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What is the purpose of this FAQ? |
Firstly, it will show you how to intuitively control all aspects of modern flight simulators using only a gamepad. This means that a joystick, keyboard or even a mouse are no longer strictly necessary to control your virtual aircraft and the simulator's user interface.
This method is applicable to all flight simulators and all types of aircraft and helicopters.
Secondly, it is intended as a guide to **ControllerBuddy**, an advanced open-source game controller mapping software developed by the author of this document.
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What is ControllerBuddy? |
ControllerBuddy is a highly advanced gamepad mapping software that supports the creation of input profiles for complex target applications such as flight simulators.
In addition to simply mapping the buttons and axes of a physical game controller to keyboard and mouse input, ControllerBuddy also supports sending input commands to a virtual joystick, which for Windows is provided by the awesome vJoy device driver created by Shaul Eizikovich.
ControllerBuddy's goal is to allow the user to control target applications using only a gamepad, without ever having to reach for a keyboard or mouse.
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What exactly do you mean by the term 'gamepad'? |
A game controller as used by current generation gaming consoles, with two analog sticks, a D-Pad, a number of face buttons, two triggers and two shoulder buttons.
Popular examples for this type of input device are:
- DualShock 4 Controller
- DualSense Controller
- Xbox 360 Controller
- Xbox One Controller
- Xbox Series X\|S Controller
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Why would I use a gamepad to control a flight simulator? |
While a joystick or yoke in combination with a throttle is probably the most obvious choice for controlling a virtual aircraft, the usage of a gamepad offers a number of advantages, which for some people can make it an interesting alternative:
- Gamepads, especially the ones name above, offer a high build quality and are very sturdy, which sadly is a virtue only few of the joysticks on the market can offer, that from my experience can break often and are sometimes hard to repair.
- Many people who own a gaming PC already own a gamepad to begin with. These days joysticks have become more of a rarity compared to the heyday of flight simulators during the 1990s. This is something especially newcomers to the flight simulation genre may be facing or if you are a veteran virtual-pilot and are trying to get a friend interested in this great hobby, who does not (yet) own the necessary peripherials.
- When it comes to comparing the price tag of a high quality gamepad with the one of a HOTAS- or yoke-based system, the gamepad is obviously the much cheaper choice, making it especially interesting for newcomers, who are just undertaking their first steps in the genre of flight simulation.
- While a joystick with a throttle can be considered the bare minimum to start out with, many more senior virtual pilots will say that you will also need a rudder pedals and a headtracking unit to take your experience to a satisfactory level. Depending on your desk you may also need a suitable mounting solution to install your input decvices at a proper height. All these things are not only an additional cost factor, but can also quickly come in someone's way if your PC is not dedicated to your flying hobby.
- Even if you call all of the above named devices your own, you most likely will still depend on a keyboard and mouse to be able to navigate the menus of your simulator und to handle switches and buttons inside the virtual cockpit, this means having to take your hands off frin the throttle and stick, which can be cumbersome, which is especially true for VR.
- A wireless gamepad used in the way as described in this guide, offers you exceptional freedom in the sense that you are no longer tightly bound to a seating position from which all of the necessary input devices are reachable. If your screen is large enough, flying from a comfortable spot on your couch may come to one's mind.
- While a gamepad does certainly not come as close to the controls found in a real plane, it still can emulate the controls more or less acurately. If upmost realism is your top priority, you will probably prefer to use a classic stick, but be aware that one set of input devices can usually only realistically represent one particular model of aircraft from the real world. If you like to fly general aviation aircraft, airliners, military jets and helicopters, you actually would need vastly different sets of input devices for at least each one of these categories.
- Physical strain is another issue I would like to mention: From my experience flying with a gamepad for a long time now has been very comfortable and a lot less straining than with a joystick and throttle, I find this especially true for helicopter flying, where constant very precise inputs are necessary.
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What are the drawbacks of a using a gamepad compared to a HOTAS or yoke? |
- The major issue of a gamepad is that is does usually not posess any *relative* axes. A relative axis is an axis which is not spring loaded and stays in the position you last put it into when taking your fingers off from it. Relative axes are the preferred means to control the throttle, propeller pitch and mixture of an aircraft.
- Since the two sticks of a gamepad are a lot smaller than a dedicated joystick, they offer a smaller range and thus require more precise inputs.
- Due to the declared goal to control an entire aircraft with a gamepad that offers am ample, but still limited number of buttons and axes, we can not avoid using them for more than one function. This esentially means that a very complex aircraft with many buttons on its real-life controls, will probably also require a very complex input profile for your gamepad. This may require more time to get familiar with, compared to a HOTAS-system which already closely resembles the controls of the real aircraft.
- Lastly als already mentioned above, a gamepad will certainly never be able to offer the same realism than a well-made joystick or yoke.
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How can we get around these drawbacks? |
Instead of binding axes and buttons directly to our gamepad we use a *virtual* joystick.
On Windows, this virtual joystick is provided by the excellent **vJoy**. Created by Shaul Eizikovich as open-source software, vJoy is a device driver that provides virtual joysticks that can be controlled from other applications (in our case ControllerBuddy).
Under Linux, ControllerBuddy dynamically creates its own virtual joystick device using the uinput kernel module.
In **ControllerBuddy** we can create **profiles** that define a mapping of the physical axes and buttons of our gamepad to so called **actions**. Among other things, actions can manipulate the axes of the vJoy device or simulate mouse and keyboard inputs. This allows us for example to work around the above mentioned issue of missing relative axes on our gamepad.
Due to the limited number of axes and buttons of a gamepad, a single axis or button usually must serve multiple purposes. This can be handled by so called **modes**. For example an axis normally assigned to the throttle can become the axis controlling for controlling the view (i.e. looking up and down), while swiching to view-mode.
Another function of ControllerBuddy is the so called **overlay**. The overlay is a transparent window that is displayed on top of the simulator to show the currently active mode and the state of the axes of the virtual axes. This is especially useful for relative axes, for example it is very hard to tell the current throttle setting without such an indication. The overlay can be freely moved around the screen and configured to include only indicators for certain axes of interest.
ControllerBuddy also provides a special mode in which an **on-screen-keyboard** is displayed that can be controlled via specialized actions. This is helpful when you want to type in chat messages without having to rely on a physical keyboard. This can be especially interesting to people who would like to use ControllerBuddy in combination with VR.
Since the required inputs vary greatly from simulator to simulator and even from aircraft to aircraft, a custom tailored profile for each simulator, and in case of complex titles such as DCS for each aircraft, is necessary. These profiles can be edited within ControllerBuddy and be permanently stored as files on your computer.
[](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bwRavencl/ControllerBuddy/master/screenshot_7.png)
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How do modes (shift-states) work? |
**Switching between modes** is done via a specialized type of action for mode-switching that can be assigned to a button of your gamepad. A mode-swichting action can be configured to either temporarily switch to a mode, for as long as the corresponding button is depressed or to permanently toggle a mode on and off by a single press of the button. Depending on the concrete usage scenario one or the other configuration may be preferable.
All axes and buttons that do not have a different actions assigned by the currently active mode retain the actions of the mode one level below.
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What does a basic profile look like? |
Usually you will want to create an individual profile for each simulator and in many cases for each aircraft simulated. However, most profiles will have a common base, which may look like this:
- For the **primary controls**, the basic idea behind the control scheme is based on the way radio-controlled aircraft are steered with a radio transmitter:
- The right stick controls pitch and roll, just like a typical joystick.
- The left stick's vertical axis is mapped to a relative vJoy axis that controls the throttle, while the horizontal axis of the stick controls the yaw.
Due to the small range of a gamepad's physical axes, you will want to configure at least a small dead zone and some expo (i.e. *curves*) in-game for the vJoy axes that control pitch, yaw and roll.
Note that the right stick should never be mapped to anything else in other modes, as control of the pitch and roll of the aircraft is essential in all situations, but the left stick can be reused for other functions in other modes, as throttle and yaw control is not usually required at all times.
- **Secondary controls**, such as flaps, landing gear and air brake can be mapped to the D-Pad.
Note that the gear mapped to the lower part of the D-Pad, sice it is physically located on the lower side of the aircraft, while the air brake is usually located on-top of the fuselage or wings and is therefore mapped to the upper part of the D-Pad. Following this logic, it only makes sense to use the horizontal segement of the D-Pad for the flaps. Mapping the controls in such a way makes profiles a lot more intuitive and natural to use.
- **Looking around** is done by pressing and holding the right shoulder button to activate *Look Mode*:
- In *Look Mode* the left stick controls the view and is used for looking around. You will normally want to use two relative vJoy axes for mapping these controls.
- The D-Pad shifts the head up and down and left and right.
- The Y and A buttons shift the head forward and backward.
- Pressing the right stick down zooms the view in, pressing the left stick down zooms out.
- **Changing and centering the view** is done with the X button:
- As soon as the X button gets pressed the view is centered and the zoom level gets reset.
In order to achieve this, usually multiple actions must be performed:
- The relative vJoy axes that are mapped to looking around must be centered - this can be done via configuring two specialized actions called *Reset vJoy Axis* that target the respective vJoy axes.
- The in-game commad(s) to center the view in all view axes must be fired.
- The in-game command to reset the zoom level must be fired.
- In addition, while holding the X button the *View Mode* gets activated:
In *View Mode*, the D-Pad is used to switch between the most important views, such as the cockpit view, external views or map view.
- **Triming the aircraft** can be done while activating *Trim Mode* by pressing and holding the left shoulder button:
- In *Trim Mode* the D-Pad is used to change the pitch and roll trim, while the X and B buttons are used to change yaw trim.
- Some aircraft may have a *Center Trim* command which can be assigned to the A Button.
- For most helicopters no dedicated Mode is necessary, instead the left shoulder button should simply be mapped to a *Force Trim* command if available.
- The *Mouse Mode* allows you to control basic mouse functions via your gamepad. It is activated by pressing down the left stick.
In this case the Mode-switching is configured to toggle between *Default Mode* and *Mouse Mode*, this means that pressing down the left stick once activates the *Mouse Mode* and pressing it again toggles it off again.
When *Mouse Mode* is active you can perform mouse inputs as follows:
- The left stick controls the mouse cursor
- The right trigger performs a left-click
- The left trigger performs a right-click
- The Start button performs a middle-click
- Pressing D-Pad up or down scrolls up or down
- The **On-Screen Keyboard** can be toggled on and off by pressing down the right stick.
In *On-Screen Keyboard Mode* the following actions are configured:
- The D-Pad moves the key selector of the On-Screen Keyboard around.
- The A button presses down the currently selected On-Screen Keyboard key - if the A button is released also the respective key on the keyboard gets released.
- The B button locks the currently selected On-Screen Keyboard key down - the key stays in the pressed down state until it is unlocked in the same way.
- The Y button releases all keys of the On-Screen Keyboard
By locking down multiple keys it is possible to perform key-strokes that consist of multiple keys pressed simultaneously.
When the *On-Screen Keyboard Mode* is toggled off by pressing down the right stick, all locked keys are automatically released.
This completes the base upon which a real profile can be built. It is important to note, that you should keep these basics of all your profiles as similar as possible, this will make it much easier when switching between different aircraft models and simulators!
As you may have noticed we practically have already covered all the typical controls required for flying a virtual aircraft and controlling the most important aspects of the simulator. Most importantly, we still have quite a few buttons available for mapping some of the more specialized controls of an aircraft.
##### Default Mode:
[](assets/svg/basic_profile_default_mode.svg)
##### Look Mode (*hold RB*):
[](assets/svg/basic_profile_look_mode.svg)
##### View Mode (*hold X*):
[](assets/svg/basic_profile_view_mode.svg)
##### Trim Mode (*hold LB*):
[](assets/svg/basic_profile_trim_mode.svg)
##### Mouse Mode (*toggled by pressing left stick*):
[](assets/svg/basic_profile_mouse_mode.svg)
##### On-Screen Keyboard Mode (*toggled by pressing right stick*):
[](assets/svg/basic_profile_on_screen_keyboard_mode.svg)
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What about more complex profiles? |
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How do I create such profiles? |
A profile always targets a specific game. The game must be configured so that the inputs that ControllerBuddy simulates are bound to actual actions in the game.
For example, if a ControllerBuddy profile contains an action that should perform a *G*-Key press to raise and lower the landing gear, the *G*-Key must be mapped to the landing gear function in the game.
Most games come with certain default mappings, it is recommended to stick to these mappings and create ControllerBuddy profiles that target the default mappings. If a function does not have a default mapping, it should be mapped to a button of the vJoy device, both in ControllerBuddy and in the game. The same goes for all Axis functions.
The following steps will help you decide how to map a game function to your controller:
- Mapping an axis function:
In the game | map the axis function to an unused axis of the vJoy device
In ControllerBuddy | create a matching mapping axis / button of your gamepad to the axis of the vJoy device
- Mapping a button / keyboard function that have a default keyboard shortcut:
In the game | lookup the keyboard shortcut
In ControllerBuddy | create a matching mapping from a button / axis of your gamepad to the keyboard shortcut
- Mapping a function that is not mapped by default:
In the game | map the function to an unused button of the vJoy device
In ControllerBuddy | create a matching mapping a button / axis of your gamepad to the button of the vJoy device
**Important:** It is recommended that you export or backup your game configuration and keep it with your ControllerBuddy profile.
What follows are some general guidelines on how to proceed when creating a new profile from scratch:
1. In the game remove all existing default mappings (axes and buttons) to your gamepad, otherwise they will interfere with the mappings done via ControllerBuddy and the vJoy device.
(This step is not necessary if you are using a DualShock 4 or DualSense gamepad!)
2. Start by mapping the main control axes (elevator, ailerons, rudder, throttle) as part of the *Default Mode*
3. Add a *Look Mode* and a *View Mode* as described above
4. Add mappings for basic functions such as: landing gear, flaps, brakes. Normally these mappings should be part of the *Default Mode*. However, exceptions can be made: in modern aircraft such as the F/A-18 Hornet, the flaps are only used during take-off and landing and in addition other functions such as the tailhook fall into the same category. Since we only have a limited number of gamepad buttons available it makes sense to put all of these functions only used during take-off and landing into a dedicated mode.
5. Add dedicated modes for special functions, e.g. sensor controls.
When assigning a gamepad button to a mode action, you have two options:
- Toggle checked: this means that a single press of the button toggles the mode on, pressing it again toggles it off
- Toggle unchecked: this means that the mode is only active for as long as you keep the button pressed down
In general, toggling is more useful for modes that should stay active for a longer period of time, e.g. for a mode dedicated to operating sensor controls.
6. In rare cases it may be useful to have certain axes or buttons double-bound within a mode, even for unrelated functions. For example, in my profiles I often double-bind the gamepad triggers for left and right braking, as well as for dropping weapons and firing the gun.
This is possible because when you are on the ground (when it makes sense to use the brakes), the weapon systems are turned off, so pulling the trigger has no effect at that point. Conversely, if you are in combat and the weapon safety is off, pulling the trigger will also activate the corresponding brake, but since you are in the air and the landing gear is retracted, braking will have no effect.
7. Experiment! After a while you can quickly come up with input profiles, but it is only when you actually use a profile that its weaknesses become apparent. In this case, ControllerBuddy's interface makes it easy for you to make some quick changes, try them out, and only keep them if you like how they feel in action.
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What are the hardware and software requirements? |
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Where can I get premade profiles? |
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Why is the overlay not displayed? |
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How can I ensure the vJoy device takes precedence over any physical controllers? |
- On Windows, make sure the vJoy device is the preferred input device - proceed as follows:
1. Start -> Run -> enter `joy.cpl` -> OK
2. Advanced -> Preferred device -> select 'vJoy Device'
- On Linux in combination with Wine, you can entirely disable physical input devices with the following steps:
1. From a terminal session run `wine control`
2. Select each physical input device listed below 'Connected' and click 'Disable' - make sure you do not disable the device called 'ControllerBuddy Joystick'.
There should be no devices listed below 'Connected (xinput device)'.
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Is it possible to easily swap the left and right sticks? |
Yes! Go to the global settings tab and enable the 'Swap Left and Right Sticks' option.
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What is haptic feedback? |
Haptic feedback is a special feature that can be enabled for relative axis mappings. It causes the controller to vibrate slightly when either end of a relative axis, or a user defined axis position (dentent), is reached.
Haptic feedback support is implemented for the most popular controllers on both Windows and Linux.
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Which controller do you recommend? |
The author either recommends a Microsoft Xbox Series X\|S Controller or a Sony DualSense or DualShock 4 controller.
Both Sony controllers feature a touchpad, which is supported by ControllerBuddy to function like the typical touchpad of a laptop computer.
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Why is my Xbox Controller not recognized by ControllerBuddy? |
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How can I keep track of the battery status of wireless controllers? |
When using a Sony DualSense or DualShock 4 controller or a XInput controller on Windows, ControllerBuddy reads the battery state of the device and displays it in the tooltip of the tray icon.
For both Sony controllers, ControllerBuddy also adjusts the lighting to keep the user aware of the battery state at a glance.
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Can I use ControllerBuddy in VR? |
ControllerBuddy allows the user to fully control all input aspects (game controls and the UI) solely via a gamepad. Hence, the user never has to put his gamepad aside in order to reach for a mouse or keyboard. This makes ControllerBuddy predestined for a VR environment, in which the user cannot see any peripherials.
Both the overlay and the on-screen-keyboard of ControllerBuddy are available as overlays inside OpenVR applications, just as they are in a regular non-VR application.
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Is there a way to automate launching ControllerBuddy and loading profiles from within simulators? |
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Is there a way to automatically install and update ControllerBuddy? |
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How can I report bugs? |
If you encounter any bugs, please use the [GitHub issue system]( https://github.com/bwRavencl/ControllerBuddy/issues){:target="_blank"} to report them to the author.
Always include information about your system, including the operating system version and controller hardware you are using.
Also, please take the time to provide exact steps on how to reproduce the problem you encountered.
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How can I contribute? |
The easiest way everybody can contribute to ControllerBuddy is simply by spreading the word:
Online, people new to flight simulation are regularly asking how they can enjoy this hobby without a joystick, so the next time you see one of these posts, help them out and let them know about ControllerBuddy!
If you are a developer and would like to contribute to ControllerBuddy by implementing a feature or fixing a bug feel free to do so and open a pull-request on GitHub.
ControllerBuddy is free and open-source software, licensed under the [GNU General Public License v2.0]( https://github.com/bwRavencl/ControllerBuddy/blob/master/LICENSE){:target="_blank"}, this allows everyone to participate in its development.
Please note that the author will only accept features that he personally finds useful and that meet his standards for code quality.
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How can I get in touch with you? |
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](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bwRavencl/ControllerBuddy/master/screenshot_7.png){kind=link}