNO3", 
                "cid": 944
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The palladium nitrate solution was prepared by dissolving 1.25 mg of Pd(NO3)2 in 30 mL of deionized water. A mixture of 40 mL of ethylene glycol and 5 \u00d7 10-6 mol (0.2 g) of PVP was mixed under magnetic stirring in a glass vessel for 15 min. The covered vessel was fixed and irradiated with ultrasonic waves, necessary for the nitrate reduction, for 180 min using a multiwave ultrasonic generator (50 kHz).\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AA": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "L-ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "KCl": "potassium chloride", 
            "poly(vinyl pyrrolidone": "poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "KBr": "potassium bromide", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium bromide", 
            "potassium chloride", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_Pd_nanocrystals_enclosed_by_{100},_facets_and_with_sizes_<10_nm_for_application_in_CO_oxidation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium chloride", 
                "mf": "ClK", 
                "cid": 4873
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "poly(vinylpyrrolidinone)", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "synonym": "poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium bromide", 
                "mf": "BrK", 
                "cid": 253877
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In the case of 300 mg of KBr, the color change was observed at t = 2 min. With the addition of 600 mg KBr, the color of the solution remained unchanged for 5 min. When only 5 mg KBr was introduced into the solution, the color changed very quickly, and Pd nanocrystals with a size of ~4 nm were obtained. The color of the solution started to change at t = 30 s, indicating that the reduction in this case was much faster than the synthesis in which 300 mg KBr was introduced. In a typical synthesis of Pd cubes/bars with different sizes, 8.0 mL of an aqueous solution containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP MW \u2248 55 000, 105 mg, Aldrich), L-ascorbic acid (AA, 60 mg, Aldrich), and different amounts of KBr and KCl were placed in a 20 mL vial, and pre-heated in air under magnetic stirring at 80 \u00b0C for 10 min. Then, 3.0 mL of an aqueous solution containing Na2PdCl4 (57 mg, Aldrich) was added using a pipette. After the vial had been capped, the reaction was allowed to proceed at 80 \u00b0C for 3 h.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocrystal"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "trisodium citrate": "sodium citrate", 
            "H2O": "water", 
            "KBH4": "potassium borohydride", 
            "Na2PdCl4": "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "potassium borohydride", 
            "palladate, tetrachloro-, sodium (1:2), (sp-4-1)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_Pd_nanowire_networks_by_a_simple_template-free_and_surfactant-free_method_and_their_application_in_formic_acid_electrooxidation.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BK", 
                "cid": 22892188
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "cid": 6224
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (sp-4-1)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "An aqueous solution (0.075 ml) of 200 mM Na2PdCl4 was mixed with 20 ml H2O in a beaker, followed by the addition of 6 mg trisodium citrate. After 5 min, a 3 ml aqueous solution including 6 mg trisodium citrate and 3 mg KBH4 was injected into the beaker at a low flow rate. The reaction lasted for 30 min with constant stirring.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "sodium citrate"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "chloroform": "chloroform", 
            "argon": "argon", 
            "water": "water", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "PtCl2": "platinous chloride", 
            "Pd(NO3)2": "palladium nitrate", 
            "ODA": "saccharin sodium", 
            "DTAB": "1-decanaminium, n,n,n-trimethyl-, bromide (1:1)", 
            "toluene": "toluene"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "platinous chloride", 
            "palladium nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "toluene"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_Ultrathin_Palladium_and_Platinum_Nanowires_and_a_Study_of_Their_Magnetic_Properties.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "chloroform", 
                "mf": "CHCl3", 
                "cid": 6212
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "saccharin sodium", 
                "mf": "C7H4NNaO3S", 
                "cid": 656582
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:1", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "argon", 
                "mf": "Ar", 
                "cid": 23968
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "platinous chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl2Pt", 
                "cid": 2770
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium nitrate", 
                "mf": "N2O6Pd", 
                "cid": 24932
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "toluene", 
                "mf": "C7H8", 
                "cid": 1140
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A mixture of Pd(NO3)2 (Alfa Aesar, 99.95 %; 13 mg, 0.06 mmol) or PtCl2 (Alfa Aesar, 99.9 %; 16 mg, 0.06 mmol), ODA (Aldrich, 97 %; 0.4 g, 1.5 mmol), and DTAB (Aldrich, 98 %; 60 mg, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (7 mL) by sonicating for 20 min under argon. Reduction was then performed by the dropwise addition of a freshly prepared solution of NaBH4 (Alfa Aesar, 99 %; 13 mg, 0.34 mmol) in 2 mL of distilled water. Stirring was stopped after one hour and then distilled water (2 mL) and chloroform (2 mL) were added to the solution.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "methanol": "methanol", 
            "AOT": "AOT", 
            "isooctane": "2,2,4-trimethylpentane", 
            "Pd": "palladium"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_monodispersed_palladium_nanoparticles_to_study_structure_sensitivity_of_solvent-free_selective_hydrogenation_of_2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "2,2,4-trimethylpentane", 
                "mf": "C8H18", 
                "cid": 10907
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "aot", 
                "mf": "C20H37NaO7S", 
                "cid": 23673837
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "methanol", 
                "mf": "CH4O", 
                "cid": 887
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "As an example, for the preparation of nanoparticle-containing MEs with a water-to-surfactant ratio of 7, 15.45 g AOT, total isooctane volume of 0.1 L, 2.2 mL of aqueous Pd precursor, and 2.2 mL of reductant were used. After 1 h of reduction at room temperature, isooctane was evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 323 K, and the nanoparticles were purified from an excess of surfactant by addition of methanol followed by centrifugation (3 x 30mL). \n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "Pd": "palladium"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_palladium_nanoparticles_using_continuous_flow_microreactor.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In order to stabilize the Pd nanoparticles, approximately 1.0 mM CTAB was added in solutions. The molar ratio of precursor to reducing agent was maintained at 1:4 and 1:8. The flow rate of precursor and reducing agent was maintained at 30 and 50 mL/h for two different experimental runs. The microreactor was immersed in a temperature-controlled water bath to maintain the temperature at 25 \u00b0C. Finally, Pd colloidal suspension was formed in dark brown in color.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "AgCl": "silver monochloride", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "H2SO4": "sulfuric acid", 
            "sulphuric acid": "sulfuric acid", 
            "phosphoric acid": "phosphoric acid", 
            "Al": "aluminium", 
            "water": "water", 
            "K2PdCl4": "potassium palladium chloride", 
            "alumina": "alumina", 
            "oxide": "oxide", 
            "Pd": "palladium", 
            "Ag": "silver", 
            "N2": "nitrogen", 
            "chromic acid": "dichromic acid", 
            "oxalic acid": "oxalic acid", 
            "acetone": "acetone", 
            "perchloric acid": "perchloric acid"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver monochloride", 
            "sodium hydroxide", 
            "potassium palladium chloride"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethanol", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_palladium_nanowire_arrays_with_controlled_diameter_and_length.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "aluminium", 
                "mf": "Al", 
                "cid": 5359268
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver monochloride", 
                "mf": "AgCl", 
                "cid": 24561
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "phosphoric acid", 
                "mf": "H3O4P", 
                "cid": 1004
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "alumina", 
                "mf": "Al2O3", 
                "synonym": "alumina", 
                "cid": 14769
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "oxide", 
                "mf": "O-2", 
                "cid": 190217
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "perchloric acid", 
                "mf": "ClHO4", 
                "cid": 24247
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sulfuric acid", 
                "mf": "H2O4S", 
                "cid": 1118
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "oxalic acid", 
                "mf": "C2H2O4", 
                "cid": 971
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "dichromic acid", 
                "mf": "Cr2H2O7", 
                "cid": 26090
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "potassium palladium chloride", 
                "mf": "Cl4K2Pd", 
                "cid": 61438
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Briefly, Al foils were first cleaned in acetone, annealed in N2 at 500 \u00b0C for 4 h, and then electropolished at 48 V in a perchloric acid:ethanol (1:5, v/v, ratio) mixture. Anodization was performed potentiostatically in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 40 V or in 0.3 M sulphuric acid at 25 V. The electrolyte temperature was kept constant at 15 \u00b0C and the anodization time was 8 h in all cases. After the first anodization, the oxide film with a low pore ordering was removed in 5 wt.% phosphoric acid:1.8 wt.% chromic acid at 70 \u00b0C. Pores were rounded and further widened by dipping the membranes in 5 wt.% phosphoric acid for a few min. The template was then sealed and its non-coated part was exposed to the electrolyte compartment of the electrodeposition cell. Finally, the water in the cell was removed and replaced immediately with the deposition electrolyte that consisted of 70 mM K2PdCl4 in 20 mM H2SO4. Pd electrodeposition was carried out at 0.3 VAg/AgCl in all cases. In some cases, the alumina template was removed by soaking the sample in a 0.1 M NaOH solution for 24 h, in order to obtain and study the characteristics of liberated Pd NWs. In the case of dp \u2248 35 nm, the current density at first decreases monotonically from 0.4 to 0.3 mA cm\u22122 in 10 min, then remains constant until tdep \u2248 40 min. The residue of etching was carefully removed by washing the sample with de-ionized water several times.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "trisodium citrate": "sodium citrate", 
            "streptomycin": "streptomycin", 
            "silver": "silver"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_silver_nanoparticles_by_chemical_and_biological_methods_and_their_antimicrobial_properties.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "streptomycin", 
                "mf": "C21H39N7O12", 
                "cid": 19649
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "cid": 6224
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Sterile distilled water was used throughout the experiments. All ingredients of reacting materials were prepared in double distilled water. In typical experiment, 50 ml of 1 \u00d7 10\u22123 M AgNO3 was heated to boiling. To this solution, 5 ml of 1% trisodium citrate was included drop by drop. Solution was mixed vigorously during this process and heated until the colour change was noticeable (pale brown). Finally, it was removed from the heating element and stirred until cooled to room temperature. The final pH was adjusted to 6.0 and the flasks were incubated in the orbital shaker at 200 rpm at 32 \u00b0C. After five days of incubation, the mycelium was separated by filtration and supernatant was challenged with equal amount of silver nitrate solution of 1 mM (prepared in deionised water) and incubated in shaker at 200 rpm in dark condition at 32 \u00b0C (Figure 1). Simultaneously, a positive control of silver nitrate solution and deionised water, and a negative control containing only silver nitrate solution were maintained under same conditions. The reduction of pure silver ions synthesised by chemical and biological means was monitored by measuring the UV\u2013Vis spectrum of the reaction mixture. One day old bacterial culture was taken (1 \u00d7 105 CFU/ml) and was used to prepare the bacterial lawns. The wells were injected with 60 \u03bcl of biologically synthesised silver nanoparticle solution, 60 \u03bcl of chemically synthesised silver nanoparticle solution, 60 \u03bcl of 1 mM AgNO3 as a negative control along with 60 \u03bcl of 30 \u03bcg/ml of streptomycin as a positive control. The plates were further incubated at 37 \u00b0C for 24 h and were then examined for the presence of zones of inhibition. In the case of chemical synthesis methods, a stabiliser (surfactant) is added to the first solution to prevent the agglomeration of silver nanoparticles, whereas in biological synthesis there is no need to add a stabilising agent.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "sodium citrate"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "hydrazine hydrate": "hydrazine hydrate", 
            "Ag": "silver", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "SDS": "sodium dodecyl sulfate", 
            "sodium": "sodium", 
            "sodium dodecyl sulphate": "sodium dodecyl sulfate", 
            "Citrate": "citric acid", 
            "water": "water", 
            "hydrazine": "hydrazine", 
            "Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate": "sodium dodecyl sulfate", 
            "nitrogen": "nitrogen", 
            "Hydrazine hydrate": "hydrazine hydrate", 
            "Ag+": "silver", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "citrate": "citric acid", 
            "silver": "silver"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_silver_nanoparticles_by_chemical_reduction_method_and_their_antibacterial_activity.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "hydrazine hydrate", 
                "mf": "H6N2O", 
                "cid": 24654
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium", 
                "mf": "Na", 
                "cid": 5360545
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium dodecyl sulfate", 
                "mf": "C12H25NaO4S", 
                "cid": 3423265
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrazine", 
                "mf": "H4N2", 
                "cid": 9321
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "citric acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O7", 
                "cid": 311
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "nitrogen", 
                "mf": "N2", 
                "cid": 947
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In the present work on the preparation of nanosized silver nanoparticles from aqueous solution of silver nitrate, we employed as reductant a mixture of hydrazine hydrate and citrate of sodium; sodium dodecyl sulphate was employed as a stabilizer. Double-distilled deionised water was used. For the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate solution (from 1,0 mM to 6,0 mM) and 8% (w/w) Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) were used as a metal salt precursor and a stabilizing agent, respectively. Hydrazine hydrate solution with a concentrate ranging from 2,0 mM to 12 mM and Citrate of sodium solution (1,0 mM to 2,0 mM) were used as a reducing agents. Citrate of sodium was also used as stabilizing agent at room temperature. The transparent colourless solution was converted to the characteristic pale yellow and pale red colour, when citrate of sodium was used as stabilizing agent. To remove excess silver ions, the silver colloids were washed at least three times with deionized water under nitrogen stream. A dried powder of the nanosize silver was obtained by freeze-drying. To carry out all characterization methods and interaction of the silver nanoparticles with bacteria, the silver nanoparticle powder in the freeze-drying cuvette was resuspended in deionized water; the suspension was homogenized with a Fisher Bioblock Scientific ultrasonic cleaning container. The colourless Ag+ solution containing SDS turned pale yellow-brown in addition of hydrazine solution (Fig. 1A) and in the case of adding citrate of sodium the colour changed to pale red (Fig 1C). In the case that we do not use SDS the uncolored Ag+ solution turned pale yellow in addition of hydrazine and citrate of sodium solution at different concentrations (Fig. 1B). Ag particles prepared from 1.1 mM AgNO3 solution. Metal ion concentration and citrate of sodium solution 6.0 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively. UV\u2013Vis absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles prepared using a mixture of hydrazine and citrate of sodium as a reducing agent. TEM image of spherical silver nanoparticles obtained at 1.0 mM (A) and 2.0 mM (B) of citrate of sodium solution. Particle size distributions of Ag nanoparticles (prepared from 1.1 mM AgNO3 solution) and citrate of sodium solution with a concentrate ranging from 1.0 mM (A) to 2.0 mM (B). The silver sols were diluted 2-8 times with 100 \u00edL of Mueller-Hinton broth inoculated with the tested bacteria at a concentration of 105 to 106 CFU/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was read after 24 h of incubation at 37 \u00b0C.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "citric acid", 
            "sodium dodecyl sulfate"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "citric acid", 
            "hydrazine hydrate"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "silver nitrate": "silver nitrate", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate", 
            "water": "water", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "silver": "silver", 
            "acetone": "acetone"
        }, 
        "material": "Ag", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "acetone"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_silver_nanoparticles_in_a_polyvinylpyrrolidone_(PVP)_paste,_and_their_optical_properties_in_a_film_and_in_ethylene_glycol.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver", 
                "mf": "Ag", 
                "cid": 23954
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "acetone", 
                "mf": "C3H6O", 
                "cid": 180
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "This paper reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction of a very small volume (0.05 mL) of aqueous silver nitrate mixed with acetone into which solid PVP is added at 25 \u00b0C. Since PVP is insoluble in acetone, the original slightly yellow powder turns into a paste, whose color changes to dark brown after 35 min of magnetic agitation, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The rest of the powder was dissolved in ethylene glycol under magnetic stirring. Therefore, 50 mg AgNO3 (29.4 mmol) were first dissolved in 0.05 mL de-ionized water. Then, 30 mL acetone was added and the resulting solution was mixed under magnetic agitation during 20 min. To this solution, 1.5 g PVP powder was added and the agitation was continued for another 35 min. At the end of the mixing period the remaining acetone was decanted.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanoparticle"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "ethylene glycol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "ethanol": "ethanol", 
            "ethylene glycol": "ethylene glycol", 
            "Cu": "copper", 
            "CuSO4": "copper sulfate"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "copper sulfate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "ethanol"
        ], 
        "fileName": "Synthesis_of_well-defined_copper_nanocubes_by_a_one-pot_solution_process.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper sulfate", 
                "mf": "CuO4S", 
                "cid": 24462
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethanol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O", 
                "cid": 702
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylene glycol", 
                "mf": "C2H6O2", 
                "cid": 174
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper", 
                "mf": "Cu", 
                "cid": 23978
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "In a typical procedure, solutions of PVP (0.30 M, 5 ml, Mw\u224840 000, Fluka) in anhydrous ethylene glycol (EG), CuSO4 (0.10 M, 3 ml) in EG and ascorbic acid (0.25 M, 3 ml) were prepared. The PVP solution was stirred with a magnetic bar and heated to 140 \u00b0C in a three-necked round bottom flask. Then the room temperature solutions of CuSO4 and ascorbic acid were simultaneously injected, drop-wise, into the hot PVP solution at a rate of approximately 0.25 ml min\u22121 by a syringe. Heating and stirring were maintained for a further hour and the solution finally turned reddish brown, it was then cooled to 80 \u00b0C and aged for approximately one hour in order to promote the growth of nanoparticles. It was necessary to add a further small amount of the ascorbic acid solution into the reaction mixture during this process to prevent the Cu nanocubes being oxidized. When the reaction finished, the reaction system was cooled to room temperature, then diluted with ethanol and centrifuged (2000 rpm, 15 min).\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanocube"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone", 
            "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "ethylene glycol", 
            "ethanol"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EDA": "diazoacetic ester", 
            "NaOH": "sodium hydroxide", 
            "NaO": "10-n-nonylacridinium orange", 
            "N2H4": "hydrazine", 
            "Cu(NO3)2": "copper nitrate", 
            "nitric acid": "nitrogen hydroxide oxide (n(oh)2o)", 
            "diethylhydroxylamine": "n,n-diethylhydroxylamine", 
            "Cu2O": "Cu2O", 
            "DEHA": "dioctyl adipate", 
            "polyvinylpyrrolidone": "povidone"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "copper nitrate", 
            "sodium hydroxide"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "The_Role_of_Cuprous_Oxide_Seeds_in_the_One-Pot_and_Seeded_Syntheses_of_Copper_Nanowires.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "diazoacetic ester", 
                "mf": "C4H6N2O2", 
                "cid": 12192
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper nitrate", 
                "mf": "CuN2O6", 
                "cid": 18616
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "hydrazine", 
                "mf": "H4N2", 
                "cid": 9321
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium hydroxide", 
                "mf": "HNaO", 
                "cid": 14798
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "dioctyl adipate", 
                "mf": "C22H42O4", 
                "cid": 31271
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n,n-diethylhydroxylamine", 
                "mf": "C4H11NO", 
                "cid": 19463
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cu2o", 
                "mf": "Cu2O", 
                "cid": 10313194
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "n(oh)2o", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "10-n-nonylacridinium orange", 
                "mf": "C26H38N3+", 
                "cid": 115086
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Cu(NO3)2 (Sigma-Aldrich, 0.1 M, 1 mL), NaOH (Acros Organics, 15 M, 20 mL) and EDA (Sigma-Aldrich, 150 \u03bcL) were mixed in a 50 mL round bottom flask with a glass stopper and heated to 50 \u00b0C at a stirring rate of 700 rpm. N2H4 (Sigma-Aldrich, 35 wt%, 25 \u03bcL) was quickly injected into the above solution after stirring for 5 min. Upon addition of N2H4, the mixture initially turned white and cloudy, and changed to a clear and colorless solution within the first 2 min. The solution remained clear till t = ~60 min when a dark red color slowly appeared throughout the entire solution. An aqueous solution (~15 mL) containing 3% PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone, Sigma-Aldrich, MW = 10 K) and 1% DEHA (diethylhydroxylamine, Acros Organics) was added to the growth solution to collect the nanowires. The mixture was then transferred to a separation funnel and vigorously shaken until a white clump of PVP and nanowires floated to the surface. The bottom solution was drained and fresh PVP/DEHA solution was added to re-disperse the nanowires. Seed solution was prepared by adding N2H4 (35%, 25 \u03bcL) into a preheated mixture (50 \u00b0C, stirred at 700 rpm) of Cu(NO3)2 (0.1 M, 1 mL), NaOH (15 M, 20 mL). After stirring for 2 min, 5 mL, 2 mL, or 1 mL of seed solution was transferred to a preheated growth solution (50 \u00b0C, stirred at 700 rpm) containing Cu(NO3)2 (0.1 M, 1 mL), NaOH (15 M, 20 mL) and EDA (150 \u03bcL, 2.25 mmol), to produce nanowires with an aspect ratio of 380, 720, and 1130, respectively. N2H4 (35 wt%, 25 \u03bcL) was then added, the stirring was stopped after 2 min, and the mixture slowly changed from orange to deep red over the next 20 min. A mixture of Cu(NO3)2 (0.1 M, 1 mL), NaOH (15 M, 20 mL) and a certain amount of EDA was preheated with stirring at 700 rpm for 5 min at 50 \u00b0C. After N2H4 (35%, 25 \u03bcL) was added, the solution turned orange and Cu2O octahedra formed. The Cu2O particles were collected using the PVP/DEHA solution and purified with 1% DEHA solution for further characterization with SEM and XRD. The collected particles were then dissolved in concentrated nitric acid (1 mL) and diluted to a set volume.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "copper": "copper", 
            "EDA": "diazoacetic ester", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "ethylenediamine": "ethylenediamine", 
            "Cu": "copper", 
            "Polyvinylpyrrolidone": "povidone"
        }, 
        "material": "Cu", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "The_Synthesis_and_Coating_of_Long,_Thin_Copper_Nanowires_to_Make_Flexible,_Transparent_Conducting_Films_on_Plastic_Substrates.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "copper", 
                "mf": "Cu", 
                "cid": 23978
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "ethylenediamine", 
                "mf": "C2H8N2", 
                "cid": 3301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "diazoacetic ester", 
                "mf": "C4H6N2O2", 
                "cid": 12192
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "To grow nanowires in our previous study, we kept the reaction mixture at a constant temperature (80 \u00b0C) throughout the nucleation and growth of the CuNWs. Furthermore, the capping agent used in the synthesis, ethylenediamine (EDA), was found to be a poor dispersant for the CuNWs. In order to grow longer, thinner wires, we heated the reaction mixture only a short time (about 3 min at 80 \u00b0C) in order to induce reduction of copper ions (as indicated from a change in the reaction color from blue to clear). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was then added to this mixture to prevent the CuNWs from aggregating and this mixture was quickly cooled in an ice bath.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanowire"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "gold hydrochlorate": "gold hydrochlorate", 
            "citrate": "citric acid", 
            "gold": "gold", 
            "sodium tris-citrate": "sodium tricitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Au", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Turkevich_Method_for_Gold_Nanoparticle_Synthesis_Revisited.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "citric acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O7", 
                "cid": 311
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold hydrochlorate"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "synonym": "sodium tricitrate", 
                "cid": 6224
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold", 
                "mf": "Au", 
                "cid": 23985
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The reduction of a gold hydrochlorate solution (Chempur, 99%) has been initiated by sodium tris-citrate (Merck) by bringing gold solution to a boil in a double-walled reactor, which is heated by a bath thermostat. No refluxing was utilized in order to prevent the presence of temperature gradients in the liquid. When the solution (95 mL) started to boil, 5 mL of preheated citrate solution was added. After a defined time (normally 15 min), the liquid was extracted and cooled to room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [
            "citric acid"
        ], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "citric acid"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "water": "water", 
            "PVP": "povidone", 
            "EG": "EG", 
            "Teflon": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
            "AgNO3": "silver nitrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "silver nitrate"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Twinned_Structure_and_Growth_of_V-Shaped_Silver_Nanowires_Generated_by_a_Polyol\u2212Thermal_Approach.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "povidone", 
                "mf": "C6H9NO", 
                "cid": 6917
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "eg", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "polytetrafluoroethylene", 
                "mf": "C2F4", 
                "cid": 8301
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "silver nitrate", 
                "mf": "AgNO3", 
                "cid": 24470
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "Ultrapure water was used in all the synthesis processes. In a typical synthesis, 10 mL of EG solution containing a small amount of PVP (MW= 55 000) (0.050 g) was stirred vigorously until all the PVP dissolved completely and the solution became transparent. Second, 0.02548 g of AgNO3 (~0.15 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of EG solution, followed by vigorous stirring until the solution became homogeneous. Finally, the two solutions were put into a 25-mL vial and mixed homogeneously by stirring, followed by placing the vial into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave (50 mL capacity). The autoclave was heated in an oven and maintained at a temperature range of 80 to 180 \u00b0C for different times (30 min to a few hours) for optimization of products.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "povidone"
        ]
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "MB": "methylene blue", 
            "BL": "BL", 
            "Pd2": "Pd2", 
            "water": "water", 
            "H2O": "water", 
            "K2PdCl6": "palladate, hexachloro-, potassium (1:2), (oc-6-11)-", 
            "Pd": "palladium"
        }, 
        "material": "palladium", 
        "metal_salts": [
            "palladate, hexachloro-, potassium (1:2), (oc-6-11)-"
        ], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Ultrasound_agitated_phytofabrication_of_palladium_nanoparticles_using_Andean_blackberry_leaf_and_its_photocatalytic_activity.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "bl", 
                "mf": "C4H6O2", 
                "cid": 7302
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "pd2"
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "water", 
                "mf": "H2O", 
                "cid": 962
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "1:2), (oc-6-11)-", 
                "mf": null, 
                "cid": null
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "methylene blue", 
                "mf": "C16H18ClN3S", 
                "cid": 6099
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "palladium", 
                "mf": "Pd", 
                "cid": 23938
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "The collected fresh BL (5 g) was washed thoroughly with Milli-Q water; heated (65\u201370 \u00b0C) in 50 mL of Milli-Q water for 60 min. The filtrate was collected in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask and stored at 4 \u00b0C for further use. For green synthesis, 1.0 mL of BL extract was mixed with 10 mL of 1 mM K2PdCl6 solution; (a) kept at 25 \u00b0C for 24 h and then (b) agitated under sonication. Ultrasound irradiation was carried out with ultrasonic processors (DAIGGER GE 505, 500 W, 20 kHz) immersed directly into the reaction solution. After ultrasound irradiation, reduction of Pd2+ to Pd was observed by the change in their color (yellow to brownish-black) of the reaction mixture. In set 1, 5 mL of MB (10 mg/L) and 1 mL of H2O were kept in a glass vial. In set 2, 5 mL of MB (10 mg/L) was mixed with 700 \u03bcL of H2O and 300 \u03bcL of PdNPs. In set 3, 5 mL of MB (10 mg/L) was mixed with 700 \u03bcL of H2O and 300 \u03bcL of PdNPs, and then kept in visible light (55\u201360 cd/m2) at room temperature.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "octahedral"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": []
    }, 
    {
        "entities_map": {
            "ascorbic acid": "l-ascorbic acid", 
            "CTAB": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "cetyltrimethylammonium bromide": "cetrimonium bromide", 
            "HAuCl4": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
            "NaBH4": "sodium borohydride", 
            "tri-sodium citrate": "trisodium citrate"
        }, 
        "material": "Pt", 
        "metal_salts": [], 
        "solvents": [], 
        "fileName": "Wet_Chemical_Synthesis_of_High_Aspect_Ratio_Cylindrical_Gold_Nanorods.txt", 
        "chemicals": [
            {
                "chemical": "trisodium citrate", 
                "mf": "C6H5Na3O7", 
                "cid": 6224
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "gold tetrachloride, acid", 
                "mf": "AuCl4H", 
                "cid": 28133
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "sodium borohydride", 
                "mf": "BH4Na", 
                "cid": 4311764
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "l-ascorbic acid", 
                "mf": "C6H8O6", 
                "cid": 54670067
            }, 
            {
                "chemical": "cetrimonium bromide", 
                "mf": "C19H42BrN", 
                "cid": 5974
            }
        ], 
        "experimentalSentences": "A 20 mL aqueous solution containing 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 and 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M tri-sodium citrate was prepared in a conical flask. Next, 0.6 mL of ice cold 0.1 M NaBH4 solution was added to the solution all at once while stirring. The particles in this solution were used as seeds within 2\u22125 h after preparation. In a clean test tube, 10 mL of growth solution, containing 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 and 0.1 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was mixed with 0.05 mL of 0.1 M freshly prepared ascorbic acid solution. Next, 0.025 mL of the 3.5 nm seed solution was added. No further stirring or agitation was done. Within 5\u221210 min, the solution color changed to reddish brown. The solution was stable for more than one month. A three-step seeding method was used for this nanorod preparation. Three test tubes (labeled A, B, and C), each containing 9 mL growth solution, consisting of 2.5 \u00d7 10-4 M HAuCl4 and 0.1 M CTAB, were mixed with 0.05 mL of 0.1 M ascorbic acid. Next, 1.0 mL of the 3.5 nm seed solution was mixed with sample A. After 4\u22125 h, 1.0 mL was drawn from solution A and added to solution B, followed by thorough mixing. The color of solution B turned red within 4\u22125 min. After 4\u22125 h, 1 mL of B was mixed with C. Solution C turned red in color within 10 min. This procedure was similar to the method for preparing 13 aspect ratio rods. For 13 aspect ratio rods, the seed or solutions A and B were added to the growth solution after the growth occurring in the previous reaction was complete. But to make 18 aspect ratio rods, particles from A and B were transferred to the growth solution while the particles in these solution were still growing. Typically, solution A was transferred to B after 15 s of adding 3.5 nm seed to A, and solution B was transferred to C after 30 s of adding solution A to B.\n", 
        "morphology": [
            "nanorod"
        ], 
        "surfactants": [], 
        "reducing_agents": [
            "l-ascorbic acid"
        ]
    }
]