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初识Docker
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<h1 id="目的"><a href="#目的" class="headerlink" title="目的"></a>目的</h1><p>熟悉Docker的基本使用、基于cgroups的资源限制和内容信任机制；<span id="more"></span></p>
<h1 id="步骤"><a href="#步骤" class="headerlink" title="步骤"></a>步骤</h1><ol>
<li><p>安装Docker</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo apt install docker.io</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518161134.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>从Docker Hub拉取Ubuntu基础镜像ubuntu:18.04，创建并运行容器；</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker pull ubuntu:18.04</span><br><span class="line">docker images</span><br><span class="line">docker run ubuntu:18.04</span><br><span class="line">docker ps -a</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518204529.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>运行并进入容器，观察容器内部和外部主机在主机名、用户和运行中进程上的不同；</p>
<p>输入如下命令运行进入容器：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker run --name=ubuntu -it ubuntu:18.04</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518211029.png"></p>
<ul>
<li><p>主机名</p>
<ul>
<li>外部：ubuntu</li>
<li>内部：942d3efe3838</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518211411.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>用户</p>
<ul>
<li>外部：root</li>
<li>内部：root</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518211754.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>进程</p>
<ul>
<li><p>未运行docker容器时的进程</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518214614.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>运行docker容器时的进程</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518214857.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>进入docker容器时的进程</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200518215023.png"></p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>编写Dockerfile，基于ubuntu:18.04镜像构建stress镜像；</p>
<ol>
<li><p>创建Dockerfile文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">mkdir</span> ubuntu-18.04-stress</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> ubuntu-18.04-stress/</span><br><span class="line">vim Dockerfile</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>编写Dockerfile内容如下</p>
<figure class="highlight dockerfile"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Dockerfile</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">From</span> ubuntu:<span class="number">18.04</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">RUN</span><span class="language-bash"> apt-get update && apt-get install -y stress</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ENTRYPOINT</span><span class="language-bash"> [<span class="string">"/usr/bin/stress"</span>]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CMD</span><span class="language-bash"> []</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>生成镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker build -t ubuntu-18.04-stress ./ubuntu-18.04-stress/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其中<code>-t</code>表示标签，<code>./ubuntu-18.04-stress/</code>表示在目录<code>/ubuntu-18.04-stress/</code>下执行Dockerfile</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200519114324.png"></p>
<p>查看成功生成镜像</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200519114414.png"></p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>从stress镜像启动容器，用<code>docker run</code>的<code>--memory</code>和<code>--memory-swap</code>参数限制容器能够使用的内存容量，在容器中用stress分配内存验证限制的效果</p>
<p>输入如下命令</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker run --memory 100M --memory-swap 200M e73e92924e16 --vm 1 --vm-bytes 500M --verbose</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以id为e73e92924e16的镜像创建容器，使用<code>--memory</code>限定该容器分配内存为100M，<code>--memory-swap</code>限定容器最大可分配总内存为200M；设置处理<code>malloc()</code>内存分配函数的进程数量为1，使用<code>--vm-bytes</code>分配内存500M，<code>--verbose</code>表示debug模式。</p>
<p>因为使用<code>--memory-swap</code>限定容器最大可分配总内存为200M，当stress需要分配500M内存时明显不能满足，容器退出，证明<code>--memory</code>和<code>--memory-swap</code>起了作用；</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200519164401.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>从stress镜像同时启动多个容器，用<code>docker run</code>的<code>--cpu-shares</code>参数限制容器能够使用的CPU资源，在容器中用stress验证限制的效果</p>
<p>分别打开两个窗口启动两个容器</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker run --name=test2 e73e92924e16 -c 1024 --cpu 2 <span class="comment">#窗口1</span></span><br><span class="line">docker run --name=test2 e73e92924e16 -c 512 --cpu 1 <span class="comment">#窗口2</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其中窗口1设置<code>--cpu-shares</code>相对值为1024，cpu数量为2</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200519175405.png"></p>
<p>窗口1设置<code>--cpu-shares</code>相对值为512，cpu数量为1</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200519174503.png"></p>
<p>查看CPU占用率，test1的两个CPU各使用约50%，test2的CPU使用约100%，这是由于CPU权重约为2:1(1024:512)，以及CPU数量为2:1导致的</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200519174102.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>在Docker Hub上创建账号；</p>
<p>Docker账号已创建，ID为leeyuxun；</p>
</li>
<li><p>将stress镜像推送到Docker Hub</p>
<ol>
<li><p>登录docker</p>
<p>输入如下命令后输入用户名和密码登录</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker login</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520090938.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>由于本地仓库名与Docker Hub上不对应，输入如下命令进行更改</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker tag 2338a41b1ae5 lililizhilin/stress:v1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>或删除原镜像，重新生成镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker build -t leeyuxun/stress:v1 ./ubuntu-18.04-stress/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>将镜像上传到docker hub的仓库</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker push leeyuxun/stress:v1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520091111.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>上传完成后，在仓库中查看上传成功</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520091236.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>输入如下命令删除本地的镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker rmi leeyuxun/stress:v1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>通过设置DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST环境变量启用docker内容信任</p>
<p>命令行输入如下内容启用docker内容信任</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">export</span> DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST=1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520001532.png"></p>
<p>后续的 docker push 命令会在推送镜像时自动对镜像进行签名。因此，所有的 pull、 build 和 run 命令只会对已签名的镜像起作用。</p>
</li>
<li><p>将带签名的stress镜像推送到Docker Hub（用不同的tag区分未签名和签名版本）</p>
<ol>
<li><p>输入如下命令新建带签名的stress镜像标签为DCT</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker build -t leeyuxun/stress:DCT ./ubuntu-18.04-stress/</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520091531.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>将带签名的stress镜像推送到Docker Hub</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker push leeyuxun/stress:DCT</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>由于开启 DCT ，该镜像会在推送时自动被签名，在签名时会创建两个密钥：</p>
<ul>
<li>根密钥（Root key）</li>
<li>库密钥（Repository key）</li>
</ul>
<p>默认情况下，两个密钥被保存在家目录下的隐藏目录 ~/.docker/trust下；</p>
<p>根密钥是主密钥，它用于创建和签名新的库密钥，这意味着，用户需要使用强密码予以保护，并且在不使用它的时候对其离线保存。正常情况下，每个用户应该仅有一个密钥，甚至一个团队或组织仅有一个密钥。并且通常情况下仅用它来创建新的库密钥。</p>
<p>库密钥也被称为标签密钥，用于对需要推送到指定镜像库的打标签的镜像进行签名。因此，每个镜像库配备一个库密钥。如果密钥遗失，相对来说容易恢复，但是仍然应该使用强密码进行保护，并妥善保存。</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520092125.png"></p>
<p>在Docker Hub中显示上传成功</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520092200.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>删除本地镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker rmi leeyuxun/stress:DCT</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>分别尝试拉取未签名版和签名版stress镜像，观察结果</p>
<ol>
<li><p>拉去未签名版的stress镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker pull leeyuxun/stress:v1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>显示错误如下，v1版本没有信任数据</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520092502.png"></p>
<p>输入如下命令，可以跳过签名拉取镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker pull --disable-content-trust leeyuxun/stress:v1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520093158.png"></p>
<p>输入如下命令，运行该镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker container run -d --<span class="built_in">rm</span> leeyuxun/stress:v1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>仍然v1版本没有信任数据</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520093314.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>拉取签名版的stress镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker pull leeyuxun/stress:DCT</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>通过本地保存到库密钥可以正确拉去签名版的stress镜像</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520093543.png"></p>
<p>输入如下命令可以正确运行该镜像</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">docker container run leeyuxun/stress:DCT --vm 1 --vm-bytes 100M --verbose</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>成功创建并运行容器</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520094144.png"></p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200520094302.png"></p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
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<strong>本文作者： </strong>李钰璕
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<a href="https://leeyuxun.github.io/%E5%88%9D%E8%AF%86Docker.html" title="初识Docker">https://leeyuxun.github.io/初识Docker.html</a>
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