diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-dubbo.yaml b/.github/workflows/e2e-dubbo.yaml
index b67244d96..a6be4b47d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-dubbo.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-dubbo.yaml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: e2e-dubbo
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
 env:
-  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.14.5
+  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.16.5
   ISTIO_NAMESPACE: istio-system
   SCRIPTS_DIR: test/e2e/scripts
   COMMON_DIR: test/e2e/common
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol-gateway.yaml b/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol-gateway.yaml
index af957f7f5..2c80b275a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol-gateway.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol-gateway.yaml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: e2e-metaprotocolgateway
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
 env:
-  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.14.5
+  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.16.5
   ISTIO_NAMESPACE: istio-system
   SCRIPTS_DIR: test/e2e/scripts
   COMMON_DIR: test/e2e/common
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol.yaml b/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol.yaml
index 759bc627d..815634491 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-metaprotocol.yaml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: e2e-metaprotocol
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
 env:
-  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.14.5
+  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.16.5
   ISTIO_NAMESPACE: istio-system
   SCRIPTS_DIR: test/e2e/scripts
   COMMON_DIR: test/e2e/common
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-redis.yaml b/.github/workflows/e2e-redis.yaml
index a5341661f..74f01af8c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-redis.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-redis.yaml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: e2e-redis
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
 env:
-  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.14.5
+  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.16.5
   ISTIO_NAMESPACE: istio-system
   SCRIPTS_DIR: test/e2e/scripts
   COMMON_DIR: test/e2e/common
diff --git a/.github/workflows/e2e-thrift.yaml b/.github/workflows/e2e-thrift.yaml
index 1925aa571..8367c86d0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e-thrift.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e-thrift.yaml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: e2e-thrift
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
 env:
-  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.14.5
+  ISTIO_VERSION: 1.16.5
   ISTIO_NAMESPACE: istio-system
   SCRIPTS_DIR: test/e2e/scripts
   COMMON_DIR: test/e2e/common
diff --git a/demo/metaprotocol-brpc/brpc-sample.yaml b/demo/metaprotocol-brpc/brpc-sample.yaml
index c38893b8f..14444202b 100644
--- a/demo/metaprotocol-brpc/brpc-sample.yaml
+++ b/demo/metaprotocol-brpc/brpc-sample.yaml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: brpc-echo-server
         version: v1
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: brpc-echo-server
         version: v2
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: brpc-echo-client
     spec:
diff --git a/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo-app-level/dubbo-sample.yaml b/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo-app-level/dubbo-sample.yaml
index fb70fda89..f2b518c0d 100644
--- a/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo-app-level/dubbo-sample.yaml
+++ b/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo-app-level/dubbo-sample.yaml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-provider
         version: v1
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-provider
         version: v2
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-second-provider
         version: v2
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-consumer
     spec:
diff --git a/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo/dubbo-sample.yaml b/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo/dubbo-sample.yaml
index eeff96d6f..f647e2c08 100644
--- a/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo/dubbo-sample.yaml
+++ b/demo/metaprotocol-dubbo/dubbo-sample.yaml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-provider
         version: v1
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-provider
         version: v2
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-second-provider
         version: v2
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-consumer
     spec:
diff --git a/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/outlier-detection/outlier-detection.yaml b/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/outlier-detection/outlier-detection.yaml
index 640bf07ac..aa1224e92 100644
--- a/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/outlier-detection/outlier-detection.yaml
+++ b/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/outlier-detection/outlier-detection.yaml
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
         sidecar.istio.io/rewriteAppHTTPProbers: "false"
       labels:
         app: thrift-sample-server
diff --git a/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/thrift-sample.yaml b/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/thrift-sample.yaml
index f764c6766..dfcd3d1b5 100644
--- a/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/thrift-sample.yaml
+++ b/demo/metaprotocol-thrift/thrift-sample.yaml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
         sidecar.istio.io/rewriteAppHTTPProbers: "false"
       labels:
         app: thrift-sample-server
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
         sidecar.istio.io/rewriteAppHTTPProbers: "false"
       labels:
         app: thrift-sample-server
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
         sidecar.istio.io/rewriteAppHTTPProbers: "false"
       labels:
         app: thrift-sample-client
diff --git a/test/e2e/metaprotocol/testdata/metaprotocol-sample.yaml b/test/e2e/metaprotocol/testdata/metaprotocol-sample.yaml
index 5eaeff191..3ab7d0f1f 100644
--- a/test/e2e/metaprotocol/testdata/metaprotocol-sample.yaml
+++ b/test/e2e/metaprotocol/testdata/metaprotocol-sample.yaml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-provider
         version: v1
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-provider
         version: v2
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-second-provider
         version: v2
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ spec:
     metadata:
       annotations:
         sidecar.istio.io/bootstrapOverride: aeraki-bootstrap-config
-        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+        sidecar.istio.io/proxyImage: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
       labels:
         app: dubbo-sample-consumer
     spec:
diff --git a/test/e2e/metaprotocolgateway/testdata/ingress-gateway.yaml b/test/e2e/metaprotocolgateway/testdata/ingress-gateway.yaml
index 3095dc132..3074f8d70 100644
--- a/test/e2e/metaprotocolgateway/testdata/ingress-gateway.yaml
+++ b/test/e2e/metaprotocolgateway/testdata/ingress-gateway.yaml
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ spec:
                   fieldPath: metadata.labels['service.istio.io/canonical-revision']
             - name: ISTIO_META_ROUTER_MODE
               value: standard
-          image: aeraki/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.2.3
+          image: ghcr.io/aeraki-mesh/meta-protocol-proxy-debug:1.3.1
           imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
           name: istio-proxy
           ports:
diff --git a/test/e2e/scripts/istio.sh b/test/e2e/scripts/istio.sh
index 377dea6f9..b24aeb89c 100644
--- a/test/e2e/scripts/istio.sh
+++ b/test/e2e/scripts/istio.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [ -z "$ISTIO_NAMESPACE" ]; then
 fi
 
 if [ -z "$ISTIO_VERSION" ]; then
-  export ISTIO_VERSION=1.14.5
+  export ISTIO_VERSION=1.16.5
 fi
 
 kubectl create ns ${ISTIO_NAMESPACE} || true
diff --git a/test/e2e/scripts/uninstall-istio.sh b/test/e2e/scripts/uninstall-istio.sh
index a5eda470a..5674ca059 100644
--- a/test/e2e/scripts/uninstall-istio.sh
+++ b/test/e2e/scripts/uninstall-istio.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [ -z "$ISTIO_NAMESPACE" ]; then
 fi
 
 if [ -z "$ISTIO_VERSION" ]; then
-  export ISTIO_VERSION=1.14.5
+  export ISTIO_VERSION=1.16.5
 fi
 
 rm -rf ~/.aeraki/istio/istio-config.yaml