[C++] Filesystem implementation for Azure Data Lake

[asfimport]

Reporter: Yesh

Related issues:

• [C++] Add azure-sdk-for-cpp to ThirdpartyToolchain (is a parent of)
• [C++] Filesystem implementation for Azure Blob Storage (is a clone of)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-9611. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}