material.h

#ifndef MATERIALH
#define MATERIALH 

struct hit_record;

#include "ray.h"
#include "hitable.h"
#include "texture.h"


float schlick(float cosine, float ref_idx) {
    float r0 = (1-ref_idx) / (1+ref_idx);
    r0 = r0*r0;
    return r0 + (1-r0)*pow((1 - cosine),5);
}

bool refract(const vec3& v, const vec3& n, float ni_over_nt, vec3& refracted) {
    vec3 uv = unit_vector(v);
    float dt = dot(uv, n);
    float discriminant = 1.0 - ni_over_nt*ni_over_nt*(1-dt*dt);
    if (discriminant > 0) {
        refracted = ni_over_nt*(uv - n*dt) - n*sqrt(discriminant);
        return true;
    }
    else 
        return false;
}


vec3 reflect(const vec3& v, const vec3& n) {
     return v - 2*dot(v,n)*n;
}


vec3 random_in_unit_sphere() {
    vec3 p;
    do {
        p = 2.0*vec3(drand48(),drand48(),drand48()) - vec3(1,1,1);
    } while (dot(p,p) >= 1.0);
    return p;
}


class material  {
    public:
        virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) const = 0;
        virtual vec3 emitted(float u, float v, const vec3& p) const {
            return vec3(0,0,0); }
};

class diffuse_light : public material  {
    public:
        diffuse_light(texture *a) : emit(a) {}
        virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) const { return false; }
        virtual vec3 emitted(float u, float v, const vec3& p) const { return emit->value(u, v, p); }
        texture *emit;
};


class isotropic : public material {
    public:
        isotropic(texture *a) : albedo(a) {}
        virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) const  {
             scattered = ray(rec.p, random_in_unit_sphere());
             attenuation = albedo->value(rec.u, rec.v, rec.p);
             return true;
        }
        texture *albedo;
};

class lambertian : public material {
    public:
        lambertian(texture *a) : albedo(a) {}
        virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) const  {
             vec3 target = rec.p + rec.normal + random_in_unit_sphere();
             scattered = ray(rec.p, target-rec.p, r_in.time());
             attenuation = albedo->value(rec.u, rec.v, rec.p);
             return true;
        }

        texture *albedo;
};

class metal : public material {
    public:
        metal(const vec3& a, float f) : albedo(a) { if (f < 1) fuzz = f; else fuzz = 1; }
        virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) const  {
            vec3 reflected = reflect(unit_vector(r_in.direction()), rec.normal);
            scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected + fuzz*random_in_unit_sphere());
            attenuation = albedo;
            return (dot(scattered.direction(), rec.normal) > 0);
        }
        vec3 albedo;
        float fuzz;
};

class dielectric : public material { 
    public:
        dielectric(float ri) : ref_idx(ri) {}
        virtual bool scatter(const ray& r_in, const hit_record& rec, vec3& attenuation, ray& scattered) const  {
             vec3 outward_normal;
             vec3 reflected = reflect(r_in.direction(), rec.normal);
             float ni_over_nt;
             attenuation = vec3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0); 
             vec3 refracted;
             float reflect_prob;
             float cosine;
             if (dot(r_in.direction(), rec.normal) > 0) {
                  outward_normal = -rec.normal;
                  ni_over_nt = ref_idx;
                  cosine = ref_idx * dot(r_in.direction(), rec.normal) / r_in.direction().length();
             }
             else {
                  outward_normal = rec.normal;
                  ni_over_nt = 1.0 / ref_idx;
                  cosine = -dot(r_in.direction(), rec.normal) / r_in.direction().length();
             }
             if (refract(r_in.direction(), outward_normal, ni_over_nt, refracted)) {
                reflect_prob = schlick(cosine, ref_idx);
             }
             else {
                scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected);
                reflect_prob = 1.0;
             }
             if (drand48() < reflect_prob) {
                scattered = ray(rec.p, reflected);
             }
             else {
                scattered = ray(rec.p, refracted);
             }
             return true;
        }

        float ref_idx;
};

#endif