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Inductive entity representations from text via link prediction





This repository contains the code used for the experiments in the paper "Inductive entity representations from text via link prediction", presented at The Web Conference, 2021. To refer to our work, please use the following:

@inproceedings{daza2021inductive,
    title = {Inductive Entity Representations from Text via Link Prediction},
    author = {Daniel Daza and Michael Cochez and Paul Groth},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of The Web Conference 2021},
    year = {2021},
    doi = {10.1145/3442381.3450141},
}

In this work, we show how a BERT-based text encoder can be fine-tuned with a link prediction objective, in a graph where entities have an associated textual description. We call the resulting model BLP. There are three interesting properties of a trained BLP model:

  • It can predict a link between entities, even if one or both were not present during training.
  • It produces useful representations for a classifier, that don't require retraining the encoder.
  • It improves an information retrieval system, by better matching entities and questions about them.

Usage

Please follow the instructions next to reproduce our experiments, and to train a model with your own data.

1. Install the requirements

Creating a new environment (e.g. with conda) is recommended. Use requirements.txt to install the dependencies:

conda create -n blp python=3.7
conda activate blp
pip install -r requirements.txt

2. Download the data

Download the required compressed datasets into the data folder:

Download link Size (compressed)
UMLS (small graph for tests) 121 KB
WN18RR 6.6 MB
FB15k-237 21 MB
Wikidata5M 1.4 GB
GloVe embeddings 423 MB
DBpedia-Entity 1.3 GB

Then use tar to extract the files, e.g.

tar -xzvf WN18RR.tar.gz

Note that the KG-related files above contain both transductive and inductive splits. Transductive splits are commonly used to evaluate lookup-table methods like ComplEx, while inductive splits contain entities in the test set that are not present in the training set. Files with triples for the inductive case have the ind prefix, e.g. ind-train.txt.

2. Reproduce the experiments

Link prediction

To check that all dependencies are correctly installed, run a quick test on a small graph (this should take less than 1 minute on GPU):

./scripts/test-umls.sh

The table below is a adapted from our paper. The "Script" column contains the name of the script that reproduces the experiment for the corresponding model and dataset. For example, if you want to reproduce the results of BLP-TransE on FB15k-237, run

./scripts/blp-transe-fb15k237.sh
Pre-trained models

We have additionally uploaded weights of pre-trained models for most of these experiments, so that it's possible to skip training and obtain the evaluation results from them. Download links can be found in the table, on each evaluation script.

We also provide evaluation scripts for these pre-trained models, which have the same names as training scripts, appended with -pretrained. For example, to reproduce the results of BLP-TransE on FB15k-237, first download the weights by following the link in the table, untar the file, and run

./scripts/blp-transe-fb15k237-pretrained.sh
WN18RR FB15k-237 Wikidata5M
Model MRR Script + weights link MRR Script + weights link MRR Script + weights link
GlovE-BOW 0.170 glove-bow-wn18rr.sh 0.172 glove-bow-fb15k237.sh 0.343 glove-bow-wikidata5m.sh
BE-BOW 0.180 bert-bow-wn18rr.sh 0.173 bert-bow-fb15k237.sh 0.362 bert-bow-wikidata5m.sh
GloVe-DKRL 0.115 glove-dkrl-wn18rr.sh 0.112 glove-dkrl-fb15k237.sh 0.282 glove-dkrl-wikidata5m.sh
BE-DKRL 0.139 bert-dkrl-wn18rr.sh 0.144 bert-dkrl-fb15k237.sh 0.322 bert-dkrl-wikidata5m.sh
BLP-TransE 0.285 blp-transe-wn18rr.sh 0.195 blp-transe-fb15k237.sh 0.478 blp-transe-wikidata5m.sh
BLP-DistMult 0.248 blp-distmult-wn18rr.sh 0.146 blp-distmult-fb15k237.sh 0.472 blp-distmult-wikidata5m.sh
BLP-ComplEx 0.261 blp-complex-wn18rr.sh 0.148 blp-complex-fb15k237.sh 0.489 blp-complex-wikidata5m.sh
BLP-SimplE 0.239 blp-simple-wn18rr.sh 0.144 blp-simple-fb15k237.sh 0.493 blp-simple-wikidata5m.sh

Entity classification

After training for link prediction, a tensor of embeddings for all entities is computed and saved in a file with name ent_emb-[ID].pt where [ID] is the id of the experiment in the database (we use Sacred to manage experiments). Another file called ents-[ID].pt contains entity identifiers for every row in the tensor of embeddings.

To ease reproducibility, we provide these tensors, which are required in the entity classification task. Click on the ID, download the file into the output folder, and decompress it. An experiment can be reproduced using the following command:

python train.py node_classification with checkpoint=ID dataset=DATASET

where DATASET is either WN18RR or FB15k-237. For example:

python train.py node_classification with checkpoint=199 dataset=WN18RR
WN18RR FB15k-237
Model Acc. ID Acc. Bal. ID
GloVe-BOW 55.3 219 34.4 293
BE-BOW 60.7 218 28.3 296
GloVe-DKRL 55.5 206 26.6 295
BE-DKRL 48.8 207 30.9 294
BLP-TransE 81.5 199 42.5 297
BLP-DistMult 78.5 200 41.0 298
BLP-ComplEx 78.1 201 38.1 300
BLP-SimplE 83.0 202 45.7 299

Information retrieval

This task runs with a pre-trained model saved from the link prediction task. For example, if the model trained is blp with transe and it was saved as model.pt, then run the following command to run the information retrieval task:

python retrieval.py with model=blp rel_model=transe \
checkpoint='output/model.pt'

Using your own data

If you have a knowledge graph where entities have textual descriptions, you can train a BLP model for the tasks of inductive link prediction, and entity classification (if you also have labels for entities).

To do this, add a new folder inside the data folder (let's call it my-kg). Store in it a file containing the triples in your KG. This should be a text file with one tab-separated triple per line (let's call it all-triples.tsv).

To generate inductive splits, you can use data/utils.py. If you run

python data/utils.py drop_entities --file=my-kg/all-triples.tsv

this will generate ind-train.tsv, ind-dev.tsv, ind-test.tsv inside my-kg (see Appendix A in our paper for details on how these are generated). You can then train BLP-TransE with

python train.py with dataset='my-kg'

Alternative implementations