leaders.json

{"us": [{"first_name": "George", "last_name": "Washington", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington", "first_paragraph": "George Washington (February 22, 1732\u2013 December 14, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and served as president of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which created and ratified the Constitution of the United States and the American federal government. Washington has been called the \"Father of his Country\" for his manifold leadership in the nation's founding."}, {"first_name": "Barack", "last_name": "Obama", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama", "first_paragraph": "Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American  president of the United States. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and worked as a civil rights lawyer and university lecturer. "}, {"first_name": "Abraham", "last_name": "Lincoln", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln", "first_paragraph": "Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy."}, {"first_name": "George", "last_name": "Bush", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush", "first_paragraph": "George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who was the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000."}, {"first_name": "Bill", "last_name": "Clinton", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton", "first_paragraph": "William Jefferson Clinton (n\u00e9 Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician  who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a U.S. senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election."}, {"first_name": "Joe", "last_name": "Biden", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden", "first_paragraph": "Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009."}, {"first_name": "Franklin", "last_name": "Roosevelt", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "first_paragraph": "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882\u2013 April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. He previously served as the 44th governor of New York from 1929 to 1932, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1920, and a member of the New York State Senate from 1911 to 1913."}, {"first_name": "Andrew", "last_name": "Johnson", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson", "first_paragraph": "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808\u2013 July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote."}, {"first_name": "Gerald", "last_name": "Ford", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford", "first_paragraph": "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives from 1965 to 1973, when he was appointed the 40th vice president by President Richard Nixon, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew. Ford succeeded to the presidency when Nixon resigned in 1974, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976. Ford is the only person to become U.S. president without winning an election for president or vice president."}, {"first_name": "Richard", "last_name": "Nixon", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon", "first_paragraph": "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913\u2013 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His five years in the White House saw reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, d\u00e9tente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landings, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office as a result of the Watergate scandal."}, {"first_name": "Lyndon", "last_name": "Johnson", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson", "first_paragraph": "Lyndon Baines Johnson, often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. He previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy, and was sworn in shortly after Kennedy's assassination. A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. Senator and the Senate majority leader. He holds the distinction of being one of the few presidents who served in all elected offices at the federal level."}, {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Kennedy", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy", "first_paragraph": "John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 \u2013 November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest person to assume the presidency by election and the youngest president at the end of his tenure. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to his presidency."}, {"first_name": "Dwight", "last_name": "Eisenhower", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower", "first_paragraph": "Dwight David \"Ike\" Eisenhower was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II:  Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942\u20131943 and the D-Day invasion of Normandy in 1944."}, {"first_name": "Ronald", "last_name": "Reagan", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan", "first_paragraph": "Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He previously served as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and as president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952 and from 1959 until 1960."}, {"first_name": "Harry", "last_name": "Truman", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman", "first_paragraph": "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884\u2013 December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin D. Roosevelt and as a United States senator from Missouri from 1935 to January 1945. Assuming the presidency after Roosevelt's death, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the conservative coalition that dominated the Congress."}, {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Adams", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams", "first_paragraph": "John Adams (October 30, 1735 \u2013 July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain. During the latter part of Revolutionary War and in the early years of the new nation, he served the U.S. government as a senior diplomat in Europe. Adams was the first person to hold the office of vice president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with important contemporaries, including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams and his friend and political rival Thomas Jefferson."}, {"first_name": "Thomas", "last_name": "Jefferson", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson", "first_paragraph": "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 \u2013 July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Among the Committee of Five charged by the Second Continental Congress with authoring the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson was the document's primary author. Following the American Revolutionary War and prior to becoming president in 1801, Jefferson was the first U.S. Secretary of State under George Washington and then the nation's second vice president under John Adams."}, {"first_name": "James", "last_name": "Madison", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison", "first_paragraph": "James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751\u2013 June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison is hailed as the \"Father of the Constitution\" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights."}, {"first_name": "James", "last_name": "Monroe", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe", "first_paragraph": "James Monroe was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was the last president who was a Founding Father as well as the last president of the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of limiting European colonialism in the Americas. Previously he served as governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh Secretary of State, and the eighth Secretary of War."}, {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Adams", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams", "first_paragraph": "John Quincy Adams was an American politician, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth United States Secretary of State from 1817 to 1825. During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams served as an ambassador and also as a member of the United States Congress representing Massachusetts in both chambers. He was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801, and First Lady Abigail Adams. Initially a Federalist like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party."}, {"first_name": "Andrew", "last_name": "Jackson", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson", "first_paragraph": "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans."}, {"first_name": "Martin", "last_name": "Van Buren", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren", "first_paragraph": "Martin Van Buren was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the Democratic Party, he served as New York's attorney general, U.S. senator, then briefly as the ninth governor of New York before joining Andrew Jackson's administration as the tenth United States secretary of state, minister to Great Britain, and ultimately the eighth vice president when named Jackson's running mate for the 1832 election. Van Buren won the presidency in 1836, lost re-election in 1840, and failed to win the Democratic nomination in 1844. Later in his life, Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an important anti-slavery leader who led the Free Soil Party ticket in the 1848 presidential election."}, {"first_name": "William", "last_name": "Harrison", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison", "first_paragraph": "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773\u2013 April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States."}, {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Tyler", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler", "first_paragraph": "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 \u2013 January 18, 1862) was the tenth president of the United States, serving from 1841 to 1845, after briefly holding office as the tenth vice president in 1841. He was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison, succeeding to the presidency following Harrison's death 31 days after assuming office. Tyler was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states' rights, including regarding slavery, and he adopted nationalistic policies as president only when they did not infringe on the states' powers. His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other Whig politicians and left Tyler estranged from both of the nation's major political parties at the time."}, {"first_name": "James", "last_name": "Polk", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk", "first_paragraph": "James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 \u2013 June 15, 1849) was the 11th president of the United States, serving from 1845 to 1849. Before he became president, Polk served as the 13th speaker of the House of Representatives (1835\u20131839) and ninth governor of Tennessee (1839\u20131841). A prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Andrew Jackson, he was a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate of Jacksonian democracy. Polk is known for extending the territory of the United States through the Mexican\u2013American War; during his presidency, the United States expanded significantly with the annexation of the Republic of Texas, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession following American victory in the Mexican\u2013American War."}, {"first_name": "Zachary", "last_name": "Taylor", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor", "first_paragraph": "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 \u2013 July 9, 1850) was an American military leader who served as the 12th president of the United States from 1849 until his death in 1850. Taylor was a career officer in the United States Army, rising to the rank of major general and becoming a national hero for his victories in the Mexican\u2013American War. As a result, he won election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs. His top priority as president was to preserve the Union. He died 16 months into his term from a stomach disease, thus having the third shortest presidency in U.S. history."}, {"first_name": "Millard", "last_name": "Fillmore", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore", "first_paragraph": "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 \u2013 March 8, 1874) was the 13th president of the United States, serving from 1850 to 1853, the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House.  A former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Upstate New York, Fillmore was elected as the 12th vice president in 1848, and succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 upon the death of Zachary Taylor. Fillmore was instrumental in the passing of the Compromise of 1850, a bargain that led to a brief truce in the battle over the expansion of slavery. He failed to win the Whig nomination for president in 1852 but gained the endorsement of the nativist Know Nothing Party four years later and finished third in the 1856 presidential election."}, {"first_name": "Franklin", "last_name": "Pierce", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce", "first_paragraph": "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804\u2013 October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. A northern Democrat who believed that the abolitionist movement was a fundamental threat to the nation's unity, he alienated anti-slavery groups by signing the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act. Conflict between North and South continued after Pierce's presidency, and, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, the Southern states seceded, resulting in the American Civil War."}, {"first_name": "James", "last_name": "Buchanan", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan", "first_paragraph": "James Buchanan Jr. was an American lawyer, diplomat, and politician who served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He previously served as secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress. He was an advocate for states' rights, particularly regarding slavery, and minimized the role of the federal government preceding the Civil War. Buchanan was the last president born in the 18th century."}, {"first_name": "Donald", "last_name": "Trump", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump", "first_paragraph": "Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021."}, {"first_name": "George", "last_name": "Bush", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush", "first_paragraph": "George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 \u2013 November 30, 2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan, and in various other federal positions prior to that."}, {"first_name": "Jimmy", "last_name": "Carter", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter", "first_paragraph": "James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975, and as a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967."}, {"first_name": "Theodore", "last_name": "Roosevelt", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt", "first_paragraph": "Theodore  Roosevelt Jr., often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He previously served as the 25th vice president under President William McKinley from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. Assuming the presidency after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and became a driving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies."}, {"first_name": "Woodrow", "last_name": "Wilson", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson", "first_paragraph": "Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856\u2013 February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I in 1917. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, and his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism."}, {"first_name": "James", "last_name": "Garfield", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield", "first_paragraph": "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 \u2013 September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 1881 until his assassination in September 1881. A lawyer and Civil War general, Garfield served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives and is, to date, the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before his candidacy for the White House, he had been elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio General Assembly\u2014a position he declined when he became president-elect."}, {"first_name": "Ulysses", "last_name": "Grant", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant", "first_paragraph": "Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, /\u02c8ha\u026ar\u0259m ju\u02d0\u02c8l\u026asi\u02d0z/ HY-r\u0259m yoo-LISS-eez; April 27, 1822\u2013 July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as U.S. Secretary of War. Later, as president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who signed the bill that created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction."}, {"first_name": "William", "last_name": "McKinley", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley", "first_paragraph": "William McKinley (January 29, 1843\u2013 September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. As a politician he led a realignment that made his Republican Party largely dominant in the industrial states and nationwide until the 1930s. He presided over victory in the Spanish\u2013American War of 1898; gained control of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba; restored prosperity after a deep depression; rejected the inflationary monetary policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold standard; and raised protective tariffs to boost American industry and keep wages high."}, {"first_name": "Stephen", "last_name": "Cleveland", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland", "first_paragraph": "Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837\u2013 June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. In the years before his presidency, he served as a mayor and governor in New York state, winning fame as an anti-corruption crusader. Cleveland is the only president in U.S. history to serve non-consecutive presidential terms. He won the popular vote in three presidential elections\u20141884, 1888, and 1892. Benjamin Harrison won the electoral college vote, and thus the presidency, in 1888. Cleveland was one of two Democrats elected president (followed by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) in an era when Republicans dominated the presidency between 1861 and 1933."}, {"first_name": "Herbert", "last_name": "Hoover", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover", "first_paragraph": "Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 \u2013 October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933. He was a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression in the United States. A self-made man who became rich as a mining engineer, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, served as the director of the U.S. Food Administration, and served as the U.S. Secretary of Commerce."}, {"first_name": "Warren", "last_name": "Harding", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding", "first_paragraph": "Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 \u2013 August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 1921 until his death on August 2, 1923. A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular sitting U.S. presidents. After his death, a number of scandals were exposed, including Teapot Dome, as well as an extramarital affair with Nan Britton, which diminished his reputation."}, {"first_name": "Chester", "last_name": "Arthur", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur", "first_paragraph": "Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 \u2013 November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. He was a Republican lawyer from New York who previously served as the 20th vice president under President James A. Garfield. Arthur assumed the presidency after Garfield's death on September 19, 1881, and served the remainder of his term until March 4, 1885."}, {"first_name": "William", "last_name": "Taft", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft", "first_paragraph": "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857\u2013 March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909\u20131913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921\u20131930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection in 1912 by Woodrow Wilson after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death."}, {"first_name": "Benjamin", "last_name": "Harrison", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison", "first_paragraph": "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833\u2013 March 13, 1901) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a member of the Harrison family of Virginia\u2014a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin HarrisonV, a Founding Father."}, {"first_name": "Rutherford", "last_name": "Hayes", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes", "first_paragraph": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio. Before the American Civil War, Hayes was a lawyer and staunch abolitionist who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings. He served in the Union Army and the House of Representatives before assuming the presidency. His presidency represents a turning point in U.S. history, as historians consider it the formal end of Reconstruction. Hayes, a prominent member of the Republican \"Half-Breed\" faction, placated both Southern Democrats and Whiggish Republican businessmen by ending the federal government's involvement in attempting to bring racial equality in the South."}, {"first_name": "John", "last_name": "Coolidge", "wikipedia_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge", "first_paragraph": "Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; /\u02c8ku\u02d0l\u026ad\u0292/; July 4, 1872\u2013 January 5, 1933) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929."}], "ma": [{"first_name": "Mohammed", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86", "first_paragraph": "\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a (21 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1963\u0645 -)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1666 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646."}, {"first_name": "Mohammed", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81", "first_paragraph": "\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f 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"https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A", "first_paragraph": "\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1509 - 1517."}], "be": [{"first_name": "Guy", "last_name": "Verhofstadt", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt", "first_paragraph": "Guy Maurice Marie-Louise Verhofstadt (uitspraak(info / uitleg)) (Dendermonde, 11 april 1953) is een Belgisch politicus voor de Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Open Vld). Hij was premier van Belgi\u00eb van 12 juli 1999 tot 20 maart 2008 in drie regeringen. Nu is hij lid van het Europees Parlement, waar hij van 2009 tot 2019 fractieleider van de Alliantie van Liberalen en Democraten voor Europa (ALDE) was."}, {"first_name": "Yves", "last_name": "Leterme", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Leterme", "first_paragraph": "Yves Camille D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Leterme (Wervik, 6 oktober 1960) is een Belgisch politicus. Hij was onder meer Vlaams minister-president en premier van Belgi\u00eb. Hij was lang boegbeeld van de CD&V en boegbeeld van het toenmalige kartel CD&V/N-VA."}, {"first_name": "Herman", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy", "first_paragraph": "Herman Achille graaf Van Rompuy (Etterbeek, 31 oktober 1947) is een Belgische politicus van de christendemocratische partij CD&V. Hij was tussen 30 december 2008 en 25 november 2009 de premier van Belgi\u00eb en van 1 januari 2010 tot en met 30 november 2014 voorzitter van de Europese Raad, in de media vaak incorrect 'president van Europa' genoemd. Op 19 november 2009 werd bekendgemaakt dat hij was verkozen tot de eerste permanente voorzitter en op 1 maart 2012 werd Van Rompuy met algemene stemmen door de 27 staatshoofden en regeringsleiders van de EU voor een tweede mandaat benoemd. Na deze termijn was hij niet meer herkiesbaar."}, {"first_name": "L\u00e9on", "last_name": "Delacroix", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix", "first_paragraph": "L\u00e9on Fr\u00e9deric Gustave Delacroix (Sint-Joost-ten-Node, 27 december 1867 \u2013 Baden-Baden, 15 oktober 1929) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus. De L\u00e9on Delacroixstraat in Anderlecht en het metrostation Delacroix werden naar hem vernoemd."}, {"first_name": "Henry", "last_name": "Carton", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Carton_de_Wiart", "first_paragraph": "Henri Victor Marie Ghislain graaf Carton de Wiart (Brussel, 31 januari 1869 \u2013 Ukkel, 6 mei 1951) (ook als \"Henry\" vermeld) was een Belgische politicus. Hij was Eerste Minister van 1920 tot 1921."}, {"first_name": "Georges", "last_name": "Theunis", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Theunis", "first_paragraph": "Georges Emile Pierre L\u00e9onard Theunis (Montegn\u00e9e, 28 februari 1873 \u2013 Brussel, 4 januari 1966) was een Belgisch politicus van de Katholieke Partij."}, {"first_name": "Alo\u00efs", "last_name": "Van de Vyvere", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloys_Van_de_Vyvere", "first_paragraph": "Aloys Jean Maria Joseph Van de Vyvere (Tielt, 8 juni 1871 - Parijs, 22 oktober 1961) was een Belgisch katholiek volksvertegenwoordiger en minister."}, {"first_name": "Prosper", "last_name": "Poullet", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Poullet", "first_paragraph": "Prosper Antoine Marie Joseph burggraaf Poullet (Leuven, 5 maart 1868 - 3 december 1937) was een Belgisch politicus."}, {"first_name": "Henri", "last_name": "Jaspar", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Jaspar", "first_paragraph": "Henri Jaspar (Schaarbeek, 28 juli 1870 - Sint-Gillis, 15 februari 1939) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus, die twee keer premier van Belgi\u00eb was."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Renkin", "first_paragraph": "Jules Laurent Jean Louis Renkin (Elsene, 3 december 1862 - Brussel, 15 juli 1934) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Paul", "last_name": "Van Zeeland", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Zeeland", "first_paragraph": "Paul Guillaume van Zeeland (Zinnik, 11 november 1893 \u2013 Brussel, 22 september 1973) was een Belgisch advocaat, econoom, katholiek politicus en staatsman."}, {"first_name": "Achille", "last_name": "Van Acker", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achiel_Van_Acker", "first_paragraph": "Achille Honor\u00e9 (Achiel) Van Acker uitspraak(info / uitleg) (Brugge, 8 april 1898 \u2013 aldaar, 10 juli 1975) was een Belgisch socialistisch politicus. Hij was viermaal premier van Belgi\u00eb."}, {"first_name": "Camille", "last_name": "Huysmans", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Huysmans", "first_paragraph": "Jean Joseph Camille Huysmans (ook Kamiel Huysmans of Camiel Huysmans genoemd (Bilzen, 26 mei 1871 - Antwerpen, 25 februari 1968), geboren als Camiel Hansen, was een Belgisch journalist en socialistisch politicus voor de BWP / BSP."}, {"first_name": "Gaston", "last_name": "Eyskens", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens", "first_paragraph": "Gaston Fran\u00e7ois Marie burggraaf Eyskens (Lier, 1 april 1905 \u2013 Leuven, 3 januari 1988) was drie maal christendemocratisch eerste minister van Belgi\u00eb in de periode tussen 1949 en 1973. Hij was de eerste Belgische regeringsleider die geboren was in de 20e eeuw."}, {"first_name": "Leo", "last_name": "Tindemans", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tindemans", "first_paragraph": "Leonard Clemence (Leo) Tindemans (Zwijndrecht, 16 april 1922 \u2013 Edegem, 26 december 2014) was een Belgisch politicus voor de CVP  en minister van staat. Hij was eerste minister van twee regeringen in Belgi\u00eb (periode van 25 april 1974 tot 20 oktober 1978) en behaalde het grootste aantal voorkeurstemmen in de Belgische geschiedenis bij de Europese verkiezingen van 1979. Daardoor kreeg hij de bijnaam \"de man van 1 miljoen stemmen\"."}, {"first_name": "Elio", "last_name": "Di Rupo", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo", "first_paragraph": "Elio Di Rupo (Morlanwelz, 18 juli 1951) is een Belgische politicus van de Parti Socialiste (PS). Van 6 december 2011 tot 11 oktober 2014 was hij premier van Belgi\u00eb en werd meermaals minister en minister-president van de Waalse Regering."}, {"first_name": "Jean-Luc", "last_name": "Dehaene", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene", "first_paragraph": "Jean Luc Joseph Marie Dehaene uitspraak(info / uitleg) (Montpellier, 7 augustus 1940 \u2013 Quimper, 15 mei 2014) was van 1992 tot 1999 premier van Belgi\u00eb. Hij was lid van de toenmalige CVP (nu CD&V). Onder zijn regering werd Belgi\u00eb een volwaardige federale staat. Dehaene leidde twee coalitieregeringen met de socialisten en bekleedde verschillende ministerposten voor hij in 1992 eerste minister werd. Van 2000 tot 2007 was hij burgemeester van Vilvoorde. In 2002 werd hij voorgedragen als vicevoorzitter van de Europese Conventie."}, {"first_name": "Frans", "last_name": "Schollaert", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Schollaert", "first_paragraph": "Fran\u00e7ois Victor Marie Ghislain (Frans) Schollaert (Wilsele, 19 augustus 1851 - Sainte-Adresse, 25 juni 1917) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Pieter", "last_name": "Decker", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_de_Decker", "first_paragraph": "Pierre Jacques Fran\u00e7ois (Pieter) de Decker (Zele, 25 januari 1812 - Schaarbeek, 4 januari 1891) was een Belgisch politicus en auteur."}, {"first_name": "Paul-Henri", "last_name": "Spaak", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak", "first_paragraph": "Paul-Henri Charles Spaak uitspraak(info / uitleg) (Schaarbeek, 25 januari 1899 - Eigenbrakel, 31 juli 1972) was een Belgisch socialistisch politicus en regeringsleider."}, {"first_name": "Auguste", "last_name": "Beernaert", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert", "first_paragraph": "Auguste Marie Fran\u00e7ois (August) Beernaert (Oostende, 26 juli 1829 \u2013 Luzern, 6 oktober 1912) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus en mensenrechtenactivist. In 1909 won hij de Nobelprijs voor de Vrede."}, {"first_name": "Th\u00e9odore", "last_name": "Lef\u00e8vre", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Lef%C3%A8vre", "first_paragraph": "Th\u00e9odore Joseph Alb\u00e9ric Marie Lef\u00e8vre (Gent, 17 januari 1914 \u2013 Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe, 18 september 1973) was een Belgisch politicus. Hij was premier van Belgi\u00eb van 1961 tot 1965, aan het hoofd van de regering Lef\u00e8vre-Spaak."}, {"first_name": "Paul", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vanden_Boeynants", "first_paragraph": "Paul Emile Fran\u00e7ois Henri Vanden Boeynants (Vorst, 22 mei 1919 \u2013 Aalst, 8 januari 2001), in de media en door hemzelf bijgenaamd 'VDB', was een Belgisch volksvertegenwoordiger, minister en premier. Als ondernemer was hij actief in de vleesindustrie."}, {"first_name": "\u00c9tienne", "last_name": "Gerlache", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_de_Gerlache", "first_paragraph": "Etienne Constantin baron de Gerlache (Biourge, 25 december 1785 - Elsene, 10 februari 1871) was advocaat, politicus en magistraat in het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden en in Belgi\u00eb."}, {"first_name": "Wilfried", "last_name": "Martens", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Martens", "first_paragraph": "Wilfried Achiel Emma Martens uitspraak(info / uitleg) (Sleidinge, 19 april 1936 \u2013 Lokeren, 9 oktober 2013) was een Vlaams-Belgische politicus voor de CD&V (vroeger CVP) en was van april 1979 tot maart 1992 (met een korte onderbreking) eerste minister van Belgi\u00eb."}, {"first_name": "Mark", "last_name": "Eyskens", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Eyskens", "first_paragraph": "Marc Maria Frans burggraaf Eyskens (uitspraak(info / uitleg)) (Leuven, 29 april 1933) is een Belgische emeritus hoogleraar, econoom, politicus en essayist. Van april tot december 1981 was hij premier van Belgi\u00eb."}, {"first_name": "Pierre", "last_name": "Harmel", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Harmel", "first_paragraph": "Pierre Charles Jos\u00e9 Marie graaf Harmel (Ukkel, 16 maart 1911 \u2013 Brussel, 15 november 2009) was een Belgisch advocaat, hoogleraar en christendemocratisch staatsman."}, {"first_name": "Hubert", "last_name": "Pierlot", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Pierlot", "first_paragraph": "Hubert Marie Eug\u00e8ne Pierlot (Cugnon, 23 december 1883 \u2013 Ukkel, 13 december 1963) was de Belgische eerste minister van 1939 tot 1945."}, {"first_name": "Jean-Baptiste", "last_name": "Nothomb", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Nothomb", "first_paragraph": "Jean Baptiste Nothomb (Messancy, 3 juli 1805 \u2013 Berlijn, 16 september 1881) was een Belgisch staatsman en diplomaat die een belangrijke rol speelde bij het tot stand komen van de Belgische staat. Zo was hij een van de opstellers van de Belgische grondwet en onderhandelde hij over de verdragen die de Belgische onafhankelijkheid garandeerden."}, {"first_name": "Edmond", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Leburton", "first_paragraph": "Edmond Jules Isidore Leburton (Lantremange, 18 april 1915 \u2013 Borgworm, 15 juni 1997) was een Belgisch politicus voor de PSB."}, {"first_name": "Jean", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Duvieusart", "first_paragraph": "Jean Pierre Armand Ghislain Marie Duvieusart (Frasnes-lez-Gosselies, 10 april 1900 \u2013 Couillet, 11 oktober 1977) was een Belgisch advocaat en katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Joseph", "last_name": "Lebeau", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau", "first_paragraph": "Jean Louis Joseph Lebeau (Hoei, 2 januari 1794 \u2013 aldaar, 19 maart 1865) was lid van het Nationaal Congres, Belgisch liberaal volksvertegenwoordiger en eerste minister."}, {"first_name": "Charles", "last_name": "Rogier", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rogier", "first_paragraph": "Charles Latour Rogier (Nederlands, verouderd: Karel Rogier; Saint-Quentin 17 augustus 1800 \u2013 Sint-Joost-ten-Node, 27 mei 1885) was een Belgisch politicus en een van de grondleggers van de Belgische staat."}, {"first_name": "Barth\u00e9lemy", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_de_Theux_de_Meylandt", "first_paragraph": "Barth\u00e9lemy-Th\u00e9odore graaf de Theux de Meylandt (Sint-Truiden, 26 februari 1794 \u2013 Heusden, 21 augustus 1874) was een Belgisch staatsman, eerste minister en lid van het Nationaal Congres."}, {"first_name": "Felix", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_de_M%C3%BBelenaere", "first_paragraph": "Felix Amandus de M\u00fbelenaere (Pittem, 9 april 1793 \u2013 aldaar, 5 augustus 1862) was een Belgisch unionistisch politicus."}, {"first_name": "Alexander", "last_name": "De Croo", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo", "first_paragraph": "Alexander Francis Herman De Croo (Vilvoorde, 3 november 1975) is een Belgisch politicus voor Open Vld en ondernemer. Sedert 1 oktober 2020 is De Croo premier van Belgi\u00eb van de zogenaamde Vivaldicoalitie. Hij volgde Sophie Wilm\u00e8s op en is de eerste Vlaamse premier in iets minder dan 10 jaar."}, {"first_name": "Henri", "last_name": "de Brouck\u00e8re", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Brouck%C3%A8re", "first_paragraph": "Henri Ghislain Joseph Marie Hyacinthe de Brouck\u00e8re (Brugge, 25 januari 1801 - Brussel, 25 januari 1891) was een Belgisch liberaal politicus. Hij was onder meer eerste minister, volksvertegenwoordiger en lid van het Belgisch Nationaal Congres."}, {"first_name": "Albert", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Goblet_d%27Alviella", "first_paragraph": "Albert Joseph Goblet, sinds 1838 graaf Goblet d'Alviella (Doornik, 26 mei 1790 \u2013 Brussel, 5 mei 1873) was een Belgisch politicus en officier."}, {"first_name": "Sylvain", "last_name": "Weyer", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer", "first_paragraph": "Jean-Sylvain Van de Weyer  (Leuven, 19 januari 1802 \u2013 Londen, 23 mei 1874), beter bekend als Sylvain Van de Weyer, was een van de grondleggers van de Belgische Staat, en later ook eerste minister."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "Burlet", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Burlet", "first_paragraph": "Jules Philippe Marie de Burlet (Elsene, 10 april 1844 - Nijvel, 1 maart 1897) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Paul-\u00c9mile", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Emile_Janson", "first_paragraph": "Paul-Emile Janson (Brussel, 30 mei 1872 - concentratiekamp Buchenwald, 3 maart 1944) was de Belgische eerste minister van november 1937 tot mei 1938."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "Malou", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Malou", "first_paragraph": "Jules Edouard Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Malou (Ieper, 19 oktober 1810 - Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe, 11 juli 1886) was een Belgisch politicus. Hij was onder meer leider van de Katholieke Partij, volksvertegenwoordiger, senator en eerste minister."}, {"first_name": "Charles", "last_name": "Broqueville", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Broqueville", "first_paragraph": "Charles Marie Pierre Albert graaf de Broqueville (Postel (Mol), 4 december 1860 - Brussel, 5 september 1940) was de Belgische kabinetsleider tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog (van 17 juni 1911 tot 1 juni 1918) en eerste minister van 22 oktober 1932 tot 20 november 1934. Hij was lid van de Katholieke Partij."}, {"first_name": "Joseph", "last_name": "Pholien", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pholien", "first_paragraph": "Joseph Clovis Louis Marie Emmanuel Pholien (Luik, 28 december 1884 \u2013 Brussel, 4 januari 1968) was een Belgisch politicus van de PSC."}, {"first_name": "Jean", "last_name": "Van Houtte", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Van_Houtte", "first_paragraph": "Jean Maria Josephus baron Van Houtte (Gent, 17 maart 1907 \u2013 Brussel, 23 mei 1991) was een Belgisch advocaat, hoogleraar en politicus van de CVP."}, {"first_name": "Walth\u00e8re", "last_name": "Fr\u00e8re", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walth%C3%A8re_Fr%C3%A8re-Orban", "first_paragraph": "Hubert Joseph Walth\u00e8re Fr\u00e8re-Orban (Luik, 24 april 1812 \u2013 Brussel, 2 januari 1896) was een Belgisch liberaal politicus die zijn stempel heeft gedrukt op de eerste halve eeuw onafhankelijkheid van Belgi\u00eb."}, {"first_name": "G\u00e9rard", "last_name": "Cooreman", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Cooreman", "first_paragraph": "G\u00e9rard Fran\u00e7ois Marie (Gerard) Cooreman (Gent, 25 maart 1852 \u2013 Brussel, 2 december 1926) was een Belgisch advocaat en politicus voor de katholieke Partij."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "Vandenpeereboom", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Vandenpeereboom", "first_paragraph": "Jules Pierre Henri Fran\u00e7ois Xavier Vandenpeereboom (Kortrijk, 18 maart 1843 - Anderlecht, 6 maart 1917) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Paul", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Smet_de_Naeyer", "first_paragraph": "Paul Joseph graaf de Smet de Naeyer (Gent, 13 mei 1843 - Brussel, 9 september 1913) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "Trooz", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Trooz", "first_paragraph": "Baron Jules Henri Ghislain Marie de Trooz (Leuven, 21 februari 1857 - Brussel, 31 december 1907) was een Belgisch katholiek politicus."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "d'Anethan", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Joseph_d%27Anethan", "first_paragraph": "Jules Joseph d'Anethan (Brussel, 23 april 1803 \u2014 Schaarbeek, 8 oktober 1888) was een Belgisch politicus, en eerste minister van 2 juli 1870 tot 7 december 1871."}, {"first_name": "Charles", "last_name": "Michel", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel", "first_paragraph": "Charles Yves Jean Ghislaine Michel (Namen, 21 december 1975) is een Belgisch politicus voor de partij Mouvement R\u00e9formateur (MR). Van 11 oktober 2014 tot 27 oktober 2019 was hij premier van Belgi\u00eb in de regeringen Michel I en Michel II. Op 2 juli 2019 werd hij verkozen als voorzitter van de Europese Raad, in opvolging van Donald Tusk, een functie die hij sinds 1 december 2019 uitoefent."}, {"first_name": "Sophie", "last_name": "Wilm\u00e8s", "wikipedia_url": "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s", "first_paragraph": "Sophie Wilm\u00e8s (Elsene, 15 januari 1975) is een Belgisch politica van de MR. Van 27 oktober 2019 tot 1 oktober 2020 was ze de eerste vrouwelijke premier van Belgi\u00eb. Sinds 1 oktober 2020 is ze vicepremier en minister van Buitenlandse Zaken en Buitenlandse Handel. Om familiale redenen legde ze op 21 april 2022 haar bevoegdheden als minister tijdelijk neer. Op 15 juli 2022 legde ze haar functie definitief neer."}], "ru": [{"first_name": "Vladimir", "last_name": "Putin", "wikipedia_url": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87", "first_paragraph": "\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0301\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0301\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f\u0443\u0301\u0442\u0438\u043d (\u0440\u043e\u0434. 7 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1952, \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420)\u2014 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0413\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438; \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 7 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2012\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441 7 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2000\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e 7 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2008\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432 1999\u20142000 \u0438 2008\u20142012\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438."}, {"first_name": "Dmitry", "last_name": "Medvedev", "wikipedia_url": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87", "first_paragraph": "\u0414\u043c\u0438\u0301\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0301\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0301\u0434\u0435\u0432 (\u0440\u043e\u0434. 14 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1965\u2026, \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0420\u0421\u0424\u0421\u0420, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420)\u2014 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 26 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2022\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 16 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 2020\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0415\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u00bb \u0441 26 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2012\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430."}, {"first_name": "Boris", "last_name": "Yeltsin", "wikipedia_url": "https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87", "first_paragraph": "\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0301\u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0415\u0301\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0438\u043d (1\u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f 1931 (1931-02-01), \u0411\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0430, \u0411\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d, \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2014 23 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f 2007, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f) \u2014 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (1991\u20141999); \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1991 \u2014 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u0435 1992 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0421 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0439 1992 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u043b \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438."}], "fr": [{"first_name": "Fran\u00e7ois", "last_name": "Hollande", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande", "first_paragraph": "Fran\u00e7ois Hollande \u0281\u0251\u0303swa \u0294\u0254l\u0251\u0303d 2 \u00c9couter, n\u00e9 le 12 ao\u00fbt 1954 \u00e0 Rouen (Seine-Maritime), est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 15 mai 2012 au 14 mai 2017."}, {"first_name": "Nicolas", "last_name": "Sarkozy", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy", "first_paragraph": "Nicolas Sark\u00f6zy de Nagy-Bocsa, dit Nicolas Sarkozy, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 16 mai 2007 au 15 mai 2012."}, {"first_name": "Fran\u00e7ois", "last_name": "Mitterrand", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand", "first_paragraph": "Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand \u0281\u0251\u0303swa mit\u025b\u0281\u0251\u0303 1 \u00c9couter, n\u00e9 le 26 octobre 1916 \u00e0 Jarnac (Charente) et mort le 8 janvier 1996 \u00e0 Paris, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais, pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 21 mai 1981 au 17 mai 1995."}, {"first_name": "Charles", "last_name": "de Gaulle", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle", "first_paragraph": "Charles de Gaulle, est un militaire, r\u00e9sistant, homme d'\u00c9tat et \u00e9crivain fran\u00e7ais."}, {"first_name": "Jacques", "last_name": "Chirac", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac", "first_paragraph": "Jacques Chirac, n\u00e9 le 29 novembre 1932 dans le 5earrondissement de Paris et mort le 26 septembre 2019 dans le 6e arrondissement de la m\u00eame ville, est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais."}, {"first_name": "Val\u00e9ry", "last_name": "Giscard d'Estaing", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing", "first_paragraph": "Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing ale\u0281i \u0292iska\u0281 d\u025bst\u025b\u0303 \u00c9couter \u2014commun\u00e9ment appel\u00e9 \u00abGiscard\u00bb ou d\u00e9sign\u00e9 par ses initiales, \u00abVGE\u00bb\u2014, n\u00e9 le 2 f\u00e9vrier 1926 \u00e0 Coblence (Allemagne) et mort le 2 d\u00e9cembre 2020 \u00e0 Authon (France), est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais, pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique de 1974 \u00e0 1981."}, {"first_name": "Georges", "last_name": "Pompidou", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou", "first_paragraph": "Georges Pompidou (\u00c9couter), n\u00e9 le 5 juillet 1911 \u00e0 Montboudif (Cantal) et mort le 2 avril 1974 \u00e0 Paris, est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est Premier ministre du 14 avril 1962 au 10 juillet 1968 et pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 20 juin 1969 \u00e0 sa mort."}, {"first_name": "Adolphe", "last_name": "Thiers", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers", "first_paragraph": "Adolphe Thiers, n\u00e9 le 15 avril 1797 (26 germinal an V) \u00e0 Marseille et mort le 3 septembre 1877 \u00e0 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, est un avocat, journaliste, historien et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais."}, {"first_name": "Napol\u00e9on", "last_name": "Bonaparte", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III", "first_paragraph": "Charles Louis Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte, dit Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte, n\u00e9 le 20 avril 1808 \u00e0 Paris et mort le 9 janvier 1873 \u00e0 Chislehurst (Royaume-Uni), est un monarque et un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est \u00e0 la fois l'unique pr\u00e9sident de la Deuxi\u00e8me R\u00e9publique, le premier chef d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais \u00e9lu au suffrage universel masculin, le 10 d\u00e9cembre 1848, le premier pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise, et, apr\u00e8s la proclamation de l'Empire le 2 d\u00e9cembre 1852, le dernier monarque du pays sous le nom de Napol\u00e9on III, empereur des Fran\u00e7ais."}, {"first_name": "Paul", "last_name": "Doumer", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doumer", "first_paragraph": "Joseph Athanase Doumer, dit Paul Doumer, n\u00e9 le 22 mars 1857 \u00e0 Aurillac (Cantal) et  assassin\u00e9 le 7 mai 1932 \u00e0 Paris, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 13 juin 1931 \u00e0 sa mort."}, {"first_name": "Alain", "last_name": "Poher", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Poher", "first_paragraph": "Alain Poher, n\u00e9 le 17 avril 1909 \u00e0 Ablon-sur-Seine (Seine-et-Oise) et mort le 9 d\u00e9cembre 1996 \u00e0 Paris16e, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais."}, {"first_name": "Albert", "last_name": "Lebrun", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lebrun", "first_paragraph": "Albert Lebrun, n\u00e9 le 29 ao\u00fbt 1871 \u00e0 Mercy-le-Haut (alors en Moselle) et mort le 6 mars 1950 \u00e0 Paris (alors dans le d\u00e9partement de la Seine), est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 10 mai 1932 au 11 juillet 1940 (le dernier de la IIIeR\u00e9publique)."}, {"first_name": "Ren\u00e9", "last_name": "Coty", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty", "first_paragraph": "Ren\u00e9 Coty, n\u00e9 le 20 mars 1882 au Havre et mort le 22 novembre 1962 dans la m\u00eame ville, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 16 janvier 1954 au 8 janvier 1959."}, {"first_name": "Vincent", "last_name": "Auriol", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Auriol", "first_paragraph": "Vincent Auriol, n\u00e9 le 27 ao\u00fbt 1884 \u00e0 Revel (Haute-Garonne) et mort le 1er janvier 1966 \u00e0 Paris, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 16 janvier 1947 au 16 janvier 1954."}, {"first_name": "Patrice", "last_name": "de Mac Mahon", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_de_Mac_Mahon", "first_paragraph": "Patrice de Mac Mahon, comte de Mac Mahon, 1er duc de Magenta, mar\u00e9chal de France, n\u00e9 le 13 juin 1808 au ch\u00e2teau de Sully (Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire) et mort le 17 octobre 1893 \u00e0 Montcresson (Loiret), est un militaire et homme d\u2019\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais, pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 24 mai 1873 au 30 janvier 1879."}, {"first_name": "\u00c9mile", "last_name": "Loubet", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet", "first_paragraph": "\u00c9mile Loubet, n\u00e9 le 30 d\u00e9cembre 1838 \u00e0 Marsanne (Dr\u00f4me) et mort le 20 d\u00e9cembre 1929 \u00e0 Mont\u00e9limar (Dr\u00f4me), est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 18 f\u00e9vrier 1899 au 18 f\u00e9vrier 1906."}, {"first_name": "Raymond", "last_name": "Poincar\u00e9", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9", "first_paragraph": "Raymond Poincar\u00e9, du nom complet Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincar\u00e9, est n\u00e9 le 20 ao\u00fbt 1860 \u00e0 Bar-le-Duc (Meuse) et mort le 15 octobre 1934 \u00e0 Paris, est un avocat et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est le pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 18 f\u00e9vrier 1913 au 18 f\u00e9vrier 1920."}, {"first_name": "Marie", "last_name": "Carnot", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadi_Carnot_(homme_d%27%C3%89tat)", "first_paragraph": "Marie Fran\u00e7ois Sadi Carnot, plus souvent appel\u00e9 Sadi Carnot, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais, n\u00e9 le 11 ao\u00fbt 1837 \u00e0 Limoges et mort assassin\u00e9 le 25 juin 1894 \u00e0 Lyon. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 3 d\u00e9cembre 1887 \u00e0 sa mort."}, {"first_name": "Alexandre", "last_name": "Millerand", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand", "first_paragraph": "Alexandre Millerand, n\u00e9 le 10 f\u00e9vrier 1859 \u00e0 Paris et mort le 6 avril 1943 \u00e0 Versailles, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident du Conseil du 20 janvier au 23 septembre 1920, puis pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 23 septembre 1920 au 11 juin 1924."}, {"first_name": "Gaston", "last_name": "Doumergue", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue", "first_paragraph": "Gaston Doumergue, n\u00e9 le 1er ao\u00fbt 1863 \u00e0 Aigues-Vives (Gard) et mort le 18 juin 1937 dans la m\u00eame ville, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 13 juin 1924 au 13 juin 1931."}, {"first_name": "F\u00e9lix", "last_name": "Faure", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure", "first_paragraph": "F\u00e9lix Faure, n\u00e9 le 30 janvier 1841 \u00e0 Paris et mort le 16 f\u00e9vrier 1899 dans la m\u00eame ville, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 17 janvier 1895 \u00e0 sa mort."}, {"first_name": "Jules", "last_name": "Gr\u00e9vy", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy", "first_paragraph": "Fran\u00e7ois Judith Paul Gr\u00e9vy, n\u00e9 le 15 ao\u00fbt 1807 \u00e0 Mont-sous-Vaudrey et mort le 9 septembre 1891 dans la m\u00eame commune, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais, pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 30 janvier 1879 au 2 d\u00e9cembre 1887."}, {"first_name": "Cl\u00e9ment", "last_name": "Falli\u00e8res", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Falli%C3%A8res", "first_paragraph": "Armand Falli\u00e8res, n\u00e9 le 6 novembre 1841 \u00e0 M\u00e9zin (Lot-et-Garonne) et mort le 22 juin 1931 \u00e0 Villeneuve-de-M\u00e9zin (Lot-et-Garonne), est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais, pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise de 1906 \u00e0 1913."}, {"first_name": "Paul", "last_name": "Deschanel", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Deschanel", "first_paragraph": "Paul Deschanel, n\u00e9 le 13 f\u00e9vrier 1855 \u00e0 Schaerbeek (Belgique) et mort le 28 avril 1922 \u00e0 Paris (France), est un homme d'\u00c9tat, journaliste et \u00e9crivain fran\u00e7ais, pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique du 18 f\u00e9vrier au 21 septembre 1920."}, {"first_name": "Georges", "last_name": "Bidault", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault", "first_paragraph": "Georges Bidault, n\u00e9 le 5 octobre 1899 \u00e0 Moulins (Allier) et mort le 27 janvier 1983 \u00e0 Cambo-les-Bains (Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques), est un r\u00e9sistant et un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais."}, {"first_name": "Jean", "last_name": "Casimir-Perier", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier", "first_paragraph": "Jean Casimir-Perier, n\u00e9 le 8 novembre 1847 \u00e0 Paris et mort le 11 mars 1907 dans la m\u00eame ville, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise du 27 juin 1894 au 16 janvier 1895."}, {"first_name": "Charles", "last_name": "Dupuy", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy", "first_paragraph": "Charles Dupuy, n\u00e9 le 5 novembre 1851 au Puy-en-Velay et mort le 23 juillet 1923 \u00e0 Ille-sur-T\u00eat, est un homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il occupe \u00e0 plusieurs reprises la fonction de pr\u00e9sident du Conseil sous la IIIe R\u00e9publique, entre 1893 et 1899. Il est \u00e9galement pr\u00e9sident de la Chambre des d\u00e9put\u00e9s de 1893 \u00e0 1894."}, {"first_name": "Louis", "last_name": "Cavaignac", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac", "first_paragraph": "Louis Eug\u00e8ne Cavaignac, connu aussi sous le nom de g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Cavaignac, n\u00e9 le 23 vend\u00e9miaire an XI (15 octobre 1802) \u00e0 Paris et mort le 28 octobre 1857 dans son ch\u00e2teau d'Ourne \u00e0 Fl\u00e9e, est un g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Gouverneur d'Alg\u00e9rie (1848) puis pr\u00e9sident du Conseil des ministres charg\u00e9 du pouvoir ex\u00e9cutif durant l'ann\u00e9e 1848. Candidat \u00e0 l'\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1848, il est battu par Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte."}, {"first_name": "Louis", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jules_Trochu", "first_paragraph": "Louis-Jules Trochu, n\u00e9 au Palais \u00e0 Belle-\u00cele-en-Mer (Morbihan) le 12 mars 1815 et mort \u00e0 Tours (Indre-et-Loire) le 7 octobre 1896, est un g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de division et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais sous le Second Empire. \u00c9l\u00e8ve de Saint-Cyr et de l'\u00c9cole d'application du Corps royal d'\u00e9tat-major, gouverneur de Paris, il prend le pouvoir \u00e0 la suite de la proclamation de la R\u00e9publique en 1870, et met en place un gouvernement de la D\u00e9fense nationale le 4 septembre 1870. Il quitte le pouvoir le 17 f\u00e9vrier 1871 et met fin \u00e0 son gouvernement apr\u00e8s avoir tent\u00e9 de poursuivre la guerre franco-allemande."}, {"first_name": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric", "last_name": "None", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal", "first_paragraph": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Fran\u00e7ois-Marsal, n\u00e9 le 16 mars 1874 \u00e0 Paris et mort le 20 mai 1958 \u00e0 Gisors, est un homme d'affaires et un homme politique fran\u00e7ais de la droite r\u00e9publicaine, dont la carri\u00e8re politique a culmin\u00e9 avec son bref passage \u00e0 la pr\u00e9sidence du Conseil en 1924."}, {"first_name": "Emmanuel", "last_name": "Macron", "wikipedia_url": "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron", "first_paragraph": "Emmanuel Macron, n\u00e9 le 21 d\u00e9cembre 1977 \u00e0 Amiens, est un haut fonctionnaire et homme d'\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais. Il est pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise depuis le 14 mai 2017."}]}