ci: Drop testing Ubuntu 22.04 "jammy" and increase required Python version to at least 3.11

[bdrung]

Ubuntu 24.04 "noble" is the latest Ubuntu LTS version.

Debian 12 "Bookworm" ships Python 3.11 and Ubuntu 24.04 "noble" ships Python 3.12. So bump the baseline after dropping Ubuntu 22.04 "jammy".

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 91.42857% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 82.72%. Comparing base (bdeacb8) to head (3d7ca85).
Report is 3 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
apport/packaging_impl/apt_dpkg.py	87.50%	2 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #404      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   82.77%   82.72%   -0.05%     
==========================================
  Files          98       98              
  Lines       20175    20144      -31     
  Branches     3268     3172      -96     
==========================================
- Hits        16699    16664      -35     
- Misses       2957     2959       +2     
- Partials      519      521       +2     

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[bdrung]

This PR should be ready. The reduced codecov/project can be ignored IMO.