Add and configure pre-commit

[mikealfare]

Problem / Solution

We need to setup pre-commit. This PR also addresses the resulting violations.

Acceptance Criteria

Beta Give feedback

1. pre-commit is configured with built-in hooks that are used in other adapter repos
2. pre-commit is configured to run black, flake8, and mypy using the configurations in pyproject.toml
3. pre-commit can be installed via hatch
4. GHA workflows that run code quality checks, or use pre-commit in other ways (e.g. to tidy up the changelog on release) are updated so they work properly

Tasks

Beta Give feedback

1. Update .pre-commit-config.yaml to use the local repo so that the config in pyproject.toml gets used everywhere
2. Add a command hatch run dev that will instantiate the dev environment and install pre-commit hooks
3. Combine default, lint, and typecheck hatch environments into the hatch default environment
4. Install pre-commit as part of the CI envrionment setup (setup-hatch) since it's needed for most CI anyway
5. Update code-quality workflow to run all code quality at once instead of as separate steps
6. Exclude dbt/adapters/events/adapter_types_pb2.py from linting; this is a meta-coded file
7. Exclude dbt/adapters/protocol.py from flake8 since flake8 does not correctly handle the syntax for Protocol classes
8. Run pre-commit (by running hatch run code-quality) to trigger updates so that CI passes

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me
• I have run this code in development, and it appears to resolve the stated issue
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required/relevant for this PR
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g. macros, cli, logs, json artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc.) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX

[github-actions]

Thank you for your pull request! We could not find a changelog entry for this change. For details on how to document a change, see the contributing guide.

[VersusFacit]

I'm lacking some contexts on key components here

[dbeatty10]

We should probably include install and usage instructions, so I opened this issue:

• [Feature] pre-commit install and usage instructions within contributing guide #180