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howTransition = FALSE,
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howTransition = FALSE,
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SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given.
A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMOOVVIINNGG
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions).
ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed.
ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column.
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found.
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG
/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line.
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
A search pattern may begin with one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JJUUMMPPIINNGG
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file).
t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>.
ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current top line with <letter>.
M_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current bottom line with <letter>.
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
ESC-M_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Clear a mark.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS
:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name.
__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option.
___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command.
s _f_i_l_e Save input to a file.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Search skips current screen.
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Search starts just after target line.
-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Use a lesskey file.
-K ........ --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.
-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g]
Find a tag.
-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
-y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [_N] .... --window=[_N]
Set size of window.
-" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [_N] .... --shift=[_N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
--follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
--mouse
Enable mouse input.
--no-keypad
Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
--no-histdups
Remove duplicates from command history.
--rscroll=C
Set the character used to mark truncated lines.
--save-marks
Retain marks across invocations of less.
--use-backslash
Subsequent options use backslash as escape char.
--wheel-lines=N
Each click of the mouse wheel moves N lines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character.
ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word.
ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word.
HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line.
END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor.
ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor.
ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor.
ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line.
UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line.
TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all.
SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given.
A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMOOVVIINNGG
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to _N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to _N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions).
ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed.
ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column.
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found.
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG
/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line.
?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
A search pattern may begin with one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JJUUMMPPIINNGG
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file).
t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>.
ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current top line with <letter>.
M_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current bottom line with <letter>.
'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
ESC-M_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Clear a mark.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS
:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name.
__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option.
___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command.
s _f_i_l_e Save input to a file.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Search skips current screen.
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Search starts just after target line.
-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Use a lesskey file.
-K ........ --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.
-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g]
Find a tag.
-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
-y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [_N] .... --window=[_N]
Set size of window.
-" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [_N] .... --shift=[_N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
--follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
--mouse
Enable mouse input.
--no-keypad
Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
--no-histdups
Remove duplicates from command history.
--rscroll=C
Set the character used to mark truncated lines.
--save-marks
Retain marks across invocations of less.
--use-backslash
Subsequent options use backslash as escape char.
--wheel-lines=N
Each click of the mouse wheel moves N lines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character.
ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word.
ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word.
HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line.
END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor.
ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor.
ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor.
ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line.
UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line.
TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all.