diff --git a/src/layer.cpp b/src/layer.cpp
index ed28091fafa9..253430a19740 100644
--- a/src/layer.cpp
+++ b/src/layer.cpp
@@ -317,11 +317,6 @@ class Layer_final : public Layer
     virtual int load_param(const ParamDict& pd)
     {
         set_layer_properties();
-        {
-            int ret = layer_cpu->load_param(pd);
-            if (ret)
-                return ret;
-        }
 #if NCNN_VULKAN
         if (layer_vulkan && vkdev)
         {
@@ -329,18 +324,19 @@ class Layer_final : public Layer
             if (ret)
                 return ret;
         }
+        else
 #endif // NCNN_VULKAN
+        {
+            int ret = layer_cpu->load_param(pd);
+            if (ret)
+                return ret;
+        }
         get_layer_properties();
         return 0;
     }
 
     virtual int load_model(const ModelBin& mb)
     {
-        {
-            int ret = layer_cpu->load_model(mb);
-            if (ret)
-                return ret;
-        }
 #if NCNN_VULKAN
         if (layer_vulkan && vkdev)
         {
@@ -348,7 +344,13 @@ class Layer_final : public Layer
             if (ret)
                 return ret;
         }
+        else
 #endif // NCNN_VULKAN
+        {
+            int ret = layer_cpu->load_model(mb);
+            if (ret)
+                return ret;
+        }
         get_layer_properties();
         return 0;
     }
@@ -356,11 +358,6 @@ class Layer_final : public Layer
     virtual int create_pipeline(const Option& opt)
     {
         set_layer_properties();
-        {
-            int ret = layer_cpu->create_pipeline(opt);
-            if (ret)
-                return ret;
-        }
 #if NCNN_VULKAN
         if (layer_vulkan && vkdev)
         {
@@ -368,18 +365,19 @@ class Layer_final : public Layer
             if (ret)
                 return ret;
         }
+        else
 #endif // NCNN_VULKAN
+        {
+            int ret = layer_cpu->create_pipeline(opt);
+            if (ret)
+                return ret;
+        }
         get_layer_properties();
         return 0;
     }
 
     virtual int destroy_pipeline(const Option& opt)
     {
-        {
-            int ret = layer_cpu->destroy_pipeline(opt);
-            if (ret)
-                return ret;
-        }
 #if NCNN_VULKAN
         if (layer_vulkan && vkdev)
         {
@@ -387,7 +385,13 @@ class Layer_final : public Layer
             if (ret)
                 return ret;
         }
+        else
 #endif // NCNN_VULKAN
+        {
+            int ret = layer_cpu->destroy_pipeline(opt);
+            if (ret)
+                return ret;
+        }
         return 0;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.cpp b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.cpp
index a69a48d822ea..12162c5b7fc0 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.cpp
@@ -29,15 +29,23 @@ Convolution1D_vulkan::Convolution1D_vulkan()
     pipeline_convolution1d = 0;
 }
 
-int Convolution1D_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+int Convolution1D_vulkan::load_param(const ParamDict& pd)
 {
+    int ret = Convolution1D::load_param(pd);
+    if (ret)
+        return ret;
+
     if (dynamic_weight)
     {
         support_vulkan = false;
         support_image_storage = false;
-        return 0;
     }
 
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int Convolution1D_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+{
     Option opt = _opt;
 
     const int maxk = kernel_w;
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.h b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.h
index f01e1523161c..28d692ae618f 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution1d_vulkan.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class Convolution1D_vulkan : public Convolution1D
 public:
     Convolution1D_vulkan();
 
+    virtual int load_param(const ParamDict& pd);
+
     virtual int create_pipeline(const Option& opt);
     virtual int destroy_pipeline(const Option& opt);
 
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.cpp b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.cpp
index 4b93baefb1a7..5e3bffca51b6 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.cpp
@@ -43,15 +43,23 @@ Convolution_vulkan::Convolution_vulkan()
     reshape_w = 0;
 }
 
-int Convolution_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+int Convolution_vulkan::load_param(const ParamDict& pd)
 {
+    int ret = Convolution::load_param(pd);
+    if (ret)
+        return ret;
+
     if (dynamic_weight)
     {
         support_vulkan = false;
         support_image_storage = false;
-        return 0;
     }
 
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int Convolution_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+{
     Option opt = _opt;
     const Mat& shape = bottom_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : bottom_shapes[0];
     const Mat& out_shape = top_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : top_shapes[0];
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.h b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.h
index 90d6471d58b4..fa4bdbc5350d 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/convolution_vulkan.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class Convolution_vulkan : public Convolution
 public:
     Convolution_vulkan();
 
+    virtual int load_param(const ParamDict& pd);
+
     virtual int create_pipeline(const Option& opt);
     virtual int destroy_pipeline(const Option& opt);
 
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp b/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp
index 0fbae3341842..23405a6269d8 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp
@@ -41,15 +41,23 @@ ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan()
     pipeline_convolutiondepthwise_group_pack8to1 = 0;
 }
 
-int ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+int ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::load_param(const ParamDict& pd)
 {
+    int ret = ConvolutionDepthWise::load_param(pd);
+    if (ret)
+        return ret;
+
     if (dynamic_weight)
     {
         support_vulkan = false;
         support_image_storage = false;
-        return 0;
     }
 
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+{
     Option opt = _opt;
     const Mat& shape = bottom_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : bottom_shapes[0];
     const Mat& out_shape = top_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : top_shapes[0];
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h b/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h
index 47785b707e27..7a6cfe1f6403 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/convolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan : public ConvolutionDepthWise
 public:
     ConvolutionDepthWise_vulkan();
 
+    virtual int load_param(const ParamDict& pd);
+
     virtual int create_pipeline(const Option& opt);
     virtual int destroy_pipeline(const Option& opt);
 
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.cpp b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.cpp
index de530e546211..33d56e34ada9 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.cpp
@@ -33,15 +33,23 @@ Deconvolution_vulkan::Deconvolution_vulkan()
     pipeline_deconvolution_col2im = 0;
 }
 
-int Deconvolution_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+int Deconvolution_vulkan::load_param(const ParamDict& pd)
 {
+    int ret = Deconvolution::load_param(pd);
+    if (ret)
+        return ret;
+
     if (dynamic_weight)
     {
         support_vulkan = false;
         support_image_storage = false;
-        return 0;
     }
 
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int Deconvolution_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+{
     Option opt = _opt;
     const Mat& shape = bottom_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : bottom_shapes[0];
     const Mat& out_shape = top_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : top_shapes[0];
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.h b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.h
index a4bee03c5e48..6e18c38d681f 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolution_vulkan.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class Deconvolution_vulkan : public Deconvolution
 public:
     Deconvolution_vulkan();
 
+    virtual int load_param(const ParamDict& pd);
+
     virtual int create_pipeline(const Option& opt);
     virtual int destroy_pipeline(const Option& opt);
 
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp
index cf8744396198..08e6b1a23c04 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.cpp
@@ -42,15 +42,23 @@ DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan()
     pipeline_deconvolutiondepthwise_group_pack8to1 = 0;
 }
 
-int DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+int DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::load_param(const ParamDict& pd)
 {
+    int ret = DeconvolutionDepthWise::load_param(pd);
+    if (ret)
+        return ret;
+
     if (dynamic_weight)
     {
         support_vulkan = false;
         support_image_storage = false;
-        return 0;
     }
 
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan::create_pipeline(const Option& _opt)
+{
     Option opt = _opt;
     const Mat& shape = bottom_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : bottom_shapes[0];
     const Mat& out_shape = top_shapes.empty() ? Mat() : top_shapes[0];
diff --git a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h
index 6ea7931e32a2..5346de8e6288 100644
--- a/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h
+++ b/src/layer/vulkan/deconvolutiondepthwise_vulkan.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ class DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan : public DeconvolutionDepthWise
 public:
     DeconvolutionDepthWise_vulkan();
 
+    virtual int load_param(const ParamDict& pd);
+
     virtual int create_pipeline(const Option& opt);
     virtual int destroy_pipeline(const Option& opt);
 
diff --git a/src/net.cpp b/src/net.cpp
index a7198d0a16e1..0d3c1a1272b5 100644
--- a/src/net.cpp
+++ b/src/net.cpp
@@ -1377,9 +1377,15 @@ int Net::load_param(const DataReader& dr)
         SCAN_VALUE("%d", top_count)
 
         Layer* layer = create_overwrite_builtin_layer(layer_type);
+#if NCNN_VULKAN
+        if (!layer && opt.use_vulkan_compute && d->vkdev)
+        {
+            layer = create_layer_vulkan(layer_type);
+        }
+#endif // NCNN_VULKAN
         if (!layer)
         {
-            layer = create_layer(layer_type);
+            layer = create_layer_cpu(layer_type);
         }
         if (!layer)
         {
@@ -1402,7 +1408,6 @@ int Net::load_param(const DataReader& dr)
         //         NCNN_LOGE("new layer %d %s", i, layer_name);
 
         layer->bottoms.resize(bottom_count);
-
         for (int j = 0; j < bottom_count; j++)
         {
             char bottom_name[256];
@@ -1446,20 +1451,16 @@ int Net::load_param(const DataReader& dr)
             blob_index++;
         }
 
+        int layer_support_vulkan = layer->support_vulkan;
+
         // layer specific params
         int pdlr = pd.load_param(dr);
         if (pdlr != 0)
         {
-            NCNN_LOGE("ParamDict load_param %d %s failed", i, layer->name.c_str());
+            NCNN_LOGE("ParamDict load_param %d %s failed", i, layer_name);
             continue;
         }
 
-        if (layer->support_int8_storage)
-        {
-            // no int8 gpu support yet
-            opt.use_vulkan_compute = false;
-        }
-
         // pull out top shape hints
         Mat shape_hints = pd.get(30, Mat());
         if (!shape_hints.empty())
@@ -1503,13 +1504,70 @@ int Net::load_param(const DataReader& dr)
         // pull out layer specific feature disabled set
         layer->featmask = pd.get(31, 0);
 
+        if (layer->support_int8_storage)
+        {
+            // no int8 gpu support yet
+            opt.use_vulkan_compute = false;
+        }
+
+        Option opt1 = get_masked_option(opt, layer->featmask);
+#if NCNN_VULKAN
+        if (opt1.use_vulkan_compute)
+        {
+            if (!layer->support_image_storage) opt1.use_image_storage = false;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            layer->vkdev = 0;
+            layer->support_vulkan = false;
+        }
+#endif // NCNN_VULKAN
+
         int lr = layer->load_param(pd);
         if (lr != 0)
         {
-            NCNN_LOGE("layer load_param %d %s failed", i, layer->name.c_str());
+            NCNN_LOGE("layer load_param %d %s failed", i, layer_name);
             continue;
         }
 
+        if (layer_support_vulkan && (!layer->support_vulkan || !opt1.use_vulkan_compute))
+        {
+            // vulkan layer cannot handle these param, recreate cpu layer
+            Layer* layer_cpu = create_overwrite_builtin_layer(layer_type);
+            if (!layer_cpu)
+            {
+                layer_cpu = create_layer_cpu(layer_type);
+            }
+            if (!layer_cpu)
+            {
+                layer_cpu = create_custom_layer(layer_type);
+            }
+            if (!layer_cpu)
+            {
+                NCNN_LOGE("layer %s not exists or registered", layer_type);
+                clear();
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            layer_cpu->type = layer->type;
+            layer_cpu->name = layer->name;
+            layer_cpu->bottoms = layer->bottoms;
+            layer_cpu->tops = layer->tops;
+            layer_cpu->bottom_shapes = layer->bottom_shapes;
+            layer_cpu->top_shapes = layer->top_shapes;
+            layer_cpu->featmask = layer->featmask;
+
+            int lr = layer_cpu->load_param(pd);
+            if (lr != 0)
+            {
+                NCNN_LOGE("layer load_param %d %s failed", i, layer_name);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            delete layer;
+            layer = layer_cpu;
+        }
+
         d->layers[i] = layer;
     }
 
@@ -1611,9 +1669,15 @@ int Net::load_param_bin(const DataReader& dr)
         READ_VALUE(top_count)
 
         Layer* layer = create_overwrite_builtin_layer(typeindex);
+#if NCNN_VULKAN
+        if (!layer && opt.use_vulkan_compute && d->vkdev)
+        {
+            layer = create_layer_vulkan(typeindex);
+        }
+#endif // NCNN_VULKAN
         if (!layer)
         {
-            layer = create_layer(typeindex);
+            layer = create_layer_cpu(typeindex);
         }
         if (!layer)
         {
@@ -1665,24 +1729,16 @@ int Net::load_param_bin(const DataReader& dr)
             layer->tops[j] = top_blob_index;
         }
 
+        int layer_support_vulkan = layer->support_vulkan;
+
         // layer specific params
         int pdlr = pd.load_param_bin(dr);
         if (pdlr != 0)
         {
-#if NCNN_STRING
-            NCNN_LOGE("ParamDict load_param %d %s failed", i, layer->name.c_str());
-#else
-            NCNN_LOGE("ParamDict load_param %d failed", i);
-#endif
+            NCNN_LOGE("ParamDict load_param_bin %d failed", i);
             continue;
         }
 
-        if (layer->support_int8_storage)
-        {
-            // no int8 gpu support yet
-            opt.use_vulkan_compute = false;
-        }
-
         // pull out top blob shape hints
         Mat shape_hints = pd.get(30, Mat());
         if (!shape_hints.empty())
@@ -1729,14 +1785,68 @@ int Net::load_param_bin(const DataReader& dr)
         int lr = layer->load_param(pd);
         if (lr != 0)
         {
-#if NCNN_STRING
-            NCNN_LOGE("layer load_param %d %s failed", i, layer->name.c_str());
-#else
             NCNN_LOGE("layer load_param %d failed", i);
-#endif
             continue;
         }
 
+        if (layer->support_int8_storage)
+        {
+            // no int8 gpu support yet
+            opt.use_vulkan_compute = false;
+        }
+
+        Option opt1 = get_masked_option(opt, layer->featmask);
+#if NCNN_VULKAN
+        if (opt1.use_vulkan_compute)
+        {
+            if (!layer->support_image_storage) opt1.use_image_storage = false;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            layer->vkdev = 0;
+            layer->support_vulkan = false;
+        }
+#endif // NCNN_VULKAN
+
+        if (layer_support_vulkan && (!layer->support_vulkan || !opt1.use_vulkan_compute))
+        {
+            // vulkan layer cannot handle these param, recreate cpu layer
+            Layer* layer_cpu = create_overwrite_builtin_layer(typeindex);
+            if (!layer_cpu)
+            {
+                layer_cpu = create_layer_cpu(typeindex);
+            }
+            if (!layer_cpu)
+            {
+                int custom_index = typeindex & ~LayerType::CustomBit;
+                layer_cpu = create_custom_layer(custom_index);
+            }
+            if (!layer_cpu)
+            {
+                NCNN_LOGE("layer %d not exists or registered", typeindex);
+                clear();
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            layer_cpu->type = layer->type;
+            layer_cpu->name = layer->name;
+            layer_cpu->bottoms = layer->bottoms;
+            layer_cpu->tops = layer->tops;
+            layer_cpu->bottom_shapes = layer->bottom_shapes;
+            layer_cpu->top_shapes = layer->top_shapes;
+            layer_cpu->featmask = layer->featmask;
+
+            int lr = layer_cpu->load_param(pd);
+            if (lr != 0)
+            {
+                NCNN_LOGE("layer load_param %d failed", i);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            delete layer;
+            layer = layer_cpu;
+        }
+
         d->layers[i] = layer;
     }
 
@@ -1796,24 +1906,7 @@ int Net::load_model(const DataReader& dr)
             break;
         }
 
-        if (layer->support_int8_storage)
-        {
-            // no int8 gpu support yet
-            opt.use_vulkan_compute = false;
-        }
-
         Option opt1 = get_masked_option(opt, layer->featmask);
-#if NCNN_VULKAN
-        if (opt1.use_vulkan_compute)
-        {
-            if (!layer->support_image_storage) opt1.use_image_storage = false;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            layer->vkdev = 0;
-            layer->support_vulkan = false;
-        }
-#endif // NCNN_VULKAN
 
         int cret = layer->create_pipeline(opt1);
         if (cret != 0)
diff --git a/tests/testutil.cpp b/tests/testutil.cpp
index b5f2fd34148f..1bcc6ff5237c 100644
--- a/tests/testutil.cpp
+++ b/tests/testutil.cpp
@@ -630,6 +630,8 @@ int test_layer_gpu(int typeindex, const ncnn::ParamDict& pd, const std::vector<n
         return 233;
     }
 
+    op->load_param(pd);
+
     if (!op->support_vulkan)
     {
         delete op;
@@ -651,8 +653,6 @@ int test_layer_gpu(int typeindex, const ncnn::ParamDict& pd, const std::vector<n
         op->top_shapes = top_shapes;
     }
 
-    op->load_param(pd);
-
     if (op->one_blob_only && a.size() != 1)
     {
         fprintf(stderr, "layer with one_blob_only but consume multiple inputs\n");
@@ -1130,6 +1130,8 @@ int test_layer_gpu(int typeindex, const ncnn::ParamDict& pd, const std::vector<n
         return 233;
     }
 
+    op->load_param(pd);
+
     if (!op->support_vulkan)
     {
         delete op;
@@ -1153,8 +1155,6 @@ int test_layer_gpu(int typeindex, const ncnn::ParamDict& pd, const std::vector<n
         op->top_shapes[0] = top_shape;
     }
 
-    op->load_param(pd);
-
     ncnn::ModelBinFromMatArray mb(weights.data());
 
     op->load_model(mb);