Channels.xml

<Lems xmlns="http://www.neuroml.org/lems/0.7.1"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.neuroml.org/lems/0.7.1 ../../LEMS/Schemas/LEMS/LEMS_v0.7.1.xsd"
      description="Defines voltage (and concentration) gated ion channel models. Ion channels will generally extend _baseIonChannel_. The most commonly used voltage dependent gate will extend _baseGate_.">

    <!-- A number of channel types for use in NeuroML 2 documents  -->

    <!-- Including standard unit comp types & units for NeuroML v2.0 -->
    <Include file="NeuroMLCoreCompTypes.xml"/>
    

    <ComponentType name="baseVoltageDepRate"
                   description="Base ComponentType for voltage dependent rate. Produces a time varying rate _r which depends on _v.">
        <Exposure name="r" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Requirement name="v" dimension="voltage"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseVoltageConcDepRate"
                   description="Base ComponentType for voltage and concentration dependent rate. Produces a time varying rate _r which depends on _v and _caConc."
                   extends="baseVoltageDepRate">
        <Requirement name="caConc" dimension="concentration"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseHHRate"
                   description="Base ComponentType for rate which follow one of the typical forms for rate equations in the standard HH formalism, using the parameters _rate, _midpoint and _scale"
                   extends="baseVoltageDepRate">
        <Parameter name="rate" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Parameter name="midpoint" dimension="voltage"/>
        <Parameter name="scale" dimension="voltage"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="HHExpRate" 
                   extends="baseHHRate"
                   description="Exponential form for rate equation (Q: Should these be renamed hhExpRate, etc?)">
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="r" exposure="r" value="rate * exp((v - midpoint)/scale)" dimension="per_time"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="HHSigmoidRate"
                   extends="baseHHRate"
                   description="Sigmoidal form for rate equation">
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="r" exposure="r" value="rate / (1 + exp(0 - (v - midpoint)/scale))" dimension="per_time"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="HHExpLinearRate"
                   extends="baseHHRate"
                   description="Exponential linear form for rate equation. Linear for large positive _v, exponentially decays for large negative _v.">
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="x" value="(v - midpoint) / scale" dimension="none"/>

            <ConditionalDerivedVariable name="r" exposure="r" dimension="per_time">
                <Case condition="x .neq. 0" value="rate * x / (1 - exp(0 - x))"/>
                <Case condition="x .eq. 0" value="rate"/>
            </ConditionalDerivedVariable>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseVoltageDepVariable"
                   description="Base ComponentType for voltage dependent variable  _x, which depends on _v. Can be used for inf/steady state of rate variable.">
        <Exposure name="x" dimension="none"/>
        <Requirement name="v" dimension="voltage"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseVoltageConcDepVariable"
                   description="Base ComponentType for voltage and calcium concentration dependent variable _x, which depends on _v and _caConc."
                   extends="baseVoltageDepVariable">
        <Requirement name="caConc" dimension="concentration"/>
    </ComponentType>
    

    <ComponentType name="baseHHVariable"
                   description="Base ComponentType for voltage dependent dimensionless variable which follow one of the typical forms for variable equations in the standard HH formalism, using the parameters _rate, _midpoint, _scale"
                   extends="baseVoltageDepVariable">
        <Parameter name="rate" dimension="none"/>
        <Parameter name="midpoint" dimension="voltage"/>
        <Parameter name="scale" dimension="voltage"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="HHExpVariable" 
                   extends="baseHHVariable"
                   description="Exponential form for variable equation">
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="x" dimension="none" exposure="x" value="rate * exp((v - midpoint)/scale)"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="HHSigmoidVariable" 
                   extends="baseHHVariable"
                   description="Sigmoidal form for variable equation">
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="x" dimension="none" exposure="x" value="rate / (1 + exp(0 - (v - midpoint)/scale))"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="HHExpLinearVariable" 
                   extends="baseHHVariable"
                   description="Exponential linear form for variable equation. Linear for large positive _v, exponentially decays for large negative _v.">
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="a" dimension="none" value="(v - midpoint) / scale"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="x" dimension="none" exposure="x" value="rate * a / (1 - exp(0 - a))"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseVoltageDepTime"
                   description="Base ComponentType for voltage dependent ComponentType producing value _t with dimension time (e.g. for time course of rate variable). Note: time course would not normally be fit to exp/sigmoid etc.">
        <Exposure name="t" dimension="time"/>
        <Requirement name="v" dimension="voltage"/>
    </ComponentType>
    
    
    <ComponentType name="baseVoltageConcDepTime"
                   description="Base type for voltage and calcium concentration dependent ComponentType producing value _t with dimension time (e.g. for time course of rate variable)."
                   extends="baseVoltageDepTime">
        <Requirement name="caConc" dimension="concentration"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="fixedTimeCourse"
                   extends="baseVoltageDepTime"
                   description="Time course of a fixed magnitude _tau which can be used for the time course in _gateHH_">
            
        <Parameter name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="t" dimension="time" exposure="t" value="tau"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseQ10Settings"
                   description="Base ComponentType for a scaling to apply to gating variable time course, usually temperature dependent">

        <Exposure name="q10" dimension="none"/>
        <Requirement name="temperature" dimension="temperature"/>

    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="q10Fixed" 
                   extends="baseQ10Settings"
                   description="A fixed value, _fixedQ10, for the scaling of the time course of the gating variable">
        <Parameter name="fixedQ10" dimension="none"/>
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="q10" exposure="q10" dimension="none" value="fixedQ10"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="q10ExpTemp" 
                   extends="baseQ10Settings"
                   description="A value for the Q10 scaling which varies as a standard function of the difference between the current temperature, _temperature, and the temperature at which the gating variable equations were determined, _experimentalTemp">

        <Parameter name="q10Factor" dimension="none"/>
        <Parameter name="experimentalTemp" dimension="temperature"/>
        
        <Constant name="TENDEGREES" dimension="temperature" value="10K"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <!-- TODO: make sure correct dimensions in exponent, even though LEMS doesn't seem to mind...-->
            <DerivedVariable name="q10" exposure="q10" dimension="none" value="q10Factor^((temperature - experimentalTemp)/TENDEGREES)"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseConductanceScaling"
                   description="Base ComponentType for a scaling to apply to a gate's conductance, e.g. temperature dependent scaling">

        <Exposure name="factor" dimension="none"/>
        <Requirement name="temperature" dimension="temperature"/>

    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="q10ConductanceScaling"
                   extends="baseConductanceScaling"
                   description="A value for the conductance scaling which varies as a standard function of the difference between the current temperature, _temperature, and the temperature at which the conductance was originally determined, _experimentalTemp">

        <Parameter name="q10Factor" dimension="none"/>
        <Parameter name="experimentalTemp" dimension="temperature"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="factor" exposure="factor" dimension="none" value="q10Factor^((temperature - experimentalTemp)/10)"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseGate"
                   description="Base ComponentType for a voltage and/or concentration dependent gate">
        <Parameter name="instances" dimension="none"/>
        <Exposure name="fcond" dimension="none"/>
        <Exposure name="q" dimension="none"/>
        
    </ComponentType>
    

    <ComponentType name="gateHHrates"
                   extends="baseGate"
                   description="Gate which follows the general Hodgkin Huxley formalism">

        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="q10Settings" type="baseQ10Settings"/>

        <Child name="forwardRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="reverseRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>


        <Exposure name="alpha" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Exposure name="beta" dimension="per_time"/>

        <Exposure name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Exposure name="inf" dimension="none"/>

        <Exposure name="rateScale" dimension="none"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <StateVariable name="q" exposure="q" dimension="none"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="rateScale" exposure="rateScale" dimension="none" select="q10Settings/q10" reduce="multiply" required="false"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="alpha" dimension="per_time" exposure="alpha" select="forwardRate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="beta" dimension="per_time" exposure="beta" select="reverseRate/r"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="fcond" exposure="fcond" dimension="none" value="q^instances"/>


            <DerivedVariable name="inf" dimension="none" exposure="inf" value="alpha/(alpha+beta)"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="tau" dimension="time" exposure="tau" value="1/((alpha+beta) * rateScale)"/>

            <TimeDerivative variable="q" value="(inf - q) / tau"/>

            <OnStart>
                <StateAssignment variable="q" value="inf"/>
            </OnStart>

        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="gateHHtauInf"
                   extends="baseGate"
                   description="Gate which follows the general Hodgkin Huxley formalism">

        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="q10Settings" type="baseQ10Settings"/>

        <Child name="timeCourse" type="baseVoltageDepTime" />

        <Child name="steadyState" type="baseVoltageDepVariable" />

        <Exposure name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Exposure name="inf" dimension="none"/>

        <Exposure name="rateScale" dimension="none"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <StateVariable name="q" exposure="q" dimension="none"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="rateScale" exposure="rateScale" dimension="none" select="q10Settings/q10" reduce="multiply" required="false"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="fcond" exposure="fcond" dimension="none" value="q^instances"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="inf" dimension="none" exposure="inf" select="steadyState/x"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="tauUnscaled" dimension="time" select="timeCourse/t"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="tau" dimension="time" exposure="tau" value="tauUnscaled / rateScale"/>

            <TimeDerivative variable="q" value="(inf - q) / tau"/>

            <OnStart>
                <StateAssignment variable="q" value="inf"/>
            </OnStart>

        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="gateHHratesTau"
                   extends="baseGate"
                   description="Gate which follows the general Hodgkin Huxley formalism">

        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="q10Settings" type="baseQ10Settings"/>

        <Child name="forwardRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="reverseRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="timeCourse" type="baseVoltageDepTime" />

        <Exposure name="alpha" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Exposure name="beta" dimension="per_time"/>

        <Exposure name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Exposure name="inf" dimension="none"/>

        <Exposure name="rateScale" dimension="none"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <StateVariable name="q" exposure="q" dimension="none"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="rateScale" exposure="rateScale" dimension="none" select="q10Settings/q10" reduce="multiply" required="false"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="alpha" dimension="per_time" exposure="alpha" select="forwardRate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="beta" dimension="per_time" exposure="beta" select="reverseRate/r"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="fcond" exposure="fcond" dimension="none" value="q^instances"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="inf" dimension="none" exposure="inf" value="alpha/(alpha+beta)"/>
            
            <DerivedVariable name="tauUnscaled" dimension="time" select="timeCourse/t"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="tau" dimension="time" exposure="tau" value="tauUnscaled / rateScale"/>

            <TimeDerivative variable="q" value="(inf - q) / tau"/>

            <OnStart>
                <StateAssignment variable="q" value="inf"/>
            </OnStart>

        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>
    
    
    <ComponentType name="gateHHratesInf"
                   extends="baseGate"
                   description="Gate which follows the general Hodgkin Huxley formalism">

        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="q10Settings" type="baseQ10Settings"/>

        <Child name="forwardRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="reverseRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="steadyState" type="baseVoltageDepVariable" />


        <Exposure name="alpha" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Exposure name="beta" dimension="per_time"/>

        <Exposure name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Exposure name="inf" dimension="none"/>

        <Exposure name="rateScale" dimension="none"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <StateVariable name="q" exposure="q" dimension="none"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="rateScale" exposure="rateScale" dimension="none" select="q10Settings/q10" reduce="multiply" required="false"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="alpha" dimension="per_time" exposure="alpha" select="forwardRate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="beta" dimension="per_time" exposure="beta" select="reverseRate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fcond" exposure="fcond" dimension="none" value="q^instances"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="inf" dimension="none" exposure="inf" select="steadyState/x"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="tau" dimension="time" exposure="tau" value="1/((alpha+beta) * rateScale)"/>
            
            <TimeDerivative variable="q" value="(inf - q) / tau"/>

            <OnStart>
                <StateAssignment variable="q" value="inf"/>
            </OnStart>

        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>
    
    
    <ComponentType name="gateHHratesTauInf"
                   extends="baseGate"
                   description="Gate which follows the general Hodgkin Huxley formalism">

        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="q10Settings" type="baseQ10Settings"/>

        <Child name="forwardRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="reverseRate" type="baseVoltageDepRate"/>
        <Child name="timeCourse" type="baseVoltageDepTime" />
        <Child name="steadyState" type="baseVoltageDepVariable" />

        <Exposure name="alpha" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Exposure name="beta" dimension="per_time"/>

        <Exposure name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Exposure name="inf" dimension="none"/>

        <Exposure name="rateScale" dimension="none"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <StateVariable name="q" exposure="q" dimension="none"/>

            <DerivedVariable name="rateScale" exposure="rateScale" dimension="none" select="q10Settings/q10" reduce="multiply" required="false"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="alpha" dimension="per_time" exposure="alpha" select="forwardRate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="beta" dimension="per_time" exposure="beta" select="reverseRate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="inf" dimension="none" exposure="inf" select="steadyState/x"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="tauUnscaled" dimension="time" select="timeCourse/t"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="tau" dimension="time" exposure="tau" value="tauUnscaled / rateScale"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fcond" exposure="fcond" dimension="none" value="q^instances"/>
            
            <TimeDerivative variable="q" value="(inf - q) / tau"/>

            <OnStart>
                <StateAssignment variable="q" value="inf"/>
            </OnStart>

        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="baseIonChannel"
                   description="Base for all ion channel ComponentTypes">
        <Parameter name="conductance" dimension="conductance"/>
        <Exposure name="g" dimension="conductance"/>
        <Exposure name="fopen" dimension="none"/>
        <Requirement name="v" dimension="voltage"/>

    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="ionChannelPassive" 
                   extends="ionChannel"
                   description="Simple passive ion channel where the constant conductance through the channel is equal to _conductance">
        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="annotation" type="annotation"/>
        <Text name="neuroLexId"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopen" exposure="fopen" value="1" dimension="none"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="g" exposure="g" value="conductance" dimension="conductance"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="ionChannelHH" 
                   extends="baseIonChannel"
                   description="Note _ionChannel_ and _ionChannelHH_ are currently functionally identical. This is needed since many existing examples use ionChannel, some use ionChannelHH. NeuroML v2beta3 will remove one of these, probably ionChannelHH.">
        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Child name="annotation" type="annotation"/>
        
        <Children name="conductanceScaling" type="baseConductanceScaling"/>
        <Children name="gatesHHrates" type="gateHHrates"/>
        <Children name="gatesHHtauInf" type="gateHHtauInf"/>
        <Children name="gatesHHratesTau" type="gateHHratesTau"/>
        <Children name="gatesHHratesInf" type="gateHHratesInf"/>
        <Children name="gatesHHratesTauInf" type="gateHHratesTauInf"/>
        
        <Text name="neuroLexId"/>
        <Text name="species"/>
    
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="conductanceScale" dimension="none" select="conductanceScaling[*]/factor" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHrates" dimension="none" select="gatesHHrates[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHtauInf" dimension="none" select="gatesHHtauInf[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHratesTau" dimension="none" select="gatesHHratesTau[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHratesInf" dimension="none" select="gatesHHratesInf[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHratesTauInf" dimension="none" select="gatesHHratesTauInf[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopen" exposure="fopen" dimension="none" value="conductanceScale * fopenHHrates * fopenHHtauInf * fopenHHratesTau * fopenHHratesInf * fopenHHratesTauInf"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="g" exposure="g" value="conductance * fopen" dimension="conductance"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="ionChannel"
                   extends="ionChannelHH"
                   description="Note _ionChannel_ and _ionChannelHH_ are currently functionally identical. This is needed since many existing examples use ionChannel, some use ionChannelHH. NeuroML v2beta3 will remove one of these, probably ionChannelHH.">
        
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="conductanceScale" dimension="none" select="conductanceScaling[*]/factor" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHrates" dimension="none" select="gatesHHrates[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHtauInf" dimension="none" select="gatesHHtauInf[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHratesTau" dimension="none" select="gatesHHratesTau[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopenHHratesInf" dimension="none" select="gatesHHratesInf[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopen" exposure="fopen" dimension="none" value="conductanceScale * fopenHHrates * fopenHHtauInf * fopenHHratesTau * fopenHHratesInf"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="g" exposure="g" value="conductance * fopen" dimension="conductance"/>
        </Dynamics>

    </ComponentType>
 

    <ComponentType name="KSState"
                   description="One of the states in which a _gateKS_ can be. The rates of transitions between these states are given by _KSTransition_s">
        <Parameter name="relativeConductance" dimension="none"/>
        <Child name="notes" type="notes"/>
        <Exposure name="occupancy" dimension="none"/>
        <Exposure name="q" dimension="none"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <StateVariable name="occupancy" exposure="occupancy" dimension="none"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="q" dimension="none" exposure="q" value="relativeConductance * occupancy"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="closedState" 
                   extends="KSState"
                   description="A _KSState_ with _relativeConductance of 0">
        <Fixed parameter="relativeConductance" value="0"/>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="openState" 
                   extends="KSState"
                   description="A _KSState_ with _relativeConductance of 1">
        <Fixed parameter="relativeConductance" value="1"/>
    </ComponentType>
    

    <ComponentType name="ionChannelKS" 
                   extends="ionChannel"
                   description="A kinetic scheme based ion channel with multiple _gateKS_s, each of which consists of multiple _KSState_s and _KSTransition_s giving the rates of transition between them">
        <Children name="gates" type="gateKS"/>
    
        <Text name="species"/>
    
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopen" exposure="fopen" dimension="none" select="gates[*]/fcond" reduce="multiply"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="g" exposure="g" dimension="conductance" value="fopen * conductance"/>

        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="KSTransition" description="Specified the forward and reverse rates of transition between two _KSState_s in a _gateKS_">
        <Link name="from" type="KSState"/>
        <Link name="to" type="KSState"/>
        <Exposure name="rf" dimension="per_time"/>
        <Exposure name="rr" dimension="per_time"/>
     
    </ComponentType>

 
    <ComponentType name="forwardTransition"
                   extends="KSTransition"
                   description="A forward only _KSTransition_ for a _gateKS_ which specifies a _rate (type _baseHHRate_) which follows one of the standard Hodgkin Huxley forms (e.g. _HHExpRate_, _HHSigmoidRate_, _HHExpLinearRate_">

        <Constant name="SEC" dimension="time" value="1s"/>
        <Child name="rate" type="baseHHRate"/>
   
        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="rf0" dimension="per_time" select="rate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rf" exposure="rf" dimension="per_time" value="rf0"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rr" exposure="rr" dimension="per_time" value="0/SEC"/>
        </Dynamics>

    </ComponentType>
    

    <ComponentType name="reverseTransition" 
                   extends="KSTransition"
                   description="A reverse only _KSTransition_ for a _gateKS_ which specifies a _rate (type _baseHHRate_) which follows one of the standard Hodgkin Huxley forms (e.g. _HHExpRate_, _HHSigmoidRate_, _HHExpLinearRate_">

        <Constant name="SEC" dimension="time" value="1s"/>
        <Child name="rate" type="baseHHRate"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="rr0" dimension="per_time" select="rate/r"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rr" exposure="rr" dimension="per_time" value="rr0"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rf" exposure="rf" dimension="per_time" value="0/SEC"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>
 

    <ComponentType name="vHalfTransition"
                   extends="KSTransition"
                   description="Transition which specifies both the forward and reverse rates of transition">
        <Parameter name="vHalf" dimension="voltage"/>
        <Parameter name="z" dimension="none"/>
        <Parameter name="gamma" dimension="none"/>
        <Parameter name="tau" dimension="time"/>
        <Parameter name="tauMin" dimension="time"/>
        <Constant name="kte" dimension="voltage" value="25.3mV"/>
        <Requirement name="v" dimension="voltage"/>

        <Dynamics>
            <DerivedVariable name="rf0" dimension="per_time" value="exp(z * gamma * (v - vHalf) / kte) / tau"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rr0" dimension="per_time" value="exp(-z * (1 - gamma) * (v - vHalf) / kte) / tau"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rf" exposure="rf" dimension="per_time" value="1 / (1/rf0 + tauMin)"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="rr" exposure="rr" dimension="per_time" value="1 / (1/rr0 + tauMin)"/>
        </Dynamics>
    </ComponentType>


    <ComponentType name="gateKS"
                   extends="baseGate"
                   description="A gate which consists of multiple _KSState_s and _KSTransition_s giving the rates of transition between them">
        <Children name="states" type="KSState"/>
        <Children name="transitions" type="KSTransition"/>

        <Dynamics>

            <DerivedVariable name="q" exposure="q" dimension="none" select="states[*]/q" reduce="add"/>
            <DerivedVariable name="fopen" exposure="fcond" dimension="none" value="q^instances"/>

            <KineticScheme name="ks" nodes="states" stateVariable="occupancy"
                           edges="transitions" edgeSource="from" edgeTarget="to"
                           forwardRate="rf" reverseRate="rr"/>

        </Dynamics>
    
    </ComponentType>


</Lems>