Create custom error class and ensure consistent error handling/throwing.

[rjferguson21]

The UDS Operator would benefit from more consistency related to Errors thrown. Ideally I think we would want to create a custom Error class which would allow us to:

• have more consistency with how we log errors
• classify the types of errors, perhaps indicating if an error is recoverable
• link the exception to a particular component (perhaps leveraging newly added child logger components enum

We also need to ensure we are asserting that exceptions actually are Errors. Focus should be on the handleFailure function

[rjferguson21]

An example of a critical failure would be if this line throws an exception - https://github.com/defenseunicorns/uds-core/blob/main/src/pepr/operator/controllers/keycloak/client-sync.ts#L145C1-L145C5