-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 124
/
linux-kernel-defence-map.dot
584 lines (507 loc) · 20 KB
/
linux-kernel-defence-map.dot
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
//
// Linux Kernel Defence Map showing the relationships between:
// - Vulnerability classes
// - Exploitation techniques
// - Bug detection mechanisms
// - Defence technologies
//
// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Alexander Popov <alex.popov@linux.com>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-only
//
// The node connections don't mean "full mitigation."
// Rather, each connection represents some kind of relationship.
// So this map should help to navigate the documentation and Linux kernel sources.
// See the references in README.md.
//
// This map describes kernel security hardening.
// It doesn't cover cutting attack surface, userspace security features
// and policies enforced by various Linux Security Modules (LSM).
//
// It is written in DOT language.
// How to generate svg:
// dot -Tsvg linux-kernel-defence-map.dot -o linux-kernel-defence-map.svg
//
digraph {
labelloc=top;
fontsize=30;
fontname=monospace;
label="Linux Kernel Defence Map";
compound=true;
nodesep=0.5;
splines=line;
remincross=true;
rankdir=LR;
node [style=filled, fontname=monospace, margin="0.22,0.055"];
edge [penwidth=1.5];
subgraph cluster_legend {
fontsize=25;
label="Legend:";
style="solid";
margin=35;
"Mainline Defences" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3];
"Out-of-tree Defences" [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue];
"Commercial Defences" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"HW Defences" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine];
"Generic Defence Techniques" [shape=oval, color=black, style=solid];
"Bug Detection" [shape=octagon, color=mediumpurple];
"Vulnerabilities" [shape=box, color=pink];
"Exploitation Techniques" [shape=box, color=gold];
}
// For pretty legend layout:
edge [arrowhead=none, style=invis];
"Mainline Defences":e -> "Out-of-tree Defences":w;
"Out-of-tree Defences":e -> "Commercial Defences":w;
"Commercial Defences":e -> "HW Defences":w;
"Generic Defence Techniques":e -> "Bug Detection":w;
"Bug Detection":e -> "Vulnerabilities":w;
"Vulnerabilities":e -> "Exploitation Techniques":w;
// Defences
{
rank=same;
// Mainline Defences
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3, style=filled];
"DEBUG_{LIST,SG,CREDENTIALS,NOTIFIERS,VIRTUAL}";
"SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM";
"SHUFFLE_PAGE_ALLOCATOR";
"STRICT_{KERNEL,MODULE}_RWX";
"DEBUG_WX";
"ARM64: RODATA_FULL_DEFAULT_ENABLED";
"BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION";
"MODULE_SIG*";
"bpf_jit_harden";
"DEFAULT_MMAP_MIN_ADDR=65536";
"SCHED_STACK_END_CHECK";
"slab_nomerge"; // similar to disabled SLAB_MERGE_DEFAULT
"LOCKDOWN_LSM";
"LDISC_AUTOLOAD is not set";
"STACKPROTECTOR";
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE" [fontsize=11];
"Read-only swapper_pg_dir";
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)" [fontsize=11];
"HW_RANDOM_TPM";
"RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES";
// Out-of-tree Defences
node [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue];
"XPFO";
"PROTECTABLE_MEMORY";
"request_module_cap()";
"Linux Kernel Runtime Guard"; // Disable MODULE_UNLOAD to make bypass harder
// Commercial Defences
node [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW";
"PAX_REFCOUNT";
"PAX_SIZE_OVERFLOW";
"PAX_USERCOPY";
"PAX_KERNEXEC";
"GRKERNSEC_JIT_HARDEN";
"PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK";
"GRKERNSEC_MODHARDEN";
grsecurity_hardened_usermodehelper [label="by default in grsecurity"];
"AUTOSLAB";
"PAX_LATENT_ENTROPY";
}
subgraph cluster_cfi {
label="Control Flow Integrity";
fontsize=16;
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
// Generic Defence Techniques
node [shape=oval, color=black, style=solid];
"Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI" [fontsize=11];
"Fine-grained Forward-edge CFI" [fontsize=11];
"Backward-edge CFI";
}
subgraph cluster_cwe514_mitigations {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defences
"mitigations=auto,nosmt";
"CPU_MITIGATIONS";
"X86_64: MICROCODE";
"X86_64: MITIGATION_*";
"X86_64: SCHED_CORE";
"ARM64: MITIGATE_SPECTRE_BRANCH_HISTORY" [fontsize=11];
"ARM64: HARDEN_BRANCH_PREDICTOR";
"ARM64: UNMAP_KERNEL_AT_EL0";
"ARM64: ARM64_E0PD";
"RESPECTRE" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_smap_pan_uderef {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"SMAP/PAN" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine]; // HW Defence
"PAX_UDEREF" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_smep_pxn {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=15;
"SMEP/PXN" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine]; // HW Defences
}
subgraph cluster_ro {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
// Commercial Defences
node [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"__read_only";
"PAX_CONSTIFY_PLUGIN";
}
subgraph cluster_layout_randomization {
label="Layout Randomization";
rank=same;
fontsize=18;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"RANDOMIZE_{BASE,MEMORY}" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"ARM64: RANDOMIZE_MODULE_REGION_FULL" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"GRKERNSEC_RANDSTRUCT" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
"PAX_RANDKSTACK" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_info_exposure_mitigations {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"X86_64: X86_INTEL_UMIP" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"kptr_restrict" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"GRKERNSEC_HIDESYM" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
"GRKERNSEC_DMESG" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_freelist_hardening {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=15;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
grsecurity_hardened_freelist [label="by default in grsecurity", shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_stack_init {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"PAX_MEMORY_STRUCTLEAK" [shape=oval, color=lightgrey]; // Commercial Defence
}
subgraph cluster_heap_erasing {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
"Heap free() Poisoning" [shape=oval, color=black, style=solid]; // Generic Defence Technique
"init_on_alloc" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
}
subgraph cluster_oob_detection {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"FORTIFY_SOURCE";
"UBSAN_BOUNDS";
}
// Defences: child nodes
{
rank=same;
// Mainline Defences
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3];
"REFCOUNT_FULL";
"HARDENED_USERCOPY";
"VMAP_STACK";
"THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK";
"RANDSTRUCT";
"STRUCTLEAK_BYREF_ALL";
"LATENT_ENTROPY";
"__ro_after_init";
"SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT";
"ARM64: CPU_SW_DOMAIN_PAN";
"ARM64: ARM64_SW_TTBR0_PAN";
"STATIC_USERMODEHELPER";
"slub_debug=P"; // object and padding poisoning
"init_on_free";
"PAGE_POISONING*";
"STACKLEAK";
"RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT";
"CFI_CLANG (KCFI)";
"ARM64: SHADOW_CALL_STACK" [fontsize=11];
// Out-of-tree Defences
node [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue];
// Commercial Defences
node [shape=oval, color=lightgrey];
"PAX_RAP";
"PAX_MEMORY_SANITIZE";
// HW Defences
node [shape=oval, color=aquamarine];
"ARM64: ARM64_PTR_AUTH_KERNEL" [fontsize=12];
"ARM64: ARM64_BTI_KERNEL";
}
subgraph cluster_cet {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=10;
"X86_64: Intel CET" [shape=oval, color=aquamarine]; // HW Defence
"X86_64: X86_KERNEL_IBT" [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"X86_64: X86_SHADOW_STACK" [shape=oval, color=cornflowerblue]; // Out-of-tree Defence
}
subgraph cluster_cwe514_mitigations_2 {
// Parts of "mitigations=auto,nosmt"
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=oval, color=palegreen3]; // Mainline Defence
"X86_64: spectre_v2";
"X86_64: spectre_v2_user";
"X86_64: spectre_bhi";
"X86_64: spec_store_bypass_disable" [fontsize=11];
"X86_64: l1tf";
"X86_64: mds";
"X86_64: tsx_async_abort";
"X86_64: srbds";
"X86_64: mmio_stale_data";
"X86_64: retbleed";
"X86_64: spec_rstack_overflow";
"X86_64: gather_data_sampling";
"X86_64: reg_file_data_sampling";
"ARM64: kpti";
"ARM64: ssbd";
}
// Defences relations
edge [style=dashed, arrowhead=none, dir=none, headport=_, tailport=_];
"CFI_CLANG (KCFI)":e -> "Fine-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"ARM64: ARM64_BTI_KERNEL":e -> "Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"X86_64: Intel CET":e -> "Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI":w [style=invis];
"X86_64: Intel CET":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w [style=invis];
"X86_64: X86_KERNEL_IBT":e -> "Coarse-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"X86_64: X86_KERNEL_IBT" -> "X86_64: Intel CET" [constraint=false, style=dotted, penwidth=3];
"X86_64: X86_SHADOW_STACK":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"X86_64: X86_SHADOW_STACK" -> "X86_64: Intel CET" [constraint=false, style=dotted, penwidth=3];
"PAX_RAP":e -> "Fine-grained Forward-edge CFI":w;
"PAX_RAP":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"ARM64: ARM64_PTR_AUTH_KERNEL":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"ARM64: SHADOW_CALL_STACK":e -> "Backward-edge CFI":w;
"PAX_MEMORY_SANITIZE":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
"slub_debug=P":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
"init_on_free":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
"PAGE_POISONING*":e -> "Heap free() Poisoning":w;
edge [style=dotted, arrowhead=none, dir=none, headport=_, tailport=_, penwidth=3];
"REFCOUNT_FULL":e -> "PAX_REFCOUNT":w;
"HARDENED_USERCOPY":e -> "PAX_USERCOPY":w;
"VMAP_STACK":e -> "GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW":w;
"THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK":e -> "GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW":w;
"RANDSTRUCT":e -> "GRKERNSEC_RANDSTRUCT":w;
"STRUCTLEAK_BYREF_ALL":e -> "PAX_MEMORY_STRUCTLEAK":w;
"LATENT_ENTROPY":e -> "PAX_LATENT_ENTROPY":w;
"__ro_after_init":e -> "__read_only":w;
"SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT":e -> "GRKERNSEC_DMESG":w;
"STACKLEAK":e -> "PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK":w;
"ARM64: CPU_SW_DOMAIN_PAN":e -> "SMAP/PAN":w;
"ARM64: ARM64_SW_TTBR0_PAN":e -> "SMAP/PAN":w;
"STATIC_USERMODEHELPER":e -> grsecurity_hardened_usermodehelper:w;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED" -> grsecurity_hardened_freelist [constraint=false];
"RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT":e -> "PAX_RANDKSTACK":w;
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)" -> "mitigations=auto,nosmt" [constraint=false];
"X86_64: spectre_v2":s -> "mitigations=auto,nosmt":w [ltail=cluster_cwe514_mitigations_2];
// Vulnerabilities and Exploitation Techniques
{
rank=same;
// Vulnerabilities
node [shape=box, color=pink];
"Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/674.html"];
"Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/190.html"];
"Use-After-Free (CWE-416)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/416.html"];
"Double Free (CWE-415)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/415.html"];
"Race Condition (CWE-362)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/362.html"];
"Undefined Behaviour (CWE-758)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/758.html"];
"Type Confusion (CWE-843)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/843.html"];
"Double Fetch (CWE-367)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/367.html"];
"Memory Leak (CWE-401)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/401.html"];
"Transient Execution Vulnerabilities (CWE-514)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/514.html"];
"Insufficient Entropy (CWE-331)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/331.html"];
// Exploitation Techniques
node [shape=box, color=gold];
"Metadata Corruption";
"Allocator Data Corruption";
"Heap Layout Control";
"Finding Kernel Objects";
"JIT Abuse";
"WX Area Abuse";
"Changing Kernel Image";
"Bad Module Loading";
"'ops' Structures Overwrite";
"Kernel Space Mirroring Attack";
}
subgraph cluster_oob {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=25;
// Vulnerabilities
node [shape=box, color=pink];
"Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/122.html"];
"Stack Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-121,119)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/121.html"];
"Global Variable Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-?,119)" [fontsize=12, margin="0.04", URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/119.html"];
}
subgraph cluster_userspace_access {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
// Vulnerability
"NULL Pointer Dereference (CWE-476)" [shape=box, color=pink, URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/476.html"];
// Exploitation Technique
"Userspace Data Access" [shape=box, color=gold];
}
subgraph cluster_control_flow_hijack {
label=" Control Flow Hijack Techniques ";
fontsize=18;
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=35;
node [shape=box, color=gold]; // Exploitation Techniques
subgraph cluster_with_rop {
label="";
margin=35;
"ROP/JOP/COP";
"ret2usr + ROP/JOP/COP";
"ret2dir + ROP/JOP/COP";
}
"ret2usr";
"ret2dir";
"Return Address Overwrite" [fontsize=10.5];
}
subgraph cluster_info_exposures {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=25;
node [shape=box, color=pink]; // Vulnerabilities
"Info Exposure (CWE-200)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/200.html"];
"Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/908.html"];
}
subgraph cluster_hang {
label="";
rank=same;
style="invis";
margin=15;
node [shape=box, color=pink]; // Vulnerabilities
"Deadlock (CWE-833)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/833.html"];
"Infinite Loop (CWE-835)" [URL="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/835.html"];
}
// Bug Detection Mechanisms
{
rank=same;
node [shape=octagon, color=mediumpurple];
"UBSAN";
"KMSAN";
"KTSAN";
"KCSAN";
"KMEMLEAK";
"PROVE_LOCKING";
"DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP";
"LOCKUP_DETECTOR";
"WQ_WATCHDOG";
"slub_debug=F"; // sanity checks
"slub_debug=Z"; // red zoning
}
subgraph cluster_uaf_detection {
label="";
rank=same;
style="dashed";
margin=15;
node [shape=octagon, color=mediumpurple]; // Bug Detection Mechanisms
"KASAN_GENERIC";
"KFENCE";
}
// Relations: Bug Detection Mechanisms vs Vulnerabilities
edge [style=solid, arrowhead=normal, dir=back, headport=_, tailport=_, penwidth=1.5];
"Global Variable Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-?,119)":e -> "KASAN_GENERIC":w [ltail=cluster_oob];
"Use-After-Free (CWE-416)":e -> "KFENCE":w [lhead=cluster_uaf_detection];
"Double Free (CWE-415)":e -> "KASAN_GENERIC" [lhead=cluster_uaf_detection];
"Undefined Behaviour (CWE-758)":e -> "UBSAN":w;
"Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)":e -> "UBSAN":w;
"Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)":e -> "KMSAN":w [ltail=cluster_info_exposures];
"Race Condition (CWE-362)":e -> "KTSAN":w;
"Race Condition (CWE-362)":e -> "KCSAN":w;
"Memory Leak (CWE-401)":e -> "KMEMLEAK":w;
"Deadlock (CWE-833)":e -> "PROVE_LOCKING":w;
"Deadlock (CWE-833)":e -> "DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP":w;
"Infinite Loop (CWE-835)":e -> "LOCKUP_DETECTOR":w;
"Infinite Loop (CWE-835)":e -> "WQ_WATCHDOG":w;
"Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":e -> "slub_debug=Z":w;
"Double Free (CWE-415)":e -> "slub_debug=F":w;
"Allocator Data Corruption":e -> "slub_debug=F":w;
"Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":e -> "KFENCE":w;
// Relations: Defences vs Vulnerabilities and Exploitation Techniques
edge [style=solid, arrowhead=normal, dir=forward, headport=_, tailport=_];
"GRKERNSEC_KSTACKOVERFLOW":e -> "Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)":w;
"PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK":e -> "Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)":w;
"SCHED_STACK_END_CHECK":e -> "Stack Depth Overflow (CWE-674,?)":w;
"PAX_USERCOPY":e -> "Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":w;
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE":e -> "Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)":w;
"FORTIFY_SOURCE":e -> "Heap Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-122,119)" [ltail=cluster_oob_detection, lhead=cluster_oob];
"PAX_USERCOPY":e -> "Stack Out-of-Bounds Access (CWE-121,119)":w;
"PAX_REFCOUNT":e -> "Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)":w;
"PAX_SIZE_OVERFLOW":e -> "Int Overflow/Underflow (CWE-190/191)":w;
"PAX_MEMORY_STACKLEAK":e -> "Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [lhead=cluster_info_exposures];
"PAX_MEMORY_STRUCTLEAK":e -> "Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [ltail=cluster_stack_init, lhead=cluster_info_exposures];
"Heap free() Poisoning":e -> "Uninitialized Memory Usage (CWE-908)" [ltail=cluster_heap_erasing, lhead=cluster_info_exposures];
"Heap free() Poisoning":s -> "Use-After-Free (CWE-416)":w [ltail=cluster_heap_erasing];
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE":e -> "Use-After-Free (CWE-416)":w;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED":e -> "Double Free (CWE-415)":w;
"ARM64: KASAN_HW_TAGS with ARM64_MTE":e -> "Double Free (CWE-415)":w;
"kptr_restrict":e -> "Info Exposure (CWE-200)":w [ltail=cluster_info_exposure_mitigations];
"DEBUG_{LIST,SG,CREDENTIALS,NOTIFIERS,VIRTUAL}":e -> "Metadata Corruption":w;
"BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION":e -> "Metadata Corruption":w;
"PROTECTABLE_MEMORY":e -> "Metadata Corruption":w;
grsecurity_hardened_usermodehelper:e -> "Metadata Corruption":w;
"Linux Kernel Runtime Guard":e -> "Metadata Corruption":w;
grsecurity_hardened_freelist:e -> "Allocator Data Corruption":w;
"SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED":e -> "Allocator Data Corruption":w;
"__read_only":e -> "'ops' Structures Overwrite":w [ltail=cluster_ro];
"SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM":e -> "Heap Layout Control":w;
"slab_nomerge":e -> "Heap Layout Control":w;
"SHUFFLE_PAGE_ALLOCATOR":e -> "Heap Layout Control":w;
"AUTOSLAB":e -> "Heap Layout Control":w;
"RANDOM_KMALLOC_CACHES":e -> "Heap Layout Control":w;
"STACKPROTECTOR":e -> "Return Address Overwrite":w;
"Backward-edge CFI":e -> "Return Address Overwrite":w;
"Backward-edge CFI":n -> "ROP/JOP/COP":s [lhead=cluster_control_flow_hijack, ltail=cluster_cfi];
"PAX_KERNEXEC":e -> "ret2usr":w;
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)":e -> "ret2usr":w;
"SMEP/PXN":e -> "ret2usr":w;
"SMAP/PAN":s -> "ret2usr":w [ltail=cluster_smap_pan_uderef];
"PAX_UDEREF":n -> "Userspace Data Access":w [ltail=cluster_smap_pan_uderef, lhead=cluster_userspace_access];
"DEFAULT_MMAP_MIN_ADDR=65536":e -> "NULL Pointer Dereference (CWE-476)":w;
"SMAP/PAN":e -> "ret2usr + ROP/JOP/COP":w [ltail=cluster_smap_pan_uderef];
"PAX_KERNEXEC":e -> "ret2dir":w;
"XPFO":e -> "ret2dir":w;
"XPFO":e -> "ret2dir + ROP/JOP/COP":w;
"PAX_RANDKSTACK":e -> "Finding Kernel Objects":w [ltail=cluster_layout_randomization];
"PAX_LATENT_ENTROPY":e -> "Insufficient Entropy (CWE-331)":w;
"HW_RANDOM_TPM":e -> "Insufficient Entropy (CWE-331)":w;
"GRKERNSEC_JIT_HARDEN":e -> "JIT Abuse":w;
"bpf_jit_harden":e -> "JIT Abuse":w;
"PAX_KERNEXEC":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"STRICT_{KERNEL,MODULE}_RWX":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"DEBUG_WX":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"ARM64: RODATA_FULL_DEFAULT_ENABLED":e -> "WX Area Abuse":w;
"LOCKDOWN_LSM":e -> "Changing Kernel Image":w;
"Linux Kernel Runtime Guard":e -> "Changing Kernel Image":w;
"GRKERNSEC_MODHARDEN":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"MODULE_SIG*":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"request_module_cap()":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"LDISC_AUTOLOAD is not set":e -> "Bad Module Loading":w;
"mitigations=auto,nosmt":e -> "Transient Execution Vulnerabilities (CWE-514)":w [ltail=cluster_cwe514_mitigations];
"X86_64: pti=on (MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION)":e -> "Transient Execution Vulnerabilities (CWE-514)":w;
"Read-only swapper_pg_dir":e -> "Kernel Space Mirroring Attack":w;
}