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基于国密搭建双向认证Web服务器.html
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基于国密搭建双向认证Web服务器
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<time title="创建时间：2020-05-16 23:45:11" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2020-05-16T23:45:11+08:00">2020-05-16</time>
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">更新于</span>
<time title="修改时间：2023-05-07 15:37:53" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2023-05-07T15:37:53+08:00">2023-05-07</time>
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<h2 id="目的"><a href="#目的" class="headerlink" title="目的"></a>目的</h2><ol>
<li>搭建一个Web服务器；</li>
<li>配置https访问，并且支持双向认证访问，即客户端和服务器端均需要提供证书访问；</li>
<li>所有的证书需要使用国密算法；<span id="more"></span></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="实验过程"><a href="#实验过程" class="headerlink" title="实验过程"></a>实验过程</h2><h3 id="Ubuntu安装Nginx"><a href="#Ubuntu安装Nginx" class="headerlink" title="Ubuntu安装Nginx"></a>Ubuntu安装Nginx</h3><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo apt install nginx</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514103205.png"></p>
<ul>
<li><p>Nginx相关命令</p>
<ul>
<li>启动<code>sudo systemctl start nginx</code></li>
<li>关闭<code>sudo systemctl stop nginx</code></li>
<li>重启<code>sudo systemctl restart nginx</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>设置防火墙，保证局域网可以访问该web服务器</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo ufw app list</span><br><span class="line">sudo ufw allow <span class="string">'Nginx HTTP'</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo ufw allow <span class="string">'Nginx HTTPS'</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo ufw status</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514103652.png" style="zoom:67%;">
<p>局域网下另一台机器可以进行访问</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514104000.png"></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="HTTPS双向认证分析"><a href="#HTTPS双向认证分析" class="headerlink" title="HTTPS双向认证分析"></a>HTTPS双向认证分析</h3><ol>
<li><p>HTTPS单向认证流程</p>
<p>单向认证流程中，服务器端保存着公钥证书和私钥两个文件，整个握手过程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>客户端发起建立HTTPS连接请求，将SSL协议版本的信息发送给服务器端；</li>
<li>服务器端将本机的公钥证书server.crt发送给客户端；</li>
<li>客户端读取公钥证书server.crt，取出了服务端公钥；</li>
<li>客户端生成一个随机数密钥R，用刚才得到的服务器公钥去加密这个随机数形成密文，发送给服务端；</li>
<li>服务端用自己的私钥server.key去解密这个密文，得到了密钥R；</li>
<li>服务端和客户端在后续通讯过程中就使用这个密钥R进行通信；</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514100800.png"></p>
</li>
<li><p>HTTPS双向认证流程</p>
<p>双认证流程握手过程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>客户端发起建立HTTPS连接请求，将SSL协议版本的信息发送给服务端；</li>
<li>服务器端将本机的公钥证书server.crt发送给客户端；</li>
<li>客户端读取公钥证书server.crt，取出了服务端公钥；</li>
<li>客户端将客户端公钥证书client.crt发送给服务器端；</li>
<li>服务器端解密客户端公钥证书，拿到客户端公钥；</li>
<li>客户端发送自己支持的加密方案给服务器端；</li>
<li>服务器端根据自己和客户端的能力，选择一个双方都能接受的加密方案，使用客户端的公钥加密后发送给客户端；</li>
<li>客户端使用自己的私钥解密加密方案，生成一个随机数R，使用服务器公钥加密后传给服务器端；</li>
<li>服务端用自己的私钥去解密这个密文，得到了密钥R；</li>
<li>服务端和客户端在后续通讯过程中就使用这个密钥R进行通信；</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200515014435.png"></p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="利用国密生成证书"><a href="#利用国密生成证书" class="headerlink" title="利用国密生成证书"></a>利用国密生成证书</h3><p>如果要把整个双向认证的流程跑通，最终需要4个证书文件：</p>
<ol>
<li>服务器端公钥证书：server.crt</li>
<li>服务器端私钥文件：server.key</li>
<li>客户端公钥证书：client.crt</li>
<li>客户端私钥文件：client.key</li>
</ol>
<p>生成这一系列证书之前，需要先生成一个CA根证书，然后由这个CA根证书颁发服务器公钥证书和客户端公钥证书；</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200513223122.png"></p>
<p>全程使用GmSSL来生成一系列的自签名证书，自签名证书没有经过证书机构的认证，很多浏览器会认为不安全，但用来实验是足够的。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>安装GmSSL</p>
<ol>
<li><p>下载<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://github.com/guanzhi/GmSSL/archive/master.zip">源代码</a>并解压</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo unzip GmSSL-master.zip</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>编译安装</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">./config no-saf no-sdf no-skf no-sof no-zuc</span><br><span class="line">sudo make</span><br><span class="line">sudo make install</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>执行<code>gmssl</code>命令行工具检查安装成功</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">gmssl version</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514162828.png"></p>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="生成自签名根证书"><a href="#生成自签名根证书" class="headerlink" title="生成自签名根证书"></a>生成自签名根证书</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo <span class="built_in">mkdir</span> /etc/nginx/keys/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> /etc/nginx/keys/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 利用SM2创建根证书私钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl ecparam -genkey -name sm2p256v1 -out root.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 利用SM3创建根证书请求文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl req -sm3 -new -out root.csr -key root.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建根证书</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl x509 -req -<span class="keyword">in</span> root.csr -out root.crt -signkey root.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514163616.png"></p>
<p>经过上面的命令，可以得到一个签名有效期为10年的根证书root.crt，后续用这个根证书去颁发服务器证书和客户端证书。</p>
<p>证书中的pub与root.key是一致的，这样输出的root.crt中,包含了会话的公钥，用于分发加密。而最后的sm3的数字签名，用于通过上面的公钥来验证证书的完整性。</p>
<h4 id="生成自签名服务器端证书"><a href="#生成自签名服务器端证书" class="headerlink" title="生成自签名服务器端证书"></a>生成自签名服务器端证书</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 利用SM2生成服务器端证书私钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl ecparam -genkey -name sm2p256v1 -out server.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 利用SM3生成服务器端证书请求文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl req -sm3 -new -out server.csr -key server.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成服务器端公钥证书</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl x509 -req -<span class="keyword">in</span> server.csr -out server.crt -signkey server.key -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514165203.png"></p>
<p>经过上面命令得到：</p>
<ul>
<li>server.key：服务器端的秘钥文件</li>
<li>server.crt：有效期十年的服务器端公钥证书(使用根证书和服务器端私钥文件一起生成)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="生成自签名客户端证书"><a href="#生成自签名客户端证书" class="headerlink" title="生成自签名客户端证书"></a>生成自签名客户端证书</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 利用SM2生成客户端证书私钥</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl ecparam -genkey -name sm2p256v1 -out client.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 利用SM3生成客户端证书请求文件</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl req -sm3 -new -out client.csr -key client.key</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 生成客户端公钥证书</span></span><br><span class="line">gmssl x509 -req -<span class="keyword">in</span> client.csr -out client.crt -signkey client.key -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200514171605.png"></p>
<p>经过上面的命令得到：</p>
<ul>
<li>client.key：客户端的私钥文件</li>
<li>client.crt：有效期十年的客户端证书(使用根证书和客户端私钥一起生成)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Nginx配置"><a href="#Nginx配置" class="headerlink" title="Nginx配置"></a>Nginx配置</h3><ol>
<li><p>创建Nginx配置文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> /etc/nginx/sites-enabled</span><br><span class="line">vim https.conf</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>配置文件如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">server {</span><br><span class="line"> listen 443 ssl;</span><br><span class="line"> server_name 192.168.1.4;</span><br><span class="line"> ssl on;</span><br><span class="line"> ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/keys/server.crt;<span class="comment">#配置证书位置</span></span><br><span class="line"> ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/keys/server.key;<span class="comment">#配置秘钥位置</span></span><br><span class="line"> ssl_client_certificate /etc/nginx/keys/client.crt;<span class="comment">#双向认证</span></span><br><span class="line"> ssl_verify_client on; <span class="comment">#双向认证</span></span><br><span class="line"> ssl_session_timeout 5m;</span><br><span class="line"> root html;</span><br><span class="line"> index index.html;</span><br><span class="line"> location / {</span><br><span class="line"> try_files <span class="variable">$uri</span> <span class="variable">$uri</span>/ =404;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p>重载配置</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">nginx -s reload</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="验证"><a href="#验证" class="headerlink" title="验证"></a>验证</h3><ol>
<li>使用同一局域网下的另一台机器访问该nginx服务器<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://192.168.1.4/%EF%BC%9B">https://192.168.1.4/；</a></li>
</ol>
<p>显示如下，需要提供证书才能访问</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200515014308.png"></p>
<ol start="2">
<li><p>将密钥复制到另一个文件夹下，使用curl进行验证</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cp</span> -r /etc/nginx/keys/ /tmp/</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> /tmp/keys/</span><br><span class="line">curl --cert ./client.crt --key ./client.key https://192.168.1.4/ -k -v</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>服务器端与客户端的握手流程如下：</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200515013441.png"></p>
<p>数据包相关参数如下图：</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200515013715.png"></p>
<p>返回的网页源代码如下，可以正常访问，说明双向认证的Web服务器搭建成功。</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Leeyuxun/pic-storage/main/img/20200515013843.png"></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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<strong>本文作者： </strong>李钰璕
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<div class="post-toc motion-element"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">目的</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">实验过程</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Ubuntu%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85Nginx"><span class="nav-number">2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">Ubuntu安装Nginx</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#HTTPS%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%91%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%81%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90"><span class="nav-number">2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">HTTPS双向认证分析</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">利用国密生成证书</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%87%AA%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%A0%B9%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成自签名根证书</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%87%AA%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E7%AB%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成自签名服务器端证书</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%87%AA%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%A2%E6%88%B7%E7%AB%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%B9%A6"><span class="nav-number">2.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">生成自签名客户端证书</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#Nginx%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE"><span class="nav-number">2.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">Nginx配置</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81"><span class="nav-number">2.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">验证</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
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