diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.hpp
index 97d3347c9e1..d5534803d08 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.hpp
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinUtility.hpp"
 
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <iosfwd>
-#include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
@@ -83,10 +81,10 @@ class BinnedSurfaceMaterial : public ISurfaceMaterial {
   /// Destructor
   ~BinnedSurfaceMaterial() override = default;
 
-  /// Scale operator
+  /// Scale operation
   ///
-  /// @param scale is the scale factor for the full material
-  BinnedSurfaceMaterial& operator*=(double scale) final;
+  /// @param factor is the scale factor for the full material
+  BinnedSurfaceMaterial& scale(double factor) final;
 
   /// Return the BinUtility
   const BinUtility& binUtility() const;
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/GridSurfaceMaterial.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/GridSurfaceMaterial.hpp
index 6c2d6045ca2..d27912c85f3 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/GridSurfaceMaterial.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/GridSurfaceMaterial.hpp
@@ -11,10 +11,8 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Delegate.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/GridAccessHelpers.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
 
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ struct GridMaterialAccessor {
   ///
   /// @note this is not particularly fast
   template <typename grid_type>
-  void scale(grid_type& grid, ActsScalar scale) {
+  void scale(grid_type& grid, double scale) {
     // Loop through the grid bins, get the indices and scale the material
     for (std::size_t ib = 0; ib < grid.size(); ++ib) {
       grid.at(ib).scaleThickness(scale);
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ struct IndexedMaterialAccessor {
   ///
   /// @param scale the amount of the scaling
   template <typename grid_type>
-  void scale(grid_type& /*grid*/, ActsScalar scale) {
+  void scale(grid_type& /*grid*/, double scale) {
     for (auto& m : material) {
       m.scaleThickness(scale);
     }
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ struct GloballyIndexedMaterialAccessor {
   /// outcome is unpredictable.
   ///
   template <typename grid_type>
-  void scale(grid_type& grid, ActsScalar scale) {
+  void scale(grid_type& grid, double scale) {
     if (sharedEntries) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "GloballyIndexedMaterialAccessor: shared entry scaling is not "
@@ -197,9 +195,9 @@ class GridSurfaceMaterialT : public ISurfaceMaterial {
 
   /// Scale operator
   ///
-  /// @param scale is the scale factor applied
-  ISurfaceMaterial& operator*=(ActsScalar scale) final {
-    m_materialAccessor.scale(m_grid, scale);
+  /// @param factor is the scale factor applied
+  ISurfaceMaterial& scale(double factor) final {
+    m_materialAccessor.scale(m_grid, factor);
     return (*this);
   }
 
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.hpp
index 1ea14e632ac..37cad2a18d6 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 #include "Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
 
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <iosfwd>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -62,13 +61,8 @@ class HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial : public ISurfaceMaterial {
   /// Scale operator
   /// - it is effectively a thickness scaling
   ///
-  /// @param scale is the scale factor
-  HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& operator*=(double scale) final;
-
-  /// Equality operator
-  ///
-  /// @param hsm is the source material
-  bool operator==(const HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& hsm) const;
+  /// @param factor is the scale factor
+  HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& scale(double factor) final;
 
   /// @copydoc ISurfaceMaterial::materialSlab(const Vector2&) const
   ///
@@ -94,22 +88,21 @@ class HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial : public ISurfaceMaterial {
 
  private:
   /// The five different MaterialSlab
-  MaterialSlab m_fullMaterial = MaterialSlab();
-};
-
-inline const MaterialSlab& HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::materialSlab(
-    const Vector2& /*lp*/) const {
-  return (m_fullMaterial);
-}
+  MaterialSlab m_fullMaterial;
 
-inline const MaterialSlab& HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::materialSlab(
-    const Vector3& /*gp*/) const {
-  return (m_fullMaterial);
-}
-
-inline bool HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::operator==(
-    const HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& hsm) const {
-  return (m_fullMaterial == hsm.m_fullMaterial);
-}
+  /// @brief Check if two materials are exactly equal.
+  ///
+  /// This is a strict equality check, i.e. the materials must have identical
+  /// properties.
+  ///
+  /// @param lhs is the left hand side material
+  /// @param rhs is the right hand side material
+  ///
+  /// @return true if the materials are equal
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(const HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& lhs,
+                                   const HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& rhs) {
+    return lhs.m_fullMaterial == rhs.m_fullMaterial;
+  }
+};
 
 }  // namespace Acts
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.hpp
index 91005dcae55..2034387e764 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.hpp
@@ -46,11 +46,6 @@ class HomogeneousVolumeMaterial : public IVolumeMaterial {
   HomogeneousVolumeMaterial& operator=(const HomogeneousVolumeMaterial& hvm) =
       default;
 
-  /// Equality operator
-  ///
-  /// @param hvm is the source material
-  bool operator==(const HomogeneousVolumeMaterial& hvm) const;
-
   /// Access to actual material
   ///
   /// @param position is the request position for the material call
@@ -64,17 +59,21 @@ class HomogeneousVolumeMaterial : public IVolumeMaterial {
   std::ostream& toStream(std::ostream& sl) const final;
 
  private:
-  Material m_material = Material();
-};
-
-inline const Material HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::material(
-    const Vector3& /*position*/) const {
-  return (m_material);
-}
+  Material m_material;
 
-inline bool HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::operator==(
-    const HomogeneousVolumeMaterial& hvm) const {
-  return (m_material == hvm.m_material);
-}
+  /// @brief Check if two materials are exactly equal.
+  ///
+  /// This is a strict equality check, i.e. the materials must have identical
+  /// properties.
+  ///
+  /// @param lhs is the left hand side material
+  /// @param rhs is the right hand side material
+  ///
+  /// @return true if the materials are equal
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(const HomogeneousVolumeMaterial& lhs,
+                                   const HomogeneousVolumeMaterial& rhs) {
+    return lhs.m_material == rhs.m_material;
+  }
+};
 
 }  // namespace Acts
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp
index a379e18e715..cad6832441a 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp
@@ -11,12 +11,9 @@
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Common.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Direction.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
 
-#include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
-#include <vector>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
@@ -50,10 +47,10 @@ class ISurfaceMaterial {
   /// Destructor
   virtual ~ISurfaceMaterial() = default;
 
-  /// Scale operator
+  /// Scale material
   ///
-  /// @param scale is the scale factor applied
-  virtual ISurfaceMaterial& operator*=(double scale) = 0;
+  /// @param factor is the scale factor applied
+  virtual ISurfaceMaterial& scale(double factor) = 0;
 
   /// Return method for full material description of the Surface
   /// - from local coordinate on the surface
@@ -128,9 +125,11 @@ class ISurfaceMaterial {
   }
 
  protected:
-  double m_splitFactor{1.};  //!< the split factor in favour of oppositePre
-  MappingType m_mappingType{
-      Acts::MappingType::Default};  //!< Use the default mapping type by default
+  /// the split factor in favour of oppositePre
+  double m_splitFactor{1.};
+
+  /// Use the default mapping type by default
+  MappingType m_mappingType{Acts::MappingType::Default};
 };
 
 inline double ISurfaceMaterial::factor(Direction pDir,
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/Material.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/Material.hpp
index ae42e08cf68..1caf59e97ec 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/Material.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/Material.hpp
@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
-
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <limits>
-#include <utility>
+
+#include <Eigen/Dense>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
@@ -112,6 +111,15 @@ class Material {
   float m_z = 0.0f;
   float m_molarRho = 0.0f;
 
+  /// @brief Check if two materials are exactly equal.
+  ///
+  /// This is a strict equality check, i.e. the materials must have identical
+  /// properties.
+  ///
+  /// @param lhs is the left hand side material
+  /// @param rhs is the right hand side material
+  ///
+  /// @return true if the materials are equal
   friend constexpr bool operator==(const Material& lhs, const Material& rhs) {
     return (lhs.m_x0 == rhs.m_x0) && (lhs.m_l0 == rhs.m_l0) &&
            (lhs.m_ar == rhs.m_ar) && (lhs.m_z == rhs.m_z) &&
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp
index 71c56c1a154..63fd7378e8b 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp
@@ -79,6 +79,15 @@ class MaterialSlab {
   float m_thicknessInX0 = 0.0f;
   float m_thicknessInL0 = 0.0f;
 
+  /// @brief Check if two materials are exactly equal.
+  ///
+  /// This is a strict equality check, i.e. the materials must have identical
+  /// properties.
+  ///
+  /// @param lhs is the left hand side material
+  /// @param rhs is the right hand side material
+  ///
+  /// @return true if the materials are equal
   friend constexpr bool operator==(const MaterialSlab& lhs,
                                    const MaterialSlab& rhs) {
     // t/X0 and t/L0 are dependent variables and need not be checked
diff --git a/Core/include/Acts/Material/ProtoSurfaceMaterial.hpp b/Core/include/Acts/Material/ProtoSurfaceMaterial.hpp
index 58dee9d01c7..8b6dfed3287 100644
--- a/Core/include/Acts/Material/ProtoSurfaceMaterial.hpp
+++ b/Core/include/Acts/Material/ProtoSurfaceMaterial.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinUtility.hpp"
 
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <iosfwd>
 
 namespace Acts {
@@ -67,9 +66,9 @@ class ProtoSurfaceMaterialT : public ISurfaceMaterial {
   ProtoSurfaceMaterialT<BinningType>& operator=(
       ProtoSurfaceMaterialT<BinningType>&& smproxy) = default;
 
-  /// Scale operator - dummy implementation
+  /// Scale operation - dummy implementation
   ///
-  ProtoSurfaceMaterialT<BinningType>& operator*=(double /*scale*/) final {
+  ProtoSurfaceMaterialT<BinningType>& scale(double /*factor*/) final {
     return (*this);
   }
 
diff --git a/Core/src/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.cpp b/Core/src/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.cpp
index 0113e89a6e3..aae46bd02d7 100644
--- a/Core/src/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Material/BinnedSurfaceMaterial.cpp
@@ -29,11 +29,10 @@ Acts::BinnedSurfaceMaterial::BinnedSurfaceMaterial(
       m_binUtility(binUtility),
       m_fullMaterial(std::move(fullProperties)) {}
 
-Acts::BinnedSurfaceMaterial& Acts::BinnedSurfaceMaterial::operator*=(
-    double scale) {
+Acts::BinnedSurfaceMaterial& Acts::BinnedSurfaceMaterial::scale(double factor) {
   for (auto& materialVector : m_fullMaterial) {
     for (auto& materialBin : materialVector) {
-      materialBin.scaleThickness(scale);
+      materialBin.scaleThickness(factor);
     }
   }
   return (*this);
diff --git a/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.cpp b/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.cpp
index ec56cfd4c81..c3bef1f9de3 100644
--- a/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial.cpp
@@ -12,20 +12,33 @@
 
 #include <ostream>
 
-Acts::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial(
-    const MaterialSlab& full, double splitFactor, Acts::MappingType mappingType)
+namespace Acts {
+
+HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial(const MaterialSlab& full,
+                                                       double splitFactor,
+                                                       MappingType mappingType)
     : ISurfaceMaterial(splitFactor, mappingType), m_fullMaterial(full) {}
 
-Acts::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& Acts::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::operator*=(
-    double scale) {
-  m_fullMaterial.scaleThickness(scale);
-  return (*this);
+HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial& HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::scale(double factor) {
+  m_fullMaterial.scaleThickness(factor);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+const MaterialSlab& HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::materialSlab(
+    const Vector2& /*lp*/) const {
+  return m_fullMaterial;
 }
 
-std::ostream& Acts::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::toStream(
-    std::ostream& sl) const {
-  sl << "Acts::HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial : " << std::endl;
+const MaterialSlab& HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::materialSlab(
+    const Vector3& /*gp*/) const {
+  return m_fullMaterial;
+}
+
+std::ostream& HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial::toStream(std::ostream& sl) const {
+  sl << "HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial : " << std::endl;
   sl << "   - fullMaterial : " << m_fullMaterial << std::endl;
   sl << "   - split factor : " << m_splitFactor << std::endl;
   return sl;
 }
+
+}  // namespace Acts
diff --git a/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.cpp b/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.cpp
index 574859bb648..a5ea578f0ce 100644
--- a/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Material/HomogeneousVolumeMaterial.cpp
@@ -12,13 +12,20 @@
 
 #include <ostream>
 
-Acts::HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::HomogeneousVolumeMaterial(
-    const Material& material)
+namespace Acts {
+
+HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::HomogeneousVolumeMaterial(const Material& material)
     : m_material(material) {}
 
-std::ostream& Acts::HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::toStream(
-    std::ostream& sl) const {
-  sl << "Acts::HomogeneousVolumeMaterial : " << std::endl;
+const Material HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::material(
+    const Vector3& /*position*/) const {
+  return m_material;
+}
+
+std::ostream& HomogeneousVolumeMaterial::toStream(std::ostream& sl) const {
+  sl << "HomogeneousVolumeMaterial : " << std::endl;
   sl << "   - material : " << m_material << std::endl;
   return sl;
 }
+
+}  // namespace Acts
diff --git a/Core/src/Material/Material.cpp b/Core/src/Material/Material.cpp
index dd8c1e5cca1..29d9502fde9 100644
--- a/Core/src/Material/Material.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Material/Material.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <ostream>
 
+namespace Acts {
+
 namespace {
 enum MaterialClassificationNumberIndices {
   eRadiationLength = 0,
@@ -23,12 +25,12 @@ enum MaterialClassificationNumberIndices {
 };
 
 // Avogadro constant
-constexpr double kAvogadro = 6.02214076e23 / Acts::UnitConstants::mol;
+constexpr double kAvogadro = 6.02214076e23 / UnitConstants::mol;
 }  // namespace
 
-Acts::Material Acts::Material::fromMassDensity(float x0, float l0, float ar,
-                                               float z, float massRho) {
-  using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
+Material Material::fromMassDensity(float x0, float l0, float ar, float z,
+                                   float massRho) {
+  using namespace UnitLiterals;
 
   Material mat;
   mat.m_x0 = x0;
@@ -51,8 +53,8 @@ Acts::Material Acts::Material::fromMassDensity(float x0, float l0, float ar,
   return mat;
 }
 
-Acts::Material Acts::Material::fromMolarDensity(float x0, float l0, float ar,
-                                                float z, float molarRho) {
+Material Material::fromMolarDensity(float x0, float l0, float ar, float z,
+                                    float molarRho) {
   Material mat;
   mat.m_x0 = x0;
   mat.m_l0 = l0;
@@ -62,15 +64,15 @@ Acts::Material Acts::Material::fromMolarDensity(float x0, float l0, float ar,
   return mat;
 }
 
-Acts::Material::Material(const ParametersVector& parameters)
+Material::Material(const ParametersVector& parameters)
     : m_x0(parameters[eRadiationLength]),
       m_l0(parameters[eInteractionLength]),
       m_ar(parameters[eRelativeAtomicMass]),
       m_z(parameters[eNuclearCharge]),
       m_molarRho(parameters[eMolarDensity]) {}
 
-float Acts::Material::massDensity() const {
-  using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
+float Material::massDensity() const {
+  using namespace UnitLiterals;
 
   // perform computations in double precision to avoid loss of precision
   const double atomicMass = static_cast<double>(m_ar) * 1_u;
@@ -78,14 +80,14 @@ float Acts::Material::massDensity() const {
   return atomicMass * numberDensity;
 }
 
-float Acts::Material::meanExcitationEnergy() const {
-  using namespace Acts::UnitLiterals;
+float Material::meanExcitationEnergy() const {
+  using namespace UnitLiterals;
 
   // use approximative computation as defined in ATL-SOFT-PUB-2008-003
   return 16_eV * std::pow(m_z, 0.9f);
 }
 
-Acts::Material::ParametersVector Acts::Material::parameters() const {
+Material::ParametersVector Material::parameters() const {
   ParametersVector parameters;
   parameters[eRadiationLength] = m_x0;
   parameters[eInteractionLength] = m_l0;
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ Acts::Material::ParametersVector Acts::Material::parameters() const {
   return parameters;
 }
 
-std::ostream& Acts::operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Material& material) {
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Material& material) {
   if (!material.isValid()) {
     os << "vacuum";
   } else {
@@ -107,3 +109,5 @@ std::ostream& Acts::operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Material& material) {
   }
   return os;
 }
+
+}  // namespace Acts
diff --git a/Core/src/Material/MaterialSlab.cpp b/Core/src/Material/MaterialSlab.cpp
index acfd7064936..4fad731c6c1 100644
--- a/Core/src/Material/MaterialSlab.cpp
+++ b/Core/src/Material/MaterialSlab.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include "Acts/Material/detail/AverageMaterials.hpp"
 
 #include <limits>
-#include <numeric>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
diff --git a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootMaterialTrackWriter.cpp b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootMaterialTrackWriter.cpp
index a7a5ee39f8c..bec096d2ca7 100644
--- a/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootMaterialTrackWriter.cpp
+++ b/Examples/Io/Root/src/RootMaterialTrackWriter.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 
 #include "Acts/Geometry/GeometryIdentifier.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/TrackingVolume.hpp"
-#include "Acts/Geometry/Volume.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/Material.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialInteraction.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
@@ -23,11 +22,9 @@
 #include "Acts/Utilities/VectorHelpers.hpp"
 #include "ActsExamples/Framework/AlgorithmContext.hpp"
 
-#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <ios>
 #include <stdexcept>
-#include <type_traits>
 
 #include <TFile.h>
 #include <TTree.h>
diff --git a/Plugins/Json/include/Acts/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverter.hpp b/Plugins/Json/include/Acts/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverter.hpp
index 1c49376e421..3aa1ddac0af 100644
--- a/Plugins/Json/include/Acts/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverter.hpp
+++ b/Plugins/Json/include/Acts/Plugins/Json/MaterialJsonConverter.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Acts/Definitions/Algebra.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/IVolumeMaterial.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/Material.hpp"
@@ -21,6 +20,7 @@
 // can not match our naming guidelines.
 namespace Acts {
 
+class Surface;
 class ISurfaceMaterial;
 class IVolumeMaterial;
 class BinUtility;
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
index fbce80b8d5e..c66df1d6027 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/GridSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GridIndexedMaterial1D) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ml4.material().X0(), 21.);
 
   // Now scale it - and access again
-  ism *= 2.;
+  ism.scale(2.);
   const Acts::MaterialSlab& sml0 = ism.materialSlab(l0);
   const Acts::MaterialSlab& sml1 = ism.materialSlab(l1);
   const Acts::MaterialSlab& sml2 = ism.materialSlab(l2);
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GridGloballyIndexedMaterialNonShared) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ml0g1.material().X0(), 31.);
 
   // Scale
-  ism1 *= 2.;
+  ism1.scale(2.);
   const Acts::MaterialSlab& sml0g1 = ism1.materialSlab(l0g1);
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(sml0g1.thickness(), 8.);
 
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GridGloballyIndexedMaterialShared) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ml0g1.material().X0(), 1.);
 
   // scaling shared material should throw a std::invalid_argument
-  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(ism1 *= 2., std::invalid_argument);
+  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(ism1.scale(2.), std::invalid_argument);
 }
 
 // This test covers the grid material (non-indexed accessor)
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(GridSurfaceMaterialTests) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ml4.thickness(), 4.);
 
   // Now scale it - and access again
-  gsm *= 2.;
+  gsm.scale(2.);
 
   const Acts::MaterialSlab& sml0 = gsm.materialSlab(l0);
   const Acts::MaterialSlab& sml1 = gsm.materialSlab(l1);
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
index 7c310b7c11a..10db0c4b689 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/HomogeneousSurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial_scaling_test) {
   matHalf.scaleThickness(0.5);
 
   HomogeneousSurfaceMaterial hsm(mat, 1.);
-  hsm *= 0.5;
+  hsm.scale(0.5);
 
   auto matBin = hsm.materialSlab(Vector3(0., 0., 0.));
 
diff --git a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/ISurfaceMaterialTests.cpp b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/ISurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
index 067e460b71f..1bdb2cef716 100644
--- a/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/ISurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
+++ b/Tests/UnitTests/Core/Material/ISurfaceMaterialTests.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #include "Acts/Material/ISurfaceMaterial.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Material/MaterialSlab.hpp"
 
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <ostream>
 
 namespace Acts::Test {
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ namespace Acts::Test {
 class SurfaceMaterialStub : public ISurfaceMaterial {
   using ISurfaceMaterial::ISurfaceMaterial;
 
-  ISurfaceMaterial& operator*=(double /*scale*/) override { return *this; };
+  ISurfaceMaterial& scale(double /*factor*/) override { return *this; };
 
   const MaterialSlab& materialSlab(const Vector2& /*lp*/) const override {
     return m_fullMaterial;