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model_pheromones_2d.nlogo
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extensions [profiler]
patches-own [
chemical1 ;; amount of chemical on this patch
chemical2 ;; amount of chemical from the second patch
chemical ;; sum of all the chemical in the patch
nest? ;; true on nest patches, false elsewhere
nest-scent ;; number that is higher closer to the nest
food-source-number ;; number (1 or 2) to identify the food sources
]
turtles-own [
status ;; variable telling the turtle what it is currently doing (string form, differentiates between trails)
;; statuses: "at nest", "return-from-1", "return-from-2", "foraging-for-1", "foraging-for-2", "foraging"
;; corresponds with binStatus: 20 , 1 , 11 , 4 , 14 , 0
binStatus ;; variable telling the turtle what it is currently doing (integer form)
;; binStatus key is listed above with status variable
prevfood ;; variable holding the information for the quality of the food the turtle is carrying (0, 1, or 10)
; prob ;; probability of an ant leaving the nest at any given time scale
]
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Setup procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
globals
[dist1
dist2
sign]
to setup
clear-all
set-default-shape turtles "bug"
create-turtles population
[ set size 0.28 ;; should be 0.28 when to scale
set status "at nest"
set prevfood 0
set binStatus 20
;set prob 0.9
set color red
setxy 0 nest-location
;orient West and the rotate right between 0 and 180 degrees
;this corresponds to ants having a preferred nest entrance direction
set heading 0
;right random 180
]
;; red = not carrying food
resize-world -70 70 -70 70
ifelse random-dist-1 = true
[ set dist1 (random 1000) / 1000
if dist1 < 0.12 [set dist1 0.12]]
[ set dist1 distance-1]
set sign one-of [1 -1]
ifelse random-dist-2 = true
[set dist2 (random 1000) / 1000
if dist2 < 0.12 [set dist2 0.12]]
[ set dist2 distance-2]
setup-patches
reset-ticks
end
to setup-patches
ask patches
[ setup-nest
setup-food
recolor-patch ]
end
to setup-nest ;; patch procedure
;; set nest? variable to true inside the nest, false elsewhere
set nest? (distancexy 0 nest-location) < 4
;; spread a nest-scent over the whole world -- stronger near the nest
set nest-scent 200 - distancexy 0 nest-location
end
to setup-food ;; patch procedure
;; setup food source one on the left
let food-1-x (sin(-45) * dist1) * max-pxcor
let food-1-y (cos(45) * dist1) * max-pycor + nest-location
if (distancexy food-1-x food-1-y < 1) [set food-source-number 1]
;; setup food source two on the right
let food-2-x (sin(45) * dist2) * max-pxcor
let food-2-y (cos(45) * dist2) * max-pycor + nest-location
if (distancexy food-2-x food-2-y < 1) [set food-source-number 2]
end
to recolor-patch ;; patch procedure
;; give color to nest and food sources
ifelse nest?
[ set pcolor violet ]
[if food-source-number = 1 [ set pcolor 127 ]
if food-source-number = 2 [ set pcolor 67 ]]
;; scale color to show chemical concentration
if nest? = false and food-source-number = 0
[if (chemical1 + chemical2) > 0
[ifelse (max list chemical1 chemical2) = chemical2
[set pcolor scale-color green chemical2 0.05 15]
[set pcolor scale-color magenta chemical1 0.05 15]]]
end
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;; Go procedures ;;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
to go ;; forever button
ask turtles
[
ifelse color = red
[ ifelse nest? = true
[ set binStatus 20
look-for-food
][
look-for-food
]
]
[ ifelse color = blue
[
return-to-nest ] ;; carrying food? take it back to nest
[
return-to-nest-no-food
]
]
wiggle
fd 1 ]
diffuse chemical1 (diffusion-rate / 100)
diffuse chemical2 (diffusion-rate / 100)
ask patches
[ set chemical1 chemical1 * (100 - evaporation-rate) / 100 ;; slowly evaporate chemical
set chemical2 chemical2 * (100 - evaporation-rate) / 100
set chemical chemical1 + chemical2
recolor-patch ]
tick
end
to return-to-nest ;; turtle procedure
ifelse nest?
[ ;; drop food and head out again
set color red
set prevfood 0 ;this resets the quality of the food the turtle is carrying, since it has deposited its food
set binStatus 20 ;this resets the binary status of the turtles so that they are foraging w/o a trail
set status "at nest" ;this resets the status of the turtle for it to go out again and forage (this will probably want to be changed later to have memory of the previous food source)
setxy 0 nest-location
;orient West and the rotate right between 0 and 180 degrees
;this corresponds to ants having a preferred nest entrance direction
set heading 0
;right random 180
]
;; two sliders for pheromone-ratio and low-quality-pheromone
;; pheromone-ratio represents how many times larger the high-quality pheromone is than the low-quality pheromone
;; low-quality-pheromone tells us how much pheromone the ants will leave after visiting the low-quality food source
[if prevfood = 1 [set chemical1 chemical1 + low-quality-pheromone] ; this drops chemical proportionately with the quality of the food that the turtle previously picked up (now logged in prevfood)
if prevfood = 2 [set chemical2 chemical2 + low-quality-pheromone * pheromone-ratio]
uphill-nest-scent]
end
to return-to-nest-no-food ;; turtle procedure
ifelse nest?
[ ;; head out again
set color red
set binStatus 20
set status "at nest" ;this resets the status of the turtle for it to go out again and forage (this will probably want to be changed later to have memory of the previous food source)
setxy 0 nest-location
;orient West and the rotate right between 0 and 180 degrees
;this corresponds to ants having a preferred nest entrance direction
set heading 0
;right random 180
]
[uphill-nest-scent]
end
to look-for-food ;; turtle procedure
if food-source-number = 1
[set color blue ; change the color of the turtle
set status "return-from-1" ; set status to be returning from food-source-number 1
set binStatus 1 ; sets binary status to full of food, returning to nest
set prevfood 1 ; set provfood status to be 1
rt 180 ; turn around
stop]
if food-source-number = 2
[set color blue ; change the color of the turtle to reflect a different food source
set status "return-from-2" ; change the status to be returning from the second food source
set binStatus 11 ; sets binary status to full of food, returning to nest
set prevfood 2 ; set prevfood status to be 2
rt 180 ; turn around
stop]
ifelse (chemical >= 0.05)
[ifelse (chemical1 >= chemical2)
[set status "foraging-for-1"
set binStatus 4]
[set status "foraging-for-2"
set binStatus 14]
move-around-rank-edge]
[
ifelse (random-float 1 < prob)[
ifelse nest? = true
[set status "at nest"
set binStatus 20]
[set status "foraging"
set binStatus 0]]
[
set color yellow
set status "foraging"
set binStatus 0
stop
]]
end
;; sniff left and right, and go where the strongest smell is
to uphill-nest-scent ;; turtle procedure
let scent-ahead nest-scent-at-angle 0
let scent-right nest-scent-at-angle 45
let scent-left nest-scent-at-angle -45
if (scent-right > scent-ahead) or (scent-left > scent-ahead)
[ ifelse scent-right > scent-left
[ rt 45 ]
[ lt 45 ] ]
end
to wiggle ;; turtle procedure
rt random 40
lt random 40
if not can-move? 1 [ rt 180 ]
end
to-report nest-scent-at-angle [angle]
let p patch-right-and-ahead angle 1
if p = nobody [ report 0 ]
report [nest-scent] of p
end
to move-around-rank-edge
let patch_set (patch-set patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 patch-right-and-ahead 0 1 patch-right-and-ahead -45 1) ; makes a patch-set of the three patches directly in front of the ant
let patch_list sort-on [chemical] patch_set ;turns the patch-set into a list (currently only way I can find to do this is by sorting it)
if length patch_list = 0 [rt 180
stop] ;if there are no patches in the list, turn around and face the other direction
if length patch_list = 1 ;if there is one patch in the list, choose it
[let patch_i item 0 patch_list
let ci ([chemical + chemical2] of patch_i)
if patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 = patch_i [rt 45]
if patch-right-and-ahead -45 1 = patch_i [lt 45]]
if length patch_list = 2 ;if there are two items in the patch list, run the probability test on one, then the other
[let patch_i item 1 patch_list
let patch_j item 0 patch_list
let ci ([chemical] of patch_i)
let cj ([chemical] of patch_j)
let rand2 (random 100) / 100
ifelse rand2 < (1 - qprob)
[if patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 = patch_i [rt 45]
if patch-right-and-ahead -45 1 = patch_i [lt 45]]
[if patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 = patch_j [rt 45]
if patch-right-and-ahead -45 1 = patch_j [lt 45]]]
if length patch_list = 3 ;if there are three items in the patch list:
[let patch_i item 2 patch_list
let patch_j item 1 patch_list
let patch_k item 0 patch_list
let ci [chemical] of patch_i
let cj [chemical] of patch_j
let ck [chemical] of patch_k
let rand1 (random 100) / 100
ifelse rand1 < (1 - qprob)
[if patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 = patch_i [rt 45 ]
if patch-right-and-ahead -45 1 = patch_i [lt 45 ]] ;the ant chooses to go towards this patch
[let rand2 (random 100) / 100
ifelse rand2 < (1 - qprob)
[if patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 = patch_j [rt 45]
if patch-right-and-ahead -45 1 = patch_j [lt 45]] ;the ant chooses to go towards this patch
[if patch-right-and-ahead 45 1 = patch_k [rt 45]
if patch-right-and-ahead -45 1 = patch_k [lt 45]]]]
end
to profile
setup
profiler:reset
profiler:start
repeat 20 [go]
profiler:stop
let _fname "report.txt"
carefully [file-delete _fname] []
file-open _fname
file-print profiler:report
file-close
end
; Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky.
; See Info tab for full copyright and license.
@#$#@#$#@
GRAPHICS-WINDOW
0
0
710
711
-1
-1
4.98
1
10
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
-70
70
-70
70
1
1
1
ticks
100.0
BUTTON
19
22
139
74
NIL
setup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
N
NIL
NIL
1
SLIDER
20
75
273
108
population
population
0
20000
1010.0
10
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
20
114
274
147
diffusion-rate
diffusion-rate
0
50
14.6
.2
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
19
151
273
184
evaporation-rate
evaporation-rate
0
50
10.05
.05
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
19
192
275
225
low-quality-pheromone
low-quality-pheromone
0
50
29.253
0.001
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
20
230
275
263
pheromone-ratio
pheromone-ratio
0
5
1.25
.01
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
BUTTON
148
22
271
74
NIL
go
T
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
M
NIL
NIL
1
PLOT
0
354
626
612
Ants on Trails
time
number of ants
0.0
100.0
0.0
20.0
true
true
"" ""
PENS
"Quality = 1" 1.0 0 -10022847 true "" "plot count turtles with [status = \"return-from-1\" or status = \"foraging-for-1\"]"
"Quality = 2" 1.0 0 -8330359 true "" "plot count turtles with [status = \"return-from-2\" or status = \"foraging-for-2\"]"
"Total" 1.0 0 -7500403 true "" "plot count turtles with [status = \"return-from-1\" or status = \"foraging-for-1\" or status = \"return-from-2\" or status = \"foraging-for-2\"] "
SWITCH
277
23
452
56
random-dist-1
random-dist-1
1
1
-1000
SWITCH
278
98
453
131
random-dist-2
random-dist-2
1
1
-1000
SLIDER
277
61
450
94
distance-1
distance-1
0
1
0.45
0.01
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
278
137
451
170
distance-2
distance-2
0
1
0.45
0.01
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
472
142
644
175
qprob
qprob
0
1
0.05
0.01
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
TEXTBOX
282
199
465
269
pheromone-ratio represents how many times more pheromone ants produce for the high quality food source
11
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
474
179
647
208
probability of an ant choosing a cell other than the highest chemical cell
11
0.0
1
SLIDER
471
28
643
61
prob
prob
0
1
0.9
0.01
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
TEXTBOX
478
65
647
107
probability that an unloaded ant does not returns to nest (yellow)
11
0.0
1
SLIDER
277
278
449
311
nest-location
nest-location
-70
0
-30.0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL
@#$#@#$#@
## WHAT IS IT?
In this project, a colony of ants forages for food. Though each ant follows a set of simple rules, the colony as a whole acts in a sophisticated way.
## HOW IT WORKS
When an ant finds a piece of food, it carries the food back to the nest, dropping a chemical as it moves. When other ants "sniff" the chemical, they follow the chemical toward the food. As more ants carry food to the nest, they reinforce the chemical trail.
## HOW TO USE IT
Click the SETUP button to set up the ant nest (in violet, at center) and three piles of food. Click the GO button to start the simulation. The chemical is shown in a green-to-white gradient.
The EVAPORATION-RATE slider controls the evaporation rate of the chemical. The DIFFUSION-RATE slider controls the diffusion rate of the chemical.
If you want to change the number of ants, move the POPULATION slider before pressing SETUP.
## THINGS TO NOTICE
The ant colony generally exploits the food source in order, starting with the food closest to the nest, and finishing with the food most distant from the nest. It is more difficult for the ants to form a stable trail to the more distant food, since the chemical trail has more time to evaporate and diffuse before being reinforced.
Once the colony finishes collecting the closest food, the chemical trail to that food naturally disappears, freeing up ants to help collect the other food sources. The more distant food sources require a larger "critical number" of ants to form a stable trail.
The consumption of the food is shown in a plot. The line colors in the plot match the colors of the food piles.
## EXTENDING THE MODEL
Try different placements for the food sources. What happens if two food sources are equidistant from the nest? When that happens in the real world, ant colonies typically exploit one source then the other (not at the same time).
In this project, the ants use a "trick" to find their way back to the nest: they follow the "nest scent." Real ants use a variety of different approaches to find their way back to the nest. Try to implement some alternative strategies.
The ants only respond to chemical levels between 0.05 and 2. The lower limit is used so the ants aren't infinitely sensitive. Try removing the upper limit. What happens? Why?
In the `uphill-chemical` procedure, the ant "follows the gradient" of the chemical. That is, it "sniffs" in three directions, then turns in the direction where the chemical is strongest. You might want to try variants of the `uphill-chemical` procedure, changing the number and placement of "ant sniffs."
## NETLOGO FEATURES
The built-in `diffuse` primitive lets us diffuse the chemical easily without complicated code.
The primitive `patch-right-and-ahead` is used to make the ants smell in different directions without actually turning.
## HOW TO CITE
If you mention this model or the NetLogo software in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below.
For the model itself:
* Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Ants model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Ants. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Please cite the NetLogo software as:
* Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu.
This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML). The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612.
This model was developed at the MIT Media Lab using CM StarLogo. See Resnick, M. (1994) "Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds." Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Adapted to StarLogoT, 1997, as part of the Connected Mathematics Project.
This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. Converted from StarLogoT to NetLogo, 1998.
<!-- 1997 1998 MIT -->
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NetLogo 6.3.0
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
<experiments>
<experiment name="vary distance4" repetitions="10" runMetricsEveryStep="true">
<setup>setup</setup>
<go>go</go>
<timeLimit steps="7660"/>
<metric>count turtles with [status = "return-from-2" or status = "foraging-for-2"]</metric>
<metric>count turtles with [status = "return-from-1" or status = "foraging-for-1"]</metric>
<metric>count turtles with [status = "return-from-2"]</metric>
<metric>count turtles with [status = "return-from-1"]</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 0</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 1</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 2</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 3</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 4</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 5</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 6</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 7</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 8</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 9</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 10</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 11</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 12</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 13</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 14</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 15</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 16</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 17</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 18</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 19</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 20</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 21</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 22</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 23</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 24</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 25</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 26</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 27</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 28</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 29</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 30</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 31</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 32</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 33</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 34</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 35</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 36</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 37</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 38</metric>
<metric>[binStatus] of turtle 39</metric>