MidiFile.cpp

//
// Programmer:    Craig Stuart Sapp <craig@ccrma.stanford.edu>
// Creation Date: Fri Nov 26 14:12:01 PST 1999
// Last Modified: Sat Apr 21 10:52:19 PDT 2018 Removed using namespace std;
// Filename:      midifile/src/MidiFile.cpp
// Website:       http://midifile.sapp.org
// Syntax:        C++11
// vim:           ts=3 noexpandtab
//
// Description:   A class which can read/write Standard MIDI files.
//                MIDI data is stored by track in an array.  This
//                class is used for example in the MidiPerform class.
//

#include "MidiFile.h"
#include "Binasc.h"

#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iterator>
#include <algorithm>


namespace smf {

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::MidiFile -- Constuctor.
//

MidiFile::MidiFile(void) {
	m_events.resize(1);
	for (int i=0; i<(int)m_events.size(); i++) {
		m_events[i] = new MidiEventList;
	}
}


MidiFile::MidiFile(const std::string& filename) {
	m_events.resize(1);
	for (int i=0; i<(int)m_events.size(); i++) {
		m_events[i] = new MidiEventList;
	}
	read(filename);
}


MidiFile::MidiFile(std::istream& input) {
	m_events.resize(1);
	for (int i=0; i<(int)m_events.size(); i++) {
		m_events[i] = new MidiEventList;
	}
	read(input);
}



MidiFile::MidiFile(const MidiFile& other) {
	*this = other;
}



MidiFile::MidiFile(MidiFile&& other) {
	*this = std::move(other);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::~MidiFile -- Deconstructor.
//

MidiFile::~MidiFile() {
	m_readFileName.clear();
	clear();
	if (m_events[0] != NULL) {
		delete m_events[0];
		m_events[0] = NULL;
	}
	m_events.resize(0);
	m_rwstatus = false;
	m_timemap.clear();
	m_timemapvalid = 0;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::operator= -- Copying another
//

MidiFile& MidiFile::operator=(const MidiFile& other) {
	if (this == &other) {
		return *this;
	}
	m_events.reserve(other.m_events.size());
	auto it = other.m_events.begin();
	std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(m_events), other.m_events.size(),
		[&]()->MidiEventList* {
			return new MidiEventList(**it++);
		}
	);
	m_ticksPerQuarterNote = other.m_ticksPerQuarterNote;
	m_theTrackState       = other.m_theTrackState;
	m_theTimeState        = other.m_theTimeState;
	m_readFileName        = other.m_readFileName;
	m_timemapvalid        = other.m_timemapvalid;
	m_timemap             = other.m_timemap;
	m_rwstatus            = other.m_rwstatus;
	if (other.m_linkedEventsQ) {
		linkEventPairs();
	}
	return *this;
}


MidiFile& MidiFile::operator=(MidiFile&& other) {
	m_events = std::move(other.m_events);
	m_linkedEventsQ = other.m_linkedEventsQ;
	other.m_linkedEventsQ = false;
	other.m_events.clear();
	other.m_events.emplace_back(new MidiEventList);
	m_ticksPerQuarterNote = other.m_ticksPerQuarterNote;
	m_theTrackState       = other.m_theTrackState;
	m_theTimeState        = other.m_theTimeState;
	m_readFileName        = other.m_readFileName;
	m_timemapvalid        = other.m_timemapvalid;
	m_timemap             = other.m_timemap;
	m_rwstatus            = other.m_rwstatus;
	return *this;
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// reading/writing functions --
//


//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::read -- Parse a Standard MIDI File or ASCII-encoded Standard MIDI
//      File and store its contents in the object.
//

bool MidiFile::read(const std::string& filename) {
	m_timemapvalid = 0;
	setFilename(filename);
	m_rwstatus = true;

	std::fstream input;
	input.open(filename.c_str(), std::ios::binary | std::ios::in);

	if (!input.is_open()) {
		m_rwstatus = false;
		return m_rwstatus;
	}

	m_rwstatus = read(input);
	return m_rwstatus;
}

//
// istream version of read().
//

bool MidiFile::read(std::istream& input) {
	m_rwstatus = true;
	if (input.peek() != 'M') {
		// If the first byte in the input stream is not 'M', then presume that
		// the MIDI file is in the binasc format which is an ASCII representation
		// of the MIDI file.  Convert the binasc content into binary content and
		// then continue reading with this function.
		std::stringstream binarydata;
		Binasc binasc;
		binasc.writeToBinary(binarydata, input);
		binarydata.seekg(0, std::ios_base::beg);
		if (binarydata.peek() != 'M') {
			std::cout << "Bad MIDI data input" << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false;
			return m_rwstatus;
		} else {
			m_rwstatus = readSmf(binarydata);
			return m_rwstatus;
		}
	} else {
		m_rwstatus = readSmf(input);
		return m_rwstatus;
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::readSmf -- Parse a Standard MIDI File and store its contents
//      in the object.
//

bool MidiFile::readSmf(const std::string& filename) {
	m_timemapvalid = 0;
	setFilename(filename);
	m_rwstatus = true;

	std::fstream input;
	input.open(filename.c_str(), std::ios::binary | std::ios::in);

	if (!input.is_open()) {
		m_rwstatus = false;
		return m_rwstatus;
	}

	m_rwstatus = readSmf(input);
	return m_rwstatus;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::readSmf -- Parse a Standard MIDI File and store its contents in the object.
//

bool MidiFile::readSmf(std::istream& input) {
	m_rwstatus = true;

	std::string filename = getFilename();

	int    character;
	// uchar  buffer[123456] = {0};
	ulong  longdata;
	ushort shortdata;

	// Read the MIDI header (4 bytes of ID, 4 byte data size,
	// anticipated 6 bytes of data.

	character = input.get();
	if (character == EOF) {
		std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'M' at first byte, but found nothing." << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	} else if (character != 'M') {
		std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'M' at first byte but got '"
		     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	}

	character = input.get();
	if (character == EOF) {
		std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'T' at second byte, but found nothing." << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	} else if (character != 'T') {
		std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'T' at second byte but got '"
		     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	}

	character = input.get();
	if (character == EOF) {
		std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'h' at third byte, but found nothing." << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	} else if (character != 'h') {
		std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'h' at third byte but got '"
		     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	}

	character = input.get();
	if (character == EOF) {
		std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'd' at fourth byte, but found nothing." << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	} else if (character != 'd') {
		std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Expecting 'd' at fourth byte but got '"
		     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	}

	// read header size (allow larger header size?)
	longdata = readLittleEndian4Bytes(input);
	if (longdata != 6) {
		std::cout << "File " << filename
		     << " is not a MIDI 1.0 Standard MIDI file." << std::endl;
		std::cout << "The header size is " << longdata << " bytes." << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	}

	// Header parameter #1: format type
	int type;
	shortdata = readLittleEndian2Bytes(input);
	switch (shortdata) {
		case 0:
			type = 0;
			break;
		case 1:
			type = 1;
			break;
		case 2:
			// Type-2 MIDI files should probably be allowed as well,
			// but I have never seen one in the wild to test with.
		default:
			std::cout << "Error: cannot handle a type-" << shortdata
			     << " MIDI file" << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	}

	// Header parameter #2: track count
	int tracks;
	shortdata = readLittleEndian2Bytes(input);
	if (type == 0 && shortdata != 1) {
		std::cout << "Error: Type 0 MIDI file can only contain one track" << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Instead track count is: " << shortdata << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
	} else {
		tracks = shortdata;
	}
	clear();
	if (m_events[0] != NULL) {
		delete m_events[0];
	}
	m_events.resize(tracks);
	for (int z=0; z<tracks; z++) {
		m_events[z] = new MidiEventList;
		m_events[z]->reserve(10000);   // Initialize with 10,000 event storage.
		m_events[z]->clear();
	}

	// Header parameter #3: Ticks per quarter note
	shortdata = readLittleEndian2Bytes(input);
	if (shortdata >= 0x8000) {
		int framespersecond = 255 - ((shortdata >> 8) & 0x00ff) + 1;
		int subframes       = shortdata & 0x00ff;
		switch (framespersecond) {
			case 25:  framespersecond = 25; break;
			case 24:  framespersecond = 24; break;
			case 29:  framespersecond = 29; break;  // really 29.97 for color television
			case 30:  framespersecond = 30; break;
			default:
					std::cout << "Warning: unknown FPS: " << framespersecond << std::endl;
					std::cout << "Using non-standard FPS: " << framespersecond << std::endl;
		}
		m_ticksPerQuarterNote = framespersecond * subframes;

		// std::cout << "SMPTE ticks: " << m_ticksPerQuarterNote << " ticks/sec" << std::endl;
		// std::cout << "SMPTE frames per second: " << framespersecond << std::endl;
		// std::cout << "SMPTE subframes per frame: " << subframes << std::endl;
	}  else {
		m_ticksPerQuarterNote = shortdata;
	}


	//////////////////////////////////////////////////
	//
	// now read individual tracks:
	//

	uchar runningCommand;
	MidiEvent event;
	std::vector<uchar> bytes;
	int xstatus;

	for (int i=0; i<tracks; i++) {
		runningCommand = 0;

		// std::cout << "\nReading Track: " << i + 1 << flush;

		// read track header...

		character = input.get();
		if (character == EOF) {
			std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'M' at first byte in track, but found nothing."
			     << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		} else if (character != 'M') {
			std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'M' at first byte in track but got '"
			     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		}

		character = input.get();
		if (character == EOF) {
			std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'T' at second byte in track, but found nothing."
			     << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		} else if (character != 'T') {
			std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'T' at second byte in track but got '"
			     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		}

		character = input.get();
		if (character == EOF) {
			std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'r' at third byte in track, but found nothing."
			     << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		} else if (character != 'r') {
			std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'r' at third byte in track but got '"
			     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		}

		character = input.get();
		if (character == EOF) {
			std::cout << "In file " << filename << ": unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'k' at fourth byte in track, but found nothing."
			     << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		} else if (character != 'k') {
			std::cout << "File " << filename << " is not a MIDI file" << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Expecting 'k' at fourth byte in track but got '"
			     << (char)character << "'" << std::endl;
			m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
		}

		// Now read track chunk size and throw it away because it is
		// not really necessary since the track MUST end with an
		// end of track meta event, and many MIDI files found in the wild
		// do not correctly give the track size.
		longdata = readLittleEndian4Bytes(input);

		// Set the size of the track allocation so that it might
		// approximately fit the data.
		m_events[i]->reserve((int)longdata/2);
		m_events[i]->clear();

		// Read MIDI events in the track, which are pairs of VLV values
		// and then the bytes for the MIDI message.  Running status messags
		// will be filled in with their implicit command byte.
		// The timestamps are converted from delta ticks to absolute ticks,
		// with the absticks variable accumulating the VLV tick values.
		int absticks = 0;
		while (!input.eof()) {
			longdata = readVLValue(input);
			absticks += longdata;
			xstatus = extractMidiData(input, bytes, runningCommand);
			if (xstatus == 0) {
				m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
			}
			event.setMessage(bytes);
			event.tick = absticks;
			event.track = i;

			if (bytes[0] == 0xff && bytes[1] == 0x2f) {
				// end-of-track message
				// comment out the following line if you don't want to see the
				// end of track message (which is always required, and will added
				// automatically when a MIDI is written, so it is not necessary.
				m_events[i]->push_back(event);
				break;
			}
			m_events[i]->push_back(event);
		}
	}

	m_theTimeState = TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE;

	// The original order of the MIDI events is marked with an enumeration which
	// allows for reconstruction of the order when merging/splitting tracks to/from
	// a type-0 configuration.
	markSequence();

	return m_rwstatus;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::write -- write a standard MIDI file to a file or an output
//    stream.
//

bool MidiFile::write(const std::string& filename) {
	std::fstream output(filename.c_str(), std::ios::binary | std::ios::out);

	if (!output.is_open()) {
		std::cout << "Error: could not write: " << filename << std::endl;
		return false;
	}
	m_rwstatus = write(output);
	output.close();
	return m_rwstatus;
}

//
// ostream version of MidiFile::write().
//

bool MidiFile::write(std::ostream& out) {
	int oldTimeState = getTickState();
	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE) {
		makeDeltaTicks();
	}

	// write the header of the Standard MIDI File
	char ch;
	// 1. The characters "MThd"
	ch = 'M'; out << ch;
	ch = 'T'; out << ch;
	ch = 'h'; out << ch;
	ch = 'd'; out << ch;

	// 2. write the size of the header (always a "6" stored in unsigned long
	//    (4 bytes).
	ulong longdata = 6;
	writeBigEndianULong(out, longdata);

	// 3. MIDI file format, type 0, 1, or 2
	ushort shortdata;
	shortdata = static_cast<ushort>(getNumTracks() == 1 ? 0 : 1);
	writeBigEndianUShort(out,shortdata);

	// 4. write out the number of tracks.
	shortdata = static_cast<ushort>(getNumTracks());
	writeBigEndianUShort(out, shortdata);

	// 5. write out the number of ticks per quarternote. (avoiding SMTPE for now)
	shortdata = static_cast<ushort>(getTicksPerQuarterNote());
	writeBigEndianUShort(out, shortdata);

	// now write each track.
	std::vector<uchar> trackdata;
	uchar endoftrack[4] = {0, 0xff, 0x2f, 0x00};
	int i, j, k;
	int size;
	for (i=0; i<getNumTracks(); i++) {
		trackdata.reserve(123456);   // make the track data larger than
		                             // expected data input
		trackdata.clear();
		for (j=0; j<(int)m_events[i]->size(); j++) {
			if ((*m_events[i])[j].empty()) {
				// Don't write empty m_events (probably a delete message).
				continue;
			}
			if ((*m_events[i])[j].isEndOfTrack()) {
				// Suppress end-of-track meta messages (one will be added
				// automatically after all track data has been written).
				continue;
			}
			writeVLValue((*m_events[i])[j].tick, trackdata);
			if (((*m_events[i])[j].getCommandByte() == 0xf0) ||
					((*m_events[i])[j].getCommandByte() == 0xf7)) {
				// 0xf0 == Complete sysex message (0xf0 is part of the raw MIDI).
				// 0xf7 == Raw byte message (0xf7 not part of the raw MIDI).
				// Print the first byte of the message (0xf0 or 0xf7), then
				// print a VLV length for the rest of the bytes in the message.
				// In other words, when creating a 0xf0 or 0xf7 MIDI message,
				// do not insert the VLV byte length yourself, as this code will
				// do it for you automatically.
				trackdata.push_back((*m_events[i])[j][0]); // 0xf0 or 0xf7;
				writeVLValue(((int)(*m_events[i])[j].size())-1, trackdata);
				for (k=1; k<(int)(*m_events[i])[j].size(); k++) {
					trackdata.push_back((*m_events[i])[j][k]);
				}
			} else {
				// non-sysex type of message, so just output the
				// bytes of the message:
				for (k=0; k<(int)(*m_events[i])[j].size(); k++) {
					trackdata.push_back((*m_events[i])[j][k]);
				}
			}
		}
		size = (int)trackdata.size();
		if ((size < 3) || !((trackdata[size-3] == 0xff)
				&& (trackdata[size-2] == 0x2f))) {
			trackdata.push_back(endoftrack[0]);
			trackdata.push_back(endoftrack[1]);
			trackdata.push_back(endoftrack[2]);
			trackdata.push_back(endoftrack[3]);
		}

		// now ready to write to MIDI file.

		// first write the track ID marker "MTrk":
		ch = 'M'; out << ch;
		ch = 'T'; out << ch;
		ch = 'r'; out << ch;
		ch = 'k'; out << ch;

		// A. write the size of the MIDI data to follow:
		longdata = (int)trackdata.size();
		writeBigEndianULong(out, longdata);

		// B. write the actual data
		out.write((char*)trackdata.data(), trackdata.size());
	}

	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
	}

	return true;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeHex -- print the Standard MIDI file as a list of
//    ASCII Hex bytes, formatted 25 to a line by default, and
//    two digits for each hex byte code.  If the input width is 0,
//    then don't wrap lines.
//
//  default value: width=25
//

bool MidiFile::writeHex(const std::string& filename, int width) {
	std::fstream output(filename.c_str(), std::ios::out);
	if (!output.is_open()) {
		std::cout << "Error: could not write: " << filename << std::endl;
		return false;
	}
	m_rwstatus = writeHex(output, width);
	output.close();
	return m_rwstatus;
}

//
// ostream version of MidiFile::writeHex().
//

bool MidiFile::writeHex(std::ostream& out, int width) {
	std::stringstream tempstream;
	MidiFile::write(tempstream);
	int len = (int)tempstream.str().length();
	int wordcount = 1;
	int linewidth = width >= 0 ? width : 25;
	for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
		int value = (unsigned char)tempstream.str()[i];
		out << std::hex << std::setw(2) << std::setfill('0') << value;
		if (linewidth) {
			if (i < len - 1) {
				out << ((wordcount % linewidth) ? ' ' : '\n');
			}
			wordcount++;
		} else {
			// print with no line breaks
			if (i < len - 1) {
				out << ' ';
			}
		}
	}
	if (linewidth) {
		out << '\n';
	}
	return true;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBinasc -- write a standard MIDI file from data into
//    the binasc format (ASCII version of the MIDI file).
//

bool MidiFile::writeBinasc(const std::string& filename) {
	std::fstream output(filename.c_str(), std::ios::out);

	if (!output.is_open()) {
		std::cout << "Error: could not write: " << filename << std::endl;
		return false;
	}
	m_rwstatus = writeBinasc(output);
	output.close();
	return m_rwstatus;
}

//
// ostream version of MidiFile::writeBinasc().
//

bool MidiFile::writeBinasc(std::ostream& output) {
	std::stringstream binarydata;
	m_rwstatus = write(binarydata);
	if (m_rwstatus == false) {
		return false;
	}

	Binasc binasc;
	binasc.setMidiOn();
	binarydata.seekg(0, std::ios_base::beg);
	binasc.readFromBinary(output, binarydata);
	return true;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBinascWithComents -- write a standard MIDI
//    file from data into the binasc format (ASCII version
//    of the MIDI file), including commentary about the MIDI messages.
//

bool MidiFile::writeBinascWithComments(const std::string& filename) {
	std::fstream output(filename.c_str(), std::ios::out);

	if (!output.is_open()) {
		std::cout << "Error: could not write: " << filename << std::endl;
		return 0;
	}
	m_rwstatus = writeBinascWithComments(output);
	output.close();
	return m_rwstatus;
}

//
// ostream version of MidiFile::writeBinascWithComments().
//

bool MidiFile::writeBinascWithComments(std::ostream& output) {
	std::stringstream binarydata;
	m_rwstatus = write(binarydata);
	if (m_rwstatus == false) {
		return false;
	}

	Binasc binasc;
	binasc.setMidiOn();
	binasc.setCommentsOn();
	binarydata.seekg(0, std::ios_base::beg);
	binasc.readFromBinary(output, binarydata);
	return true;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::status -- return the success flag from the last read or
//    write (writeHex, writeBinasc).
//

bool MidiFile::status(void) const {
	return m_rwstatus;
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// track-related functions --
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::operator[] -- return the event list for the specified track.
//

MidiEventList& MidiFile::operator[](int aTrack) {
	return *m_events[aTrack];
}

const MidiEventList& MidiFile::operator[](int aTrack) const {
	return *m_events[aTrack];
}


//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getTrackCount -- return the number of tracks in
//   the Midi File.
//

int MidiFile::getTrackCount(void) const {
	return (int)m_events.size();
}

//
// Alias for getTrackCount()
//

int MidiFile::getNumTracks(void) const {
	return getTrackCount();
}

//
// Alias for getTrackCount()
//

int MidiFile::size(void) const {
	return getTrackCount();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::removeEmpties -- Remove any MIDI message that
//     contains no bytes.
//

void MidiFile::removeEmpties(void) {
	for (int i=0; i<(int)m_events.size(); i++) {
		m_events[i]->removeEmpties();
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::markSequence -- Assign a sequence serial number to
//   every MidiEvent in every track in the MIDI file.  This is
//   useful if you want to preseve the order of MIDI messages in
//   a track when they occur at the same tick time.  Particularly
//   for use with joinTracks() or sortTracks().  markSequence will
//   be done automatically when a MIDI file is read, in case the
//   ordering of m_events occuring at the same time is important.
//   Use clearSequence() to use the default sorting behavior of
//   sortTracks().
//

void MidiFile::markSequence(void) {
	int sequence = 1;
	for (int i=0; i<getTrackCount(); i++) {
		sequence = operator[](i).markSequence(sequence);
	}
}

//
// MidiFile::markSequence -- default value: sequence = 1.
//

void MidiFile::markSequence(int track, int sequence) {
	if ((track >= 0) && (track < getTrackCount())) {
		operator[](track).markSequence(sequence);
	} else {
		std::cout << "Warning: track " << track << " does not exist." << std::endl;
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::clearSequence -- Remove any seqence serial numbers from
//   MidiEvents in the MidiFile.  This will cause the default ordering by
//   sortTracks() to be used, in which case the ordering of MidiEvents
//   occurring at the same tick may switch their ordering.
//

void MidiFile::clearSequence(void) {
	for (int i=0; i<getTrackCount(); i++) {
		operator[](i).clearSequence();
	}
}


void MidiFile::clearSequence(int track) {
	if ((track >= 0) && (track < getTrackCount())) {
		operator[](track).clearSequence();
	} else {
		std::cout << "Warning: track " << track << " does not exist." << std::endl;
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::joinTracks -- Interleave the data from all tracks,
//   but keeping the identity of the tracks unique so that
//   the function splitTracks can be called to split the
//   tracks into separate units again.  The style of the
//   MidiFile when read from a file is with tracks split.
//   The original track index is stored in the MidiEvent::track
//   variable.
//

void MidiFile::joinTracks(void) {
	if (getTrackState() == TRACK_STATE_JOINED) {
		return;
	}
	if (getNumTracks() == 1) {
		m_theTrackState = TRACK_STATE_JOINED;
		return;
	}

	MidiEventList* joinedTrack;
	joinedTrack = new MidiEventList;

	int messagesum = 0;
	int length = getNumTracks();
	int i, j;
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		messagesum += (*m_events[i]).size();
	}
	joinedTrack->reserve((int)(messagesum + 32 + messagesum * 0.1));

	int oldTimeState = getTickState();
	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
	}
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		for (j=0; j<(int)m_events[i]->size(); j++) {
			joinedTrack->push_back_no_copy(&(*m_events[i])[j]);
		}
	}

	clear_no_deallocate();

	delete m_events[0];
	m_events.resize(0);
	m_events.push_back(joinedTrack);
	sortTracks();
	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeDeltaTicks();
	}

	m_theTrackState = TRACK_STATE_JOINED;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::splitTracks -- Take the joined tracks and split them
//   back into their separate track identities.
//

void MidiFile::splitTracks(void) {
	if (getTrackState() == TRACK_STATE_SPLIT) {
		return;
	}
	int oldTimeState = getTickState();
	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
	}

	int maxTrack = 0;
	int i;
	int length = m_events[0]->size();
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		if ((*m_events[0])[i].track > maxTrack) {
			maxTrack = (*m_events[0])[i].track;
		}
	}
	int trackCount = maxTrack + 1;

	if (trackCount <= 1) {
		return;
	}

	MidiEventList* olddata = m_events[0];
	m_events[0] = NULL;
	m_events.resize(trackCount);
	for (i=0; i<trackCount; i++) {
		m_events[i] = new MidiEventList;
	}

	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		int trackValue = (*olddata)[i].track;
		m_events[trackValue]->push_back_no_copy(&(*olddata)[i]);
	}

	olddata->detach();
	delete olddata;

	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeDeltaTicks();
	}

	m_theTrackState = TRACK_STATE_SPLIT;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::splitTracksByChannel -- Take the joined tracks and split them
//   back into their separate track identities.
//

void MidiFile::splitTracksByChannel(void) {
	joinTracks();
	if (getTrackState() == TRACK_STATE_SPLIT) {
		return;
	}

	int oldTimeState = getTickState();
	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
	}

	int maxTrack = 0;
	int i;
	MidiEventList& eventlist = *m_events[0];
	MidiEventList* olddata = &eventlist;
	int length = eventlist.size();
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		if (eventlist[i].size() == 0) {
			continue;
		}
		if ((eventlist[i][0] & 0xf0) == 0xf0) {
			// ignore system and meta messages.
			continue;
		}
		if (maxTrack < (eventlist[i][0] & 0x0f)) {
			maxTrack = eventlist[i][0] & 0x0f;
		}
	}
	int trackCount = maxTrack + 2; // + 1 for expression track

	if (trackCount <= 1) {
		// only one channel, so don't do anything (leave as Type-0 file).
		return;
	}

	m_events[0] = NULL;
	m_events.resize(trackCount);
	for (i=0; i<trackCount; i++) {
		m_events[i] = new MidiEventList;
	}

	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		int trackValue = 0;
		if ((eventlist[i][0] & 0xf0) == 0xf0) {
			trackValue = 0;
		} else if (eventlist[i].size() > 0) {
			trackValue = (eventlist[i][0] & 0x0f) + 1;
		}
		m_events[trackValue]->push_back_no_copy(&eventlist[i]);
	}

	olddata->detach();
	delete olddata;

	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeDeltaTicks();
	}

	m_theTrackState = TRACK_STATE_SPLIT;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getTrackState -- returns what type of track method
//     is being used: either TRACK_STATE_JOINED or TRACK_STATE_SPLIT.
//

int MidiFile::getTrackState(void) const {
	return m_theTrackState;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::hasJoinedTracks -- Returns true if the MidiFile tracks
//    are in a joined state.
//

int MidiFile::hasJoinedTracks(void) const {
	return m_theTrackState == TRACK_STATE_JOINED;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::hasSplitTracks -- Returns true if the MidiFile tracks
//     are in a split state.
//

int MidiFile::hasSplitTracks(void) const {
	return m_theTrackState == TRACK_STATE_SPLIT;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getSplitTrack --  Return the track index when the MidiFile
//   is in the split state.  This function returns the original track
//   when the MidiFile is in the joined state.  The MidiEvent::track
//   variable is used to store the original track index when the
//   MidiFile is converted to the joined-track state.
//

int MidiFile::getSplitTrack(int track, int index) const {
	if (hasSplitTracks()) {
		return track;
	} else {
		return getEvent(track, index).track;
	}
}

//
// When the parameter is void, assume track 0:
//

int MidiFile::getSplitTrack(int index) const {
	if (hasSplitTracks()) {
		return 0;
	} else {
		return getEvent(0, index).track;
	}
}



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// tick-related functions --
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::makeDeltaTicks -- convert the time data to
//     delta time, which means that the time field
//     in the MidiEvent struct represents the time
//     since the last event was played. When a MIDI file
//     is read from a file, this is the default setting.
//

void MidiFile::makeDeltaTicks(void) {
	if (getTickState() == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		return;
	}
	int i, j;
	int temp;
	int length = getNumTracks();
	int *timedata = new int[length];
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		timedata[i] = 0;
		if (m_events[i]->size() > 0) {
			timedata[i] = (*m_events[i])[0].tick;
		} else {
			continue;
		}
		for (j=1; j<(int)m_events[i]->size(); j++) {
			temp = (*m_events[i])[j].tick;
			int deltatick = temp - timedata[i];
			if (deltatick < 0) {
				std::cout << "Error: negative delta tick value: " << deltatick << std::endl
				     << "Timestamps must be sorted first"
				     << " (use MidiFile::sortTracks() before writing)." << std::endl;
			}
			(*m_events[i])[j].tick = deltatick;
			timedata[i] = temp;
		}
	}
	m_theTimeState = TIME_STATE_DELTA;
	delete [] timedata;
}

//
// MidiFile::deltaTicks -- Alias for MidiFile::makeDeltaTicks().
//

void MidiFile::deltaTicks(void) {
	makeDeltaTicks();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::makeAbsoluteTicks -- convert the time data to
//    absolute time, which means that the time field
//    in the MidiEvent struct represents the exact tick
//    time to play the event rather than the time since
//    the last event to wait untill playing the current
//    event.
//

void MidiFile::makeAbsoluteTicks(void) {
	if (getTickState() == TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE) {
		return;
	}
	int i, j;
	int length = getNumTracks();
	int* timedata = new int[length];
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		timedata[i] = 0;
		if (m_events[i]->size() > 0) {
			timedata[i] = (*m_events[i])[0].tick;
		} else {
			continue;
		}
		for (j=1; j<(int)m_events[i]->size(); j++) {
			timedata[i] += (*m_events[i])[j].tick;
			(*m_events[i])[j].tick = timedata[i];
		}
	}
	m_theTimeState = TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE;
	delete [] timedata;
}

//
// MidiFile::absoluteTicks -- Alias for MidiFile::makeAbsoluteTicks().
//

void MidiFile::absoluteTicks(void) {
	makeAbsoluteTicks();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getTickState -- returns what type of time method is
//   being used: either TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE or TIME_STATE_DELTA.
//

int MidiFile::getTickState(void) const {
	return m_theTimeState;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::isDeltaTicks -- Returns true if MidiEvent .tick
//    variables are in delta time mode.
//

bool MidiFile::isDeltaTicks(void) const {
	return m_theTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA ? true : false;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::isAbsoluteTicks -- Returns true if MidiEvent .tick
//    variables are in absolute time mode.
//

bool MidiFile::isAbsoluteTicks(void) const {
	return m_theTimeState == TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE ? true : false;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getFileDurationInTicks -- Returns the largest
//    tick value in any track.  The tracks must be sorted
//    before calling this function, since this function
//    assumes that the last MidiEvent in the track has the
//    highest tick timestamp.  The file state can be in delta
//    ticks since this function will temporarily go to absolute
//    tick mode for the calculation of the max tick.
//

int MidiFile::getFileDurationInTicks(void) {
	bool revertToDelta = false;
	if (isDeltaTicks()) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
		revertToDelta = true;
	}
	const MidiFile& mf = *this;
	int output = 0;
	for (int i=0; i<mf.getTrackCount(); i++) {
		if (mf[i].back().tick > output) {
			output = mf[i].back().tick;
		}
	}
	if (revertToDelta) {
		deltaTicks();
	}
	return output;
}



///////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getFileDurationInQuarters -- Returns the Duration of the MidiFile
//    in units of quarter notes.  If the MidiFile is in delta tick mode,
//    then temporarily got into absolute tick mode to do the calculations.
//    Note that this is expensive, so you should normally call this function
//    while in aboslute tick (default) mode.
//

double MidiFile::getFileDurationInQuarters(void) {
	return (double)getFileDurationInTicks() / (double)getTicksPerQuarterNote();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getFileDurationInSeconds -- returns the duration of the
//    logest track in the file.  The tracks must be sorted before
//    calling this function, since this function assumes that the
//    last MidiEvent in the track has the highest timestamp.
//    The file state can be in delta ticks since this function
//    will temporarily go to absolute tick mode for the calculation
//    of the max time.

double MidiFile::getFileDurationInSeconds(void) {
	if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
		buildTimeMap();
		if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
			return -1.0;    // something went wrong
		}
	}
	bool revertToDelta = false;
	if (isDeltaTicks()) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
		revertToDelta = true;
	}
	const MidiFile& mf = *this;
	double output = 0.0;
	for (int i=0; i<mf.getTrackCount(); i++) {
		if (mf[i].back().seconds > output) {
			output = mf[i].back().seconds;
		}
	}
	if (revertToDelta) {
		deltaTicks();
	}
	return output;
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// physical-time analysis functions --
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::doTimeAnalysis -- Identify the real-time position of
//    all events by monitoring the tempo in relations to the tick
//    times in the file.
//

void MidiFile::doTimeAnalysis(void) {
	buildTimeMap();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getTimeInSeconds -- return the time in seconds for
//     the current message.
//

double MidiFile::getTimeInSeconds(int aTrack, int anIndex) {
	return getTimeInSeconds(getEvent(aTrack, anIndex).tick);
}


double MidiFile::getTimeInSeconds(int tickvalue) {
	if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
		buildTimeMap();
		if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
			return -1.0;    // something went wrong
		}
	}

	_TickTime key;
	key.tick    = tickvalue;
	key.seconds = -1;

	void* ptr = bsearch(&key, m_timemap.data(), m_timemap.size(),
			sizeof(_TickTime), ticksearch);

	if (ptr == NULL) {
		// The specific tick value was not found, so do a linear
		// search for the two tick values which occur before and
		// after the tick value, and do a linear interpolation of
		// the time in seconds values to figure out the final
		// time in seconds.
		// Since the code is not yet written, kill the program at this point:
		return linearSecondInterpolationAtTick(tickvalue);
	} else {
		return ((_TickTime*)ptr)->seconds;
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getAbsoluteTickTime -- return the tick value represented
//    by the input time in seconds.  If there is not tick entry at
//    the given time in seconds, then interpolate between two values.
//

double MidiFile::getAbsoluteTickTime(double starttime) {
	if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
		buildTimeMap();
		if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
			if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
				return -1.0;    // something went wrong
			}
		}
	}

	_TickTime key;
	key.tick    = -1;
	key.seconds = starttime;

	void* ptr = bsearch(&key, m_timemap.data(), m_timemap.size(),
			sizeof(_TickTime), secondsearch);

	if (ptr == NULL) {
		// The specific seconds value was not found, so do a linear
		// search for the two time values which occur before and
		// after the given time value, and do a linear interpolation of
		// the time in tick values to figure out the final time in ticks.
		return linearTickInterpolationAtSecond(starttime);
	} else {
		return ((_TickTime*)ptr)->tick;
	}

}



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// note-analysis functions --
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::linkNotePairs --  Link note-ons to note-offs separately
//     for each track.  Returns the total number of note message pairs
//     that were linked.
//

int MidiFile::linkNotePairs(void) {
	int i;
	int sum = 0;
	for (i=0; i<getTrackCount(); i++) {
		if (m_events[i] == NULL) {
			continue;
		}
		sum += m_events[i]->linkNotePairs();
	}
	m_linkedEventsQ = true;
	return sum;
}

//
// MidiFile::linkEventPairs -- Alias for MidiFile::linkNotePairs().
//

int MidiFile::linkEventPairs(void) {
	return linkNotePairs();
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// filename functions --
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::setFilename -- sets the filename of the MIDI file.
//      Currently removed any directory path.
//

void MidiFile::setFilename(const std::string& aname) {
	auto loc = aname.rfind('/');
	if (loc != std::string::npos) {
		m_readFileName = aname.substr(loc+1);
	} else {
		m_readFileName = aname;
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getFilename -- returns the name of the file read into the
//    structure (if the data was read from a file).
//

const char* MidiFile::getFilename(void) const {
	return m_readFileName.c_str();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addEvent --
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addEvent(int aTrack, int aTick,
		std::vector<uchar>& midiData) {
	m_timemapvalid = 0;
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->tick = aTick;
	me->track = aTrack;
	me->setMessage(midiData);
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addEvent -- Some bug here when joinedTracks(), but track==1...
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addEvent(MidiEvent& mfevent) {
	if (getTrackState() == TRACK_STATE_JOINED) {
		m_events[0]->push_back(mfevent);
		return &m_events[0]->back();
	} else {
		m_events.at(mfevent.track)->push_back(mfevent);
		return &m_events.at(mfevent.track)->back();
	}
}

//
// Variant where the track is an input parameter:
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addEvent(int aTrack, MidiEvent& mfevent) {
	if (getTrackState() == TRACK_STATE_JOINED) {
		m_events[0]->push_back(mfevent);
      m_events[0]->back().track = aTrack;
		return &m_events[0]->back();
	} else {
		m_events.at(aTrack)->push_back(mfevent);
		m_events.at(aTrack)->back().track = aTrack;
		return &m_events.at(aTrack)->back();
	}
}



///////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addMetaEvent --
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addMetaEvent(int aTrack, int aTick, int aType,
		std::vector<uchar>& metaData) {
	m_timemapvalid = 0;
	int i;
	int length = (int)metaData.size();
	std::vector<uchar> fulldata;
	uchar size[23] = {0};
	int lengthsize = makeVLV(size, length);

	fulldata.resize(2+lengthsize+length);
	fulldata[0] = 0xff;
	fulldata[1] = aType & 0x7F;
	for (i=0; i<lengthsize; i++) {
		fulldata[2+i] = size[i];
	}
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		fulldata[2+lengthsize+i] = metaData[i];
	}

	return addEvent(aTrack, aTick, fulldata);
}


MidiEvent* MidiFile::addMetaEvent(int aTrack, int aTick, int aType,
		const std::string& metaData) {
	int length = (int)metaData.size();
	std::vector<uchar> buffer;
	buffer.resize(length);
	int i;
	for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
		buffer[i] = (uchar)metaData[i];
	}
	return addMetaEvent(aTrack, aTick, aType, buffer);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addText --  Add a text meta-message (#1).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addText(int aTrack, int aTick, const std::string& text) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeText(text);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addCopyright --  Add a copyright notice meta-message (#2).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addCopyright(int aTrack, int aTick, const std::string& text) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeCopyright(text);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addTrackName --  Add an track name meta-message (#3).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addTrackName(int aTrack, int aTick, const std::string& name) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeTrackName(name);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addInstrumentName --  Add an instrument name meta-message (#4).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addInstrumentName(int aTrack, int aTick,
		const std::string& name) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeInstrumentName(name);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addLyric -- Add a lyric meta-message (meta #5).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addLyric(int aTrack, int aTick, const std::string& text) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeLyric(text);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addMarker -- Add a marker meta-message (meta #6).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addMarker(int aTrack, int aTick, const std::string& text) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeMarker(text);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addCue -- Add a cue-point meta-message (meta #7).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addCue(int aTrack, int aTick, const std::string& text) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeCue(text);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addTempo -- Add a tempo meta message (meta #0x51).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addTempo(int aTrack, int aTick, double aTempo) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeTempo(aTempo);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addTimeSignature -- Add a time signature meta message
//      (meta #0x58).  The "bottom" parameter must be a power of two;
//      otherwise, it will be set to the next highest power of two.
//
// Default values:
//     clocksPerClick     == 24 (quarter note)
//     num32ndsPerQuarter ==  8 (8 32nds per quarter note)
//
// Time signature of 4/4 would be:
//    top    = 4
//    bottom = 4 (converted to 2 in the MIDI file for 2nd power of 2).
//    clocksPerClick = 24 (2 eighth notes based on num32ndsPerQuarter)
//    num32ndsPerQuarter = 8
//
// Time signature of 6/8 would be:
//    top    = 6
//    bottom = 8 (converted to 3 in the MIDI file for 3rd power of 2).
//    clocksPerClick = 36 (3 eighth notes based on num32ndsPerQuarter)
//    num32ndsPerQuarter = 8
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addTimeSignature(int aTrack, int aTick, int top, int bottom,
		int clocksPerClick, int num32ndsPerQuarter) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeTimeSignature(top, bottom, clocksPerClick, num32ndsPerQuarter);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addCompoundTimeSignature -- Add a time signature meta message
//      (meta #0x58), where the clocksPerClick parameter is set to three
//      eighth notes for compount meters such as 6/8 which represents
//      two beats per measure.
//
// Default values:
//     clocksPerClick     == 36 (quarter note)
//     num32ndsPerQuarter ==  8 (8 32nds per quarter note)
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addCompoundTimeSignature(int aTrack, int aTick, int top,
		int bottom, int clocksPerClick, int num32ndsPerQuarter) {
	return addTimeSignature(aTrack, aTick, top, bottom, clocksPerClick,
		num32ndsPerQuarter);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::makeVLV --  This function is used to create
//   size byte(s) for meta-messages.  If the size of the data
//   in the meta-message is greater than 127, then the size
//   should (?) be specified as a VLV.
//

int MidiFile::makeVLV(uchar *buffer, int number) {

	unsigned long value = (unsigned long)number;

	if (value >= (1 << 28)) {
		std::cout << "Error: Meta-message size too large to handle" << std::endl;
		buffer[0] = 0;
		buffer[1] = 0;
		buffer[2] = 0;
		buffer[3] = 0;
		return 1;
	}

	buffer[0] = (value >> 21) & 0x7f;
	buffer[1] = (value >> 14) & 0x7f;
	buffer[2] = (value >>  7) & 0x7f;
	buffer[3] = (value >>  0) & 0x7f;

	int i;
	int flag = 0;
	int length = -1;
	for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
		if (buffer[i] != 0) {
			flag = 1;
		}
		if (flag) {
			buffer[i] |= 0x80;
		}
		if (length == -1 && buffer[i] >= 0x80) {
			length = 4-i;
		}
	}

	if (length == -1) {
		length = 1;
	}

	if (length < 4) {
		for (i=0; i<length; i++) {
			buffer[i] = buffer[4-length+i];
		}
	}

	return length;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addNoteOn -- Add a note-on message to the given track at the
//    given time in the given channel.
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addNoteOn(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, int key, int vel) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeNoteOn(aChannel, key, vel);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addNoteOff -- Add a note-off message (using 0x80 messages).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addNoteOff(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, int key,
		int vel) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeNoteOff(aChannel, key, vel);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addNoteOff -- Add a note-off message (using 0x90 messages with
//   zero attack velocity).
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addNoteOff(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, int key) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeNoteOff(aChannel, key);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addController -- Add a controller message in the given
//    track at the given tick time in the given channel.
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addController(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel,
		int num, int value) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makeController(aChannel, num, value);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addPatchChange -- Add a patch-change message in the given
//    track at the given tick time in the given channel.
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addPatchChange(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel,
		int patchnum) {
	MidiEvent* me = new MidiEvent;
	me->makePatchChange(aChannel, patchnum);
	me->tick = aTick;
	m_events[aTrack]->push_back_no_copy(me);
	return me;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addTimbre -- Add a patch-change message in the given
//    track at the given tick time in the given channel.  Alias for
//    MidiFile::addPatchChange().
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addTimbre(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, int patchnum) {
	return addPatchChange(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, patchnum);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addPitchBend -- convert  number in the range from -1 to +1
//     into two 7-bit numbers (smallest piece first)
//
//   -1.0 maps to 0 (0x0000)
//    0.0 maps to 8192 (0x2000 --> 0x40 0x00)
//   +1.0 maps to 16383 (0x3FFF --> 0x7F 0x7F)
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addPitchBend(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, double amount) {
	m_timemapvalid = 0;
	amount += 1.0;
	int value = int(amount * 8192 + 0.5);

	// prevent any wrap-around in case of round-off errors
	if (value > 0x3fff) {
		value = 0x3fff;
	}
	if (value < 0) {
		value = 0;
	}

	int lsbint = 0x7f & value;
	int msbint = 0x7f & (value  >> 7);

	std::vector<uchar> mididata;
	mididata.resize(3);
	if (aChannel < 0) {
		aChannel = 0;
	} else if (aChannel > 15) {
		aChannel = 15;
	}
	mididata[0] = uchar(0xe0 | aChannel);
	mididata[1] = uchar(lsbint);
	mididata[2] = uchar(msbint);

	return addEvent(aTrack, aTick, mididata);
}



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// RPN convenience functions:
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::setPitchBendRange -- Set the range for the min/max pitch bend
//   alteration of a note.  Default is 2.0 (meaning +/- 2 semitones from given pitch).
//   Fractional values are cents, so 2.5 means a range of two semitones plus 50 cents,
//   which is two semitones plus a quarter tone.
//

void MidiFile::setPitchBendRange(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, double range) {
	if (range < 0.0) {
		range = -range;
	}
	if (range > 24.0) {
		std::cout << "Warning: pitch bend range is too large: " << range << std::endl;
		std::cout << "Setting to 24." << std::endl;
		range = 24.0;
	}
	int irange = int(range);
	int cents = int((range - irange) * 100.0 + 0.5);

	// Select pitch bend RPN:
	addController(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, 101, 0);  // RPN selector (byte 1)
	addController(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, 100, 0);  // RPN selector (byte 2)

	// Set the semitone range (will be +/-range above/below a note):
	addController(aTrack, aTick, aChannel,  6,  irange);  // coarse: number of semitones
	addController(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, 38,  cents);   // fine: cents (1/100ths of semitone)
}



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Controller message adding convenience functions:
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addSustain -- Add a continuous controller message for the sustain pedal.
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addSustain(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, int value) {
	return addController(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, 64, value);
}

//
// MidiFile::addSustainPedal -- Alias for MidiFile::addSustain().
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addSustainPedal(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel, int value) {
	return addSustain(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, value);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addSustainOn -- Add a continuous controller message for the sustain pedal on.
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addSustainOn(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel) {
	return addSustain(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, 127);
}

//
// MidiFile::addSustainPedalOn -- Alias for MidiFile::addSustainOn().
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addSustainPedalOn(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel) {
	return addSustainOn(aTrack, aTick, aChannel);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addSustainOff -- Add a continuous controller message for the sustain pedal off.
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addSustainOff(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel) {
	return addSustain(aTrack, aTick, aChannel, 0);
}

//
// MidiFile::addSustainPedalOff -- Alias for MidiFile::addSustainOff().
//

MidiEvent* MidiFile::addSustainPedalOff(int aTrack, int aTick, int aChannel) {
	return addSustainOff(aTrack, aTick, aChannel);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::addTrack -- adds a blank track at end of the
//    track list.  Returns the track number of the added
//    track.
//

int MidiFile::addTrack(void) {
	int length = getNumTracks();
	m_events.resize(length+1);
	m_events[length] = new MidiEventList;
	m_events[length]->reserve(10000);
	m_events[length]->clear();
	return length;
}

int MidiFile::addTrack(int count) {
	int length = getNumTracks();
	m_events.resize(length+count);
	int i;
	for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
		m_events[length + i] = new MidiEventList;
		m_events[length + i]->reserve(10000);
		m_events[length + i]->clear();
	}
	return length + count - 1;
}

//
// MidiFile::addTracks -- Alias for MidiFile::addTrack().
//

int MidiFile::addTracks(int count) {
	return addTrack(count);
}




//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::allocateEvents --
//

void MidiFile::allocateEvents(int track, int aSize) {
	int oldsize = m_events[track]->size();
	if (oldsize < aSize) {
		m_events[track]->reserve(aSize);
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::deleteTrack -- remove a track from the MidiFile.
//   Tracks are numbered starting at track 0.
//

void MidiFile::deleteTrack(int aTrack) {
	int length = getNumTracks();
	if (aTrack < 0 || aTrack >= length) {
		return;
	}
	if (length == 1) {
		return;
	}
	delete m_events[aTrack];
	for (int i=aTrack; i<length-1; i++) {
		m_events[i] = m_events[i+1];
	}

	m_events[length-1] = NULL;
	m_events.resize(length-1);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::clear -- make the MIDI file empty with one
//     track with no data in it.
//

void MidiFile::clear(void) {
	int length = getNumTracks();
	for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
		delete m_events[i];
		m_events[i] = NULL;
	}
	m_events.resize(1);
	m_events[0] = new MidiEventList;
	m_timemapvalid=0;
	m_timemap.clear();
	m_theTrackState = TRACK_STATE_SPLIT;
	m_theTimeState = TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE;
}


void MidiFile::erase(void) {
	clear();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getEvent -- return the event at the given index in the
//    specified track.
//

MidiEvent& MidiFile::getEvent(int aTrack, int anIndex) {
	return (*m_events[aTrack])[anIndex];
}


const MidiEvent& MidiFile::getEvent(int aTrack, int anIndex) const {
	return (*m_events[aTrack])[anIndex];
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getTicksPerQuarterNote -- returns the number of
//   time units that are supposed to occur during a quarternote.
//

int MidiFile::getTicksPerQuarterNote(void) const {
	if (m_ticksPerQuarterNote == 0xE728) {
		// this is a special case which is the SMPTE time code
		// setting for 25 frames a second with 40 subframes
		// which means one tick per millisecond.  When SMPTE is
		// being used, there is no real concept of the quarter note,
		// so presume 60 bpm as a simiplification here.
		// return 1000;
	}
	return m_ticksPerQuarterNote;
}

//
// Alias for getTicksPerQuarterNote:
//

int MidiFile::getTPQ(void) const {
	return getTicksPerQuarterNote();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getEventCount -- returns the number of events
//   in a given track.
//

int MidiFile::getEventCount(int aTrack) const {
	return m_events[aTrack]->size();
}


int MidiFile::getNumEvents(int aTrack) const {
	return m_events[aTrack]->size();
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::mergeTracks -- combine the data from two
//   tracks into one.  Placing the data in the first
//   track location listed, and Moving the other tracks
//   in the file around to fill in the spot where Track2
//   used to be.  The results of this function call cannot
//   be reversed.
//

void MidiFile::mergeTracks(int aTrack1, int aTrack2) {
	MidiEventList* mergedTrack;
	mergedTrack = new MidiEventList;
	int oldTimeState = getTickState();
	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		makeAbsoluteTicks();
	}
	int length = getNumTracks();
	for (int i=0; i<(int)m_events[aTrack1]->size(); i++) {
		mergedTrack->push_back((*m_events[aTrack1])[i]);
	}
	for (int j=0; j<(int)m_events[aTrack2]->size(); j++) {
		(*m_events[aTrack2])[j].track = aTrack1;
		mergedTrack->push_back((*m_events[aTrack2])[j]);
	}

	mergedTrack->sort();

	delete m_events[aTrack1];

	m_events[aTrack1] = mergedTrack;

	for (int i=aTrack2; i<length-1; i++) {
		m_events[i] = m_events[i+1];
		for (int j=0; j<(int)m_events[i]->size(); j++) {
			(*m_events[i])[j].track = i;
		}
	}

	m_events[length-1] = NULL;
	m_events.resize(length-1);

	if (oldTimeState == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		deltaTicks();
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::setTicksPerQuarterNote --
//

void MidiFile::setTicksPerQuarterNote(int ticks) {
	m_ticksPerQuarterNote = ticks;
}

//
// Alias for setTicksPerQuarterNote:
//

void MidiFile::setTPQ(int ticks) {
	setTicksPerQuarterNote(ticks);
}


//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::setMillisecondTicks -- set the ticks per quarter note
//   value to milliseconds.  The format for this specification is
//   highest 8-bits: SMPTE Frame rate (as a negative 2's compliment value).
//   lowest 8-bits: divisions per frame (as a positive number).
//   for millisecond resolution, the SMPTE value is -25, and the
//   frame rate is 40 frame per division.  In hexadecimal, these
//   values are: -25 = 1110,0111 = 0xE7 and 40 = 0010,1000 = 0x28
//   So setting the ticks per quarter note value to 0xE728 will cause
//   delta times in the MIDI file to represent milliseconds.  Calling
//   this function will not change any exiting timestamps, it will
//   only change the meaning of the timestamps.
//

void MidiFile::setMillisecondTicks(void) {
	m_ticksPerQuarterNote = 0xE728;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::sortTrack -- Sort the specified track in tick order.
//    If the MidiEvent::seq variables have been filled in with
//    a sequence value, this will preserve the order of the
//    events that occur at the same tick time before the sort
//    was done.
//

void MidiFile::sortTrack(int track) {
	if ((track >= 0) && (track < getTrackCount())) {
		m_events.at(track)->sort();
	} else {
		std::cout << "Warning: track " << track << " does not exist." << std::endl;
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::sortTracks -- sort all tracks in the MidiFile.
//

void MidiFile::sortTracks(void) {
	if (m_theTimeState == TIME_STATE_ABSOLUTE) {
		for (int i=0; i<getTrackCount(); i++) {
			m_events.at(i)->sort();
		}
	} else {
		std::cout << "Warning: Sorting only allowed in absolute tick mode.";
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::getTrackCountAsType1 --  Return the number of tracks in the
//    MIDI file.  Returns the size of the events if not in joined state.
//    If in joined state, reads track 0 to find the maximum track
//    value from the original unjoined tracks.
//

int MidiFile::getTrackCountAsType1(void) {
	if (getTrackState() == TRACK_STATE_JOINED) {
		int output = 0;
		int i;
		for (i=0; i<(int)m_events[0]->size(); i++) {
			if (getEvent(0,i).track > output) {
				output = getEvent(0,i).track;
			}
		}
		return output+1;  // I think the track values are 0 offset...
	} else {
		return (int)m_events.size();
	}
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::clearLinks --
//

void MidiFile::clearLinks(void) {
	for (int i=0; i<getTrackCount(); i++) {
		if (m_events[i] == NULL) {
			continue;
		}
		m_events[i]->clearLinks();
	}
	m_linkedEventsQ = false;
}



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// private functions
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::linearTickInterpolationAtSecond -- return the tick value at the
//    given input time.
//

double MidiFile::linearTickInterpolationAtSecond(double seconds) {
	if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
		buildTimeMap();
		if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
			return -1.0;    // something went wrong
		}
	}

	int i;
	double lasttime = m_timemap[m_timemap.size()-1].seconds;
	// give an error value of -1 if time is out of range of data.
	if (seconds < 0.0) {
		return -1.0;
	}
	if (seconds > m_timemap[m_timemap.size()-1].seconds) {
		return -1.0;
	}

	// Guess which side of the list is closest to target:
	// Could do a more efficient algorithm since time values are sorted,
	// but good enough for now...
	int startindex = -1;
	if (seconds < lasttime / 2) {
		for (i=0; i<(int)m_timemap.size(); i++) {
			if (m_timemap[i].seconds > seconds) {
				startindex = i-1;
				break;
			} else if (m_timemap[i].seconds == seconds) {
				startindex = i;
				break;
			}
		}
	} else {
		for (i=(int)m_timemap.size()-1; i>0; i--) {
			if (m_timemap[i].seconds < seconds) {
				startindex = i+1;
				break;
			} else if (m_timemap[i].seconds == seconds) {
				startindex = i;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if (startindex < 0) {
		return -1.0;
	}
	if (startindex >= (int)m_timemap.size()-1) {
		return -1.0;
	}

	double x1 = m_timemap[startindex].seconds;
	double x2 = m_timemap[startindex+1].seconds;
	double y1 = m_timemap[startindex].tick;
	double y2 = m_timemap[startindex+1].tick;
	double xi = seconds;

	return (xi-x1) * ((y2-y1)/(x2-x1)) + y1;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::linearSecondInterpolationAtTick -- return the time in seconds
//    value at the given input tick time. (Ticks input could be made double).
//

double MidiFile::linearSecondInterpolationAtTick(int ticktime) {
	if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
		buildTimeMap();
		if (m_timemapvalid == 0) {
			return -1.0;    // something went wrong
		}
	}

	int i;
	double lasttick = m_timemap[m_timemap.size()-1].tick;
	// give an error value of -1 if time is out of range of data.
	if (ticktime < 0.0) {
		return -1;
	}
	if (ticktime > m_timemap.back().tick) {
		return -1;  // don't try to extrapolate
	}

	// Guess which side of the list is closest to target:
	// Could do a more efficient algorithm since time values are sorted,
	// but good enough for now...
	int startindex = -1;
	if (ticktime < lasttick / 2) {
		for (i=0; i<(int)m_timemap.size(); i++) {
			if (m_timemap[i].tick > ticktime) {
				startindex = i-1;
				break;
			} else if (m_timemap[i].tick == ticktime) {
				startindex = i;
				break;
			}
		}
	} else {
		for (i=(int)m_timemap.size()-1; i>0; i--) {
			if (m_timemap[i].tick < ticktime) {
				startindex = i;
				break;
			} else if (m_timemap[i].tick == ticktime) {
				startindex = i;
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if (startindex < 0) {
		return -1;
	}
	if (startindex >= (int)m_timemap.size()-1) {
		return -1;
	}

	if (m_timemap[startindex].tick == ticktime) {
		return m_timemap[startindex].seconds;
	}

	double x1 = m_timemap[startindex].tick;
	double x2 = m_timemap[startindex+1].tick;
	double y1 = m_timemap[startindex].seconds;
	double y2 = m_timemap[startindex+1].seconds;
	double xi = ticktime;

	return (xi-x1) * ((y2-y1)/(x2-x1)) + y1;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::buildTimeMap -- build an index of the absolute tick values
//      found in a MIDI file, and their corresponding time values in
//      seconds, taking into consideration tempo change messages.  If no
//      tempo messages are given (or untill they are given, then the
//      tempo is set to 120 beats per minute).  If SMPTE time code is
//      used, then ticks are actually time values.  So don't build
//      a time map for SMPTE ticks, and just calculate the time in
//      seconds from the tick value (1000 ticks per second SMPTE
//      is the only mode tested (25 frames per second and 40 subframes
//      per frame).
//

void MidiFile::buildTimeMap(void) {

	// convert the MIDI file to absolute time representation
	// in single track mode (and undo if the MIDI file was not
	// in that state when this function was called.
	//
	int trackstate = getTrackState();
	int timestate  = getTickState();

	makeAbsoluteTicks();
	joinTracks();

	int allocsize = getNumEvents(0);
	m_timemap.reserve(allocsize+10);
	m_timemap.clear();

	_TickTime value;

	int lasttick = 0;
	int tickinit = 0;

	int i;
	int tpq = getTicksPerQuarterNote();
	double defaultTempo = 120.0;
	double secondsPerTick = 60.0 / (defaultTempo * tpq);

	double lastsec = 0.0;
	double cursec = 0.0;

	for (i=0; i<getNumEvents(0); i++) {
		int curtick = getEvent(0, i).tick;
		getEvent(0, i).seconds = cursec;
		if ((curtick > lasttick) || !tickinit) {
			tickinit = 1;

			// calculate the current time in seconds:
			cursec = lastsec + (curtick - lasttick) * secondsPerTick;
			getEvent(0, i).seconds = cursec;

			// store the new tick to second mapping
			value.tick = curtick;
			value.seconds = cursec;
			m_timemap.push_back(value);
			lasttick   = curtick;
			lastsec    = cursec;
		}

		// update the tempo if needed:
		if (getEvent(0,i).isTempo()) {
			secondsPerTick = getEvent(0,i).getTempoSPT(getTicksPerQuarterNote());
		}
	}

	// reset the states of the tracks or time values if necessary here:
	if (timestate == TIME_STATE_DELTA) {
		deltaTicks();
	}
	if (trackstate == TRACK_STATE_SPLIT) {
		splitTracks();
	}

	m_timemapvalid = 1;

}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::extractMidiData -- Extract MIDI data from input
//    stream.  Return value is 0 if failure; otherwise, returns 1.
//

int MidiFile::extractMidiData(std::istream& input, std::vector<uchar>& array,
	uchar& runningCommand) {

	int character;
	uchar byte;
	array.clear();
	int runningQ;

	character = input.get();
	if (character == EOF) {
		std::cout << "Error: unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		return 0;
	} else {
		byte = (uchar)character;
	}

	if (byte < 0x80) {
		runningQ = 1;
		if (runningCommand == 0) {
			std::cout << "Error: running command with no previous command" << std::endl;
			return 0;
		}
		if (runningCommand >= 0xf0) {
			std::cout << "Error: running status not permitted with meta and sysex"
			     << " event." << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Byte is 0x" << std::hex << (int)byte << std::dec << std::endl;
			return 0;
		}
	} else {
		runningCommand = byte;
		runningQ = 0;
	}

	array.push_back(runningCommand);
	if (runningQ) {
		array.push_back(byte);
	}

	switch (runningCommand & 0xf0) {
		case 0x80:        // note off (2 more bytes)
		case 0x90:        // note on (2 more bytes)
		case 0xA0:        // aftertouch (2 more bytes)
		case 0xB0:        // cont. controller (2 more bytes)
		case 0xE0:        // pitch wheel (2 more bytes)
			byte = readByte(input);
			if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
			//if (byte > 0x7f) {
			//	std::cout << "MIDI data byte too large: " << (int)byte << std::endl;
			//	m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
			//}
			array.push_back(byte);
			if (!runningQ) {
				byte = readByte(input);
				if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
				//if (byte > 0x7f) {
				//	std::cout << "MIDI data byte too large: " << (int)byte << std::endl;
				//	m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
				//}
				array.push_back(byte);
			}
			break;
		case 0xC0:        // patch change (1 more byte)
		case 0xD0:        // channel pressure (1 more byte)
			if (!runningQ) {
				byte = readByte(input);
				if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
				//if (byte > 0x7f) {
				//	std::cout << "MIDI data byte too large: " << (int)byte << std::endl;
				//	m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
				//}
				array.push_back(byte);
			}
			break;
		case 0xF0:
			switch (runningCommand) {
				case 0xff:                 // meta event
					{
					if (!runningQ) {
						byte = readByte(input); // meta type
						if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
						array.push_back(byte);
					}
					ulong length = 0;
					uchar byte1 = 0;
					uchar byte2 = 0;
					uchar byte3 = 0;
					uchar byte4 = 0;
					byte1 = readByte(input);
					if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
					array.push_back(byte1);
					if (byte1 >= 0x80) {
						byte2 = readByte(input);
						if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
						array.push_back(byte2);
						if (byte2 > 0x80) {
							byte3 = readByte(input);
							if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
							array.push_back(byte3);
							if (byte3 >= 0x80) {
								byte4 = readByte(input);
								if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
								array.push_back(byte4);
								if (byte4 >= 0x80) {
									std::cout << "Error: cannot handle large VLVs" << std::endl;
									m_rwstatus = false; return m_rwstatus;
								} else {
									length = unpackVLV(byte1, byte2, byte3, byte4);
									if (!m_rwstatus) { return m_rwstatus; }
								}
							} else {
								length = unpackVLV(byte1, byte2, byte3);
								if (!m_rwstatus) { return m_rwstatus; }
							}
						} else {
							length = unpackVLV(byte1, byte2);
							if (!m_rwstatus) { return m_rwstatus; }
						}
					} else {
						length = byte1;
					}
					for (int j=0; j<(int)length; j++) {
						byte = readByte(input); // meta type
						if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
						array.push_back(byte);
					}
					}
					break;

				// The 0xf0 and 0xf7 meta commands deal with system-exclusive
				// messages. 0xf0 is used to either start a message or to store
				// a complete message.  The 0xf0 is part of the outgoing MIDI
				// bytes.  The 0xf7 message is used to send arbitrary bytes,
				// typically the middle or ends of system exclusive messages.  The
				// 0xf7 byte at the start of the message is not part of the
				// outgoing raw MIDI bytes, but is kept in the MidiFile message
				// to indicate a raw MIDI byte message (typically a partial
				// system exclusive message).
				case 0xf7:   // Raw bytes. 0xf7 is not part of the raw
				             // bytes, but are included to indicate
				             // that this is a raw byte message.
				case 0xf0:   // System Exclusive message
					{         // (complete, or start of message).
					int length = (int)readVLValue(input);
					for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
						byte = readByte(input);
						if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
						array.push_back(byte);
					}
					}
					break;

				// other "F" MIDI commands are not expected, but can be
				// handled here if they exist.
			}
			break;
		default:
			std::cout << "Error reading midifile" << std::endl;
			std::cout << "Command byte was " << (int)runningCommand << std::endl;
			return 0;
	}
	return 1;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::readVLValue -- The VLV value is expected to be unpacked into
//   a 4-byte integer no greater than 0x0fffFFFF, so a VLV value up to
//   4-bytes in size (FF FF FF 7F) will only be considered.  Longer
//   VLV values are not allowed in standard MIDI files, so the extract
//   delta time would be truncated and the extra byte(s) will be parsed
//   incorrectly as a MIDI command.
//

ulong MidiFile::readVLValue(std::istream& input) {
	uchar b[5] = {0};

	for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
		b[i] = readByte(input);
		if (!status()) { return m_rwstatus; }
		if (b[i] < 0x80) {
			break;
		}
	}

	return unpackVLV(b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3], b[4]);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::unpackVLV -- converts a VLV value to an unsigned long value.
//     The bytes a, b, c, d, e are in big-endian order (the order they would
//     be read out of the MIDI file).
// default values: a = b = c = d = 0;
//

ulong MidiFile::unpackVLV(uchar a, uchar b, uchar c, uchar d, uchar e) {
	uchar bytes[5] = {a, b, c, d, e};
	int count = 0;
	while ((count < 5) && (bytes[count] > 0x7f)) {
		count++;
	}
	count++;
	if (count >= 6) {
		std::cout << "VLV number is too large" << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false;
		return 0;
	}

	ulong output = 0;
	for (int i=0; i<count; i++) {
		output = output << 7;
		output = output | (bytes[i] & 0x7f);
	}

	return output;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeVLValue -- write a number to the midifile
//    as a variable length value which segments a file into 7-bit
//    values and adds a contination bit to each.  Maximum size of input
//    aValue is 0x0FFFffff.
//

void MidiFile::writeVLValue(long aValue, std::vector<uchar>& outdata) {
	uchar bytes[4] = {0};

	if ((unsigned long)aValue >= (1 << 28)) {
		std::cout << "Error: number too large to convert to VLV" << std::endl;
		aValue = 0x0FFFffff;
	}

	bytes[0] = (uchar)(((ulong)aValue >> 21) & 0x7f);  // most significant 7 bits
	bytes[1] = (uchar)(((ulong)aValue >> 14) & 0x7f);
	bytes[2] = (uchar)(((ulong)aValue >> 7)  & 0x7f);
	bytes[3] = (uchar)(((ulong)aValue)       & 0x7f);  // least significant 7 bits

	int start = 0;
	while ((start<4) && (bytes[start] == 0))  start++;

	for (int i=start; i<3; i++) {
		bytes[i] = bytes[i] | 0x80;
		outdata.push_back(bytes[i]);
	}
	outdata.push_back(bytes[3]);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::clear_no_deallocate -- Similar to clear() but does not
//   delete the Events in the lists.  This is primarily used internally
//   to the MidiFile class, so don't use unless you really know what you
//   are doing (otherwise you will end up with memory leaks or
//   segmentation faults).
//

void MidiFile::clear_no_deallocate(void) {
	for (int i=0; i<getTrackCount(); i++) {
		m_events[i]->detach();
		delete m_events[i];
		m_events[i] = NULL;
	}
	m_events.resize(1);
	m_events[0] = new MidiEventList;
	m_timemapvalid=0;
	m_timemap.clear();
	// m_events.resize(0);   // causes a memory leak [20150205 Jorden Thatcher]
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::ticksearch -- for finding a tick entry in the time map.
//

int MidiFile::ticksearch(const void* A, const void* B) {
	_TickTime& a = *((_TickTime*)A);
	_TickTime& b = *((_TickTime*)B);

	if (a.tick < b.tick) {
		return -1;
	} else if (a.tick > b.tick) {
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::secondsearch -- for finding a second entry in the time map.
//

int MidiFile::secondsearch(const void* A, const void* B) {
	_TickTime& a = *((_TickTime*)A);
	_TickTime& b = *((_TickTime*)B);

	if (a.seconds < b.seconds) {
		return -1;
	} else if (a.seconds > b.seconds) {
		return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Static functions:
//


//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::readLittleEndian4Bytes -- Read four bytes which are in
//      little-endian order (smallest byte is first).  Then flip
//      the order of the bytes to create the return value.
//

ulong MidiFile::readLittleEndian4Bytes(std::istream& input) {
	uchar buffer[4] = {0};
	input.read((char*)buffer, 4);
	if (input.eof()) {
		std::cout << "Error: unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		return 0;
	}
	return buffer[3] | (buffer[2] << 8) | (buffer[1] << 16) | (buffer[0] << 24);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::readLittleEndian2Bytes -- Read two bytes which are in
//       little-endian order (smallest byte is first).  Then flip
//       the order of the bytes to create the return value.
//

ushort MidiFile::readLittleEndian2Bytes(std::istream& input) {
	uchar buffer[2] = {0};
	input.read((char*)buffer, 2);
	if (input.eof()) {
		std::cout << "Error: unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		return 0;
	}
	return buffer[1] | (buffer[0] << 8);
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::readByte -- Read one byte from input stream.  Set
//     fail status error if there was a problem (calling function
//     has to check this status for an error after reading).
//

uchar MidiFile::readByte(std::istream& input) {
	uchar buffer[1] = {0};
	input.read((char*)buffer, 1);
	if (input.eof()) {
		std::cout << "Error: unexpected end of file." << std::endl;
		m_rwstatus = false;
		return 0;
	}
	return buffer[0];
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeLittleEndianUShort --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeLittleEndianUShort(std::ostream& out, ushort value) {
	union { char bytes[2]; ushort us; } data;
	data.us = value;
	out << data.bytes[0];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBigEndianUShort --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeBigEndianUShort(std::ostream& out, ushort value) {
	union { char bytes[2]; ushort us; } data;
	data.us = value;
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[0];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeLittleEndianShort --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeLittleEndianShort(std::ostream& out, short value) {
	union { char bytes[2]; short s; } data;
	data.s = value;
	out << data.bytes[0];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBigEndianShort --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeBigEndianShort(std::ostream& out, short value) {
	union { char bytes[2]; short s; } data;
	data.s = value;
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[0];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeLittleEndianULong --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeLittleEndianULong(std::ostream& out, ulong value) {
	union { char bytes[4]; ulong ul; } data;
	data.ul = value;
	out << data.bytes[0];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[3];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBigEndianULong --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeBigEndianULong(std::ostream& out, ulong value) {
	union { char bytes[4]; long ul; } data;
	data.ul = value;
	out << data.bytes[3];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[0];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeLittleEndianLong --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeLittleEndianLong(std::ostream& out, long value) {
	union { char bytes[4]; long l; } data;
	data.l = value;
	out << data.bytes[0];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[3];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBigEndianLong --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeBigEndianLong(std::ostream& out, long value) {
	union { char bytes[4]; long l; } data;
	data.l = value;
	out << data.bytes[3];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[0];
	return out;

}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBigEndianFloat --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeBigEndianFloat(std::ostream& out, float value) {
	union { char bytes[4]; float f; } data;
	data.f = value;
	out << data.bytes[3];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[0];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeLittleEndianFloat --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeLittleEndianFloat(std::ostream& out, float value) {
	union { char bytes[4]; float f; } data;
	data.f = value;
	out << data.bytes[0];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[3];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeBigEndianDouble --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeBigEndianDouble(std::ostream& out, double value) {
	union { char bytes[8]; double d; } data;
	data.d = value;
	out << data.bytes[7];
	out << data.bytes[6];
	out << data.bytes[5];
	out << data.bytes[4];
	out << data.bytes[3];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[0];
	return out;
}



//////////////////////////////
//
// MidiFile::writeLittleEndianDouble --
//

std::ostream& MidiFile::writeLittleEndianDouble(std::ostream& out, double value) {
	union { char bytes[8]; double d; } data;
	data.d = value;
	out << data.bytes[0];
	out << data.bytes[1];
	out << data.bytes[2];
	out << data.bytes[3];
	out << data.bytes[4];
	out << data.bytes[5];
	out << data.bytes[6];
	out << data.bytes[7];
	return out;
}


} // end namespace smf



///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// external functions
//

//////////////////////////////
//
// operator<< -- for printing an ASCII version of the MIDI file
//

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, smf::MidiFile& aMidiFile) {
	aMidiFile.writeBinascWithComments(out);
	return out;
}