diff --git a/lib/checks/label/multiple-label.js b/lib/checks/label/multiple-label.js
index 67dd91ae7c..b8c156cf79 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/multiple-label.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/multiple-label.js
@@ -3,16 +3,8 @@ let labels = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(`label[for="${id}"]`));
 let parent = node.parentNode;
 
 if (labels.length) {
-	// filter out hidden labels because they're fine
-	// except: fail first label if hidden because of VO
-	labels = labels.filter(function(label, index) {
-		if (
-			(index === 0 && !axe.commons.dom.isVisible(label, true)) ||
-			axe.commons.dom.isVisible(label, true)
-		) {
-			return label;
-		}
-	});
+	// filter out CSS hidden labels because they're fine
+	labels = labels.filter(label => axe.commons.dom.isVisible(label));
 }
 
 while (parent) {
@@ -26,4 +18,20 @@ while (parent) {
 }
 
 this.relatedNodes(labels);
-return labels.length > 1;
+
+// more than 1 CSS visible label
+if (labels.length > 1) {
+	const ATVisibleLabels = labels.filter(label =>
+		axe.commons.dom.isVisible(label, true)
+	);
+	// more than 1 AT visible label will fail IOS/Safari/VO even with aria-labelledby
+	if (ATVisibleLabels.length > 1) {
+		return true;
+	}
+	// make sure the ONE AT visible label is in the list of idRefs of aria-labelledby
+	const labelledby = axe.commons.dom.idrefs(node, 'aria-labelledby');
+	return !labelledby.includes(ATVisibleLabels[0]);
+}
+
+// only 1 CSS visible label
+return false;
diff --git a/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js b/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
index 971a5137b7..98bc10330f 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
@@ -69,19 +69,7 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
 		assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
 	});
 
-	it('should return true if there are multiple explicit labels but the first one is hidden', function() {
-		fixture.innerHTML =
-			'<label style="display:none" for="test-input2" id="l1">label one</label>' +
-			'<label for="test-input2" id="l2">label two</label>' +
-			'<input id="test-input2" type="text">';
-		var target = fixture.querySelector('#test-input2');
-		var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
-		var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
-		assert.isTrue(checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target));
-		assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
-	});
-
-	it('should return true if there are multiple explicit labels but the first one is hidden', function() {
+	it('should return true if there are multiple explicit labels but some are hidden', function() {
 		fixture.innerHTML =
 			'<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
 			'<label for="me" style="display:none;" id="l2">hidden</label>' +
@@ -112,4 +100,80 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
 			checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target)
 		);
 	});
+
+	it('should return true given multiple labels and no aria-labelledby', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="A">';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Please</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Excuse</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">My</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Dear</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Aunt</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Sally</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#A');
+		assert.isTrue(checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target));
+	});
+
+	it('should return true given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and no aria-labelledby', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="B">';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B">Please</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Excuse</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">My</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Dear</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Aunt</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Sally</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#B');
+		assert.isTrue(checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target));
+	});
+
+	it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for AT visible', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E"/>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#D');
+		assert.isFalse(
+			checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target)
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for all', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="F" aria-labelledby="G H"/>';
+		fixture.innerHTML +=
+			'<label for="F" id="G" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="F" id="H">Excuse</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#F');
+		assert.isFalse(
+			checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target)
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('should return false given multiple labels, one label visible, and no aria-labelledby', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="I"/>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="I" style="display:none">Please</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="I" >Excuse</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#I');
+		assert.isFalse(
+			checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target)
+		);
+	});
+
+	it('should return true given multiple labels, all visible, aria-labelledby for all', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML =
+			'<input type="checkbox" id="J" aria-labelledby="K L M N O P">';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="K">Please</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="L">Excuse</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="M">My</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="N">Dear</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="O">Aunt</label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="P">Sally</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#J');
+		assert.isTrue(checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target));
+	});
+
+	it('should return true given multiple labels, one AT visible, no aria-labelledby', function() {
+		fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="Q"/>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>';
+		fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>';
+		var target = fixture.querySelector('#Q');
+		assert.isTrue(checks['multiple-label'].evaluate.call(checkContext, target));
+	});
 });