NativeMethods.cs

// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.IO;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Runtime.Versioning;

using Microsoft.Build.Shared;
using Microsoft.Win32;
using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;

using FILETIME = System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComTypes.FILETIME;

#nullable disable

namespace Microsoft.Build.Framework;

internal static class NativeMethods
{
#region Constants

    internal const uint ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER = 0x8007007A;
    internal const uint STARTUP_LOADER_SAFEMODE = 0x10;
    internal const uint S_OK = 0x0;
    internal const uint S_FALSE = 0x1;
    internal const uint ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED = 0x5;
    internal const uint ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND = 0x80070002;
    internal const uint FUSION_E_PRIVATE_ASM_DISALLOWED = 0x80131044; // Tried to find unsigned assembly in GAC
    internal const uint RUNTIME_INFO_DONT_SHOW_ERROR_DIALOG = 0x40;
    internal const uint FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002;
    internal const Int32 STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11;
    internal const uint ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x0004;
    internal const uint RPC_S_CALLPENDING = 0x80010115;
    internal const uint E_ABORT = (uint)0x80004004;

    internal const int FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY = 0x00000001;
    internal const int FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY = 0x00000010;
    internal const int FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT = 0x00000400;

    /// <summary>
    /// Default buffer size to use when dealing with the Windows API.
    /// </summary>
    internal const int MAX_PATH = 260;

    private const string kernel32Dll = "kernel32.dll";

    private const string WINDOWS_FILE_SYSTEM_REGISTRY_KEY = @"SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSystem";
    private const string WINDOWS_LONG_PATHS_ENABLED_VALUE_NAME = "LongPathsEnabled";

    internal static DateTime MinFileDate { get; } = DateTime.FromFileTimeUtc(0);

    internal static HandleRef NullHandleRef = new HandleRef(null, IntPtr.Zero);

    internal static IntPtr NullIntPtr = new IntPtr(0);
    internal static IntPtr InvalidHandle = new IntPtr(-1);

    // As defined in winnt.h:
    internal const ushort PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL = 0;
    internal const ushort PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM = 5;
    internal const ushort PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_IA64 = 6;
    internal const ushort PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64 = 9;
    internal const ushort PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64 = 12;

    internal const uint INFINITE = 0xFFFFFFFF;
    internal const uint WAIT_ABANDONED_0 = 0x00000080;
    internal const uint WAIT_OBJECT_0 = 0x00000000;
    internal const uint WAIT_TIMEOUT = 0x00000102;

#endregion

#region Enums

    private enum PROCESSINFOCLASS : int
    {
        ProcessBasicInformation = 0,
        ProcessQuotaLimits,
        ProcessIoCounters,
        ProcessVmCounters,
        ProcessTimes,
        ProcessBasePriority,
        ProcessRaisePriority,
        ProcessDebugPort,
        ProcessExceptionPort,
        ProcessAccessToken,
        ProcessLdtInformation,
        ProcessLdtSize,
        ProcessDefaultHardErrorMode,
        ProcessIoPortHandlers, // Note: this is kernel mode only
        ProcessPooledUsageAndLimits,
        ProcessWorkingSetWatch,
        ProcessUserModeIOPL,
        ProcessEnableAlignmentFaultFixup,
        ProcessPriorityClass,
        ProcessWx86Information,
        ProcessHandleCount,
        ProcessAffinityMask,
        ProcessPriorityBoost,
        MaxProcessInfoClass
    };

    private enum eDesiredAccess : int
    {
        DELETE = 0x00010000,
        READ_CONTROL = 0x00020000,
        WRITE_DAC = 0x00040000,
        WRITE_OWNER = 0x00080000,
        SYNCHRONIZE = 0x00100000,
        STANDARD_RIGHTS_ALL = 0x001F0000,

        PROCESS_TERMINATE = 0x0001,
        PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD = 0x0002,
        PROCESS_SET_SESSIONID = 0x0004,
        PROCESS_VM_OPERATION = 0x0008,
        PROCESS_VM_READ = 0x0010,
        PROCESS_VM_WRITE = 0x0020,
        PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE = 0x0040,
        PROCESS_CREATE_PROCESS = 0x0080,
        PROCESS_SET_QUOTA = 0x0100,
        PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION = 0x0200,
        PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION = 0x0400,
        PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS = SYNCHRONIZE | 0xFFF
    }
#pragma warning disable 0649, 0169
    internal enum LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP
    {
        RelationProcessorCore,
        RelationNumaNode,
        RelationCache,
        RelationProcessorPackage,
        RelationGroup,
        RelationAll = 0xffff
    }
    internal struct SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX
    {
        public LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP Relationship;
        public uint Size;
        public PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP Processor;
    }
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
    internal unsafe struct PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP
    {
        public byte Flags;
        private byte EfficiencyClass;
        private fixed byte Reserved[20];
        public ushort GroupCount;
        public IntPtr GroupInfo;
    }
#pragma warning restore 0169, 0149

    /// <summary>
    /// Flags for CoWaitForMultipleHandles
    /// </summary>
    [Flags]
    public enum COWAIT_FLAGS : int
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Exit when a handle is signaled.
        /// </summary>
        COWAIT_NONE = 0,

        /// <summary>
        /// Exit when all handles are signaled AND a message is received.
        /// </summary>
        COWAIT_WAITALL = 0x00000001,

        /// <summary>
        /// Exit when an RPC call is serviced.
        /// </summary>
        COWAIT_ALERTABLE = 0x00000002
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Processor architecture values
    /// </summary>
    internal enum ProcessorArchitectures
    {
        // Intel 32 bit
        X86,

        // AMD64 64 bit
        X64,

        // Itanium 64
        IA64,

        // ARM
        ARM,

        // ARM64
        ARM64,

        // Who knows
        Unknown
    }

    internal enum SymbolicLink
    {
        File = 0,
        Directory = 1,
        AllowUnprivilegedCreate = 2,
    }

    #endregion

    #region Structs

    /// <summary>
    /// Structure that contain information about the system on which we are running
    /// </summary>
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
    internal struct SYSTEM_INFO
    {
        // This is a union of a DWORD and a struct containing 2 WORDs.
        internal ushort wProcessorArchitecture;
        internal ushort wReserved;

        internal uint dwPageSize;
        internal IntPtr lpMinimumApplicationAddress;
        internal IntPtr lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
        internal IntPtr dwActiveProcessorMask;
        internal uint dwNumberOfProcessors;
        internal uint dwProcessorType;
        internal uint dwAllocationGranularity;
        internal ushort wProcessorLevel;
        internal ushort wProcessorRevision;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Wrap the intptr returned by OpenProcess in a safe handle.
    /// </summary>
    internal class SafeProcessHandle : SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid
    {
        // Create a SafeHandle, informing the base class
        // that this SafeHandle instance "owns" the handle,
        // and therefore SafeHandle should call
        // our ReleaseHandle method when the SafeHandle
        // is no longer in use
        private SafeProcessHandle() : base(true)
        {
        }

        [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
        protected override bool ReleaseHandle()
        {
            return CloseHandle(handle);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Contains information about the current state of both physical and virtual memory, including extended memory
    /// </summary>
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
    internal class MemoryStatus
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MemoryStatus"/> class.
        /// </summary>
        public MemoryStatus()
        {
#if CLR2COMPATIBILITY
            _length = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MemoryStatus));
#else
            _length = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<MemoryStatus>();
#endif
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Size of the structure, in bytes. You must set this member before calling GlobalMemoryStatusEx.
        /// </summary>
        private uint _length;

        /// <summary>
        /// Number between 0 and 100 that specifies the approximate percentage of physical
        /// memory that is in use (0 indicates no memory use and 100 indicates full memory use).
        /// </summary>
        public uint MemoryLoad;

        /// <summary>
        /// Total size of physical memory, in bytes.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong TotalPhysical;

        /// <summary>
        /// Size of physical memory available, in bytes.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong AvailablePhysical;

        /// <summary>
        /// Size of the committed memory limit, in bytes. This is physical memory plus the
        /// size of the page file, minus a small overhead.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong TotalPageFile;

        /// <summary>
        /// Size of available memory to commit, in bytes. The limit is ullTotalPageFile.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong AvailablePageFile;

        /// <summary>
        /// Total size of the user mode portion of the virtual address space of the calling process, in bytes.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong TotalVirtual;

        /// <summary>
        /// Size of unreserved and uncommitted memory in the user mode portion of the virtual
        /// address space of the calling process, in bytes.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong AvailableVirtual;

        /// <summary>
        /// Size of unreserved and uncommitted memory in the extended portion of the virtual
        /// address space of the calling process, in bytes.
        /// </summary>
        public ulong AvailableExtendedVirtual;
    }

    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
    private struct PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION
    {
        public uint ExitStatus;
        public IntPtr PebBaseAddress;
        public UIntPtr AffinityMask;
        public int BasePriority;
        public UIntPtr UniqueProcessId;
        public UIntPtr InheritedFromUniqueProcessId;

        public uint Size
        {
            get
            {
                unsafe
                {
                    return (uint)sizeof(PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION);
                }
            }
        }
    };

    /// <summary>
    /// Contains information about a file or directory; used by GetFileAttributesEx.
    /// </summary>
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
    public struct WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA
    {
        internal int fileAttributes;
        internal uint ftCreationTimeLow;
        internal uint ftCreationTimeHigh;
        internal uint ftLastAccessTimeLow;
        internal uint ftLastAccessTimeHigh;
        internal uint ftLastWriteTimeLow;
        internal uint ftLastWriteTimeHigh;
        internal uint fileSizeHigh;
        internal uint fileSizeLow;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Contains the security descriptor for an object and specifies whether
    /// the handle retrieved by specifying this structure is inheritable.
    /// </summary>
    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
    internal class SecurityAttributes
    {
        public SecurityAttributes()
        {
#if (CLR2COMPATIBILITY)
            _nLength = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(SecurityAttributes));
#else
            _nLength = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<SecurityAttributes>();
#endif
        }

        private uint _nLength;

        public IntPtr lpSecurityDescriptor;

        public bool bInheritHandle;
    }

    private class SystemInformationData
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Architecture as far as the current process is concerned.
        /// It's x86 in wow64 (native architecture is x64 in that case).
        /// Otherwise it's the same as the native architecture.
        /// </summary>
        public readonly ProcessorArchitectures ProcessorArchitectureType;

        /// <summary>
        /// Actual architecture of the system.
        /// </summary>
        public readonly ProcessorArchitectures ProcessorArchitectureTypeNative;

        /// <summary>
        /// Convert SYSTEM_INFO architecture values to the internal enum
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="arch"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private static ProcessorArchitectures ConvertSystemArchitecture(ushort arch)
        {
            return arch switch
            {
                PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_INTEL => ProcessorArchitectures.X86,
                PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64 => ProcessorArchitectures.X64,
                PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM => ProcessorArchitectures.ARM,
                PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_IA64 => ProcessorArchitectures.IA64,
                PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64 => ProcessorArchitectures.ARM64,
                _ => ProcessorArchitectures.Unknown,
            };
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read system info values
        /// </summary>
        public SystemInformationData()
        {
            ProcessorArchitectureType = ProcessorArchitectures.Unknown;
            ProcessorArchitectureTypeNative = ProcessorArchitectures.Unknown;

            if (IsWindows)
            {
                var systemInfo = new SYSTEM_INFO();

                GetSystemInfo(ref systemInfo);
                ProcessorArchitectureType = ConvertSystemArchitecture(systemInfo.wProcessorArchitecture);

                GetNativeSystemInfo(ref systemInfo);
                ProcessorArchitectureTypeNative = ConvertSystemArchitecture(systemInfo.wProcessorArchitecture);
            }
            else
            {
                ProcessorArchitectures processorArchitecture = ProcessorArchitectures.Unknown;
#if !NET35
                // Get the architecture from the runtime.
                processorArchitecture = RuntimeInformation.OSArchitecture switch
                {
                    Architecture.Arm => ProcessorArchitectures.ARM,
                    Architecture.Arm64 => ProcessorArchitectures.ARM64,
                    Architecture.X64 => ProcessorArchitectures.X64,
                    Architecture.X86 => ProcessorArchitectures.X86,
                    _ => ProcessorArchitectures.Unknown,
                };
#endif
                // Fall back to 'uname -m' to get the architecture.
                if (processorArchitecture == ProcessorArchitectures.Unknown)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        // On Unix run 'uname -m' to get the architecture. It's common for Linux and Mac
                        using (
                            var proc =
                                Process.Start(
                                    new ProcessStartInfo("uname")
                                    {
                                        Arguments = "-m",
                                        UseShellExecute = false,
                                        RedirectStandardOutput = true,
                                        CreateNoWindow = true
                                    }))
                        {
                            string arch = null;
                            if (proc != null)
                            {
                                arch = proc.StandardOutput.ReadLine();
                                proc.WaitForExit();
                            }

                            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(arch))
                            {
                                if (arch.StartsWith("x86_64", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                                {
                                    ProcessorArchitectureType = ProcessorArchitectures.X64;
                                }
                                else if (arch.StartsWith("ia64", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                                {
                                    ProcessorArchitectureType = ProcessorArchitectures.IA64;
                                }
                                else if (arch.StartsWith("arm", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                                {
                                    ProcessorArchitectureType = ProcessorArchitectures.ARM;
                                }
                                else if (arch.StartsWith("aarch64", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                                {
                                    ProcessorArchitectureType = ProcessorArchitectures.ARM64;
                                }
                                else if (arch.StartsWith("i", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                                        && arch.EndsWith("86", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                                {
                                    ProcessorArchitectureType = ProcessorArchitectures.X86;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    catch
                    {
                        // Best effort: fall back to Unknown
                    }
                }

                ProcessorArchitectureTypeNative = ProcessorArchitectureType = processorArchitecture;
            }
        }
    }

    public static int GetLogicalCoreCount()
    {
        int numberOfCpus = Environment.ProcessorCount;
#if !MONO
        // .NET on Windows returns a core count limited to the current NUMA node
        //     https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/29686
        // so always double-check it.
        if (IsWindows)
        {
            var result = GetLogicalCoreCountOnWindows();
            if (result != -1)
            {
                numberOfCpus = result;
            }
        }
#endif

        return numberOfCpus;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Get the exact physical core count on Windows
    /// Useful for getting the exact core count in 32 bits processes,
    /// as Environment.ProcessorCount has a 32-core limit in that case.
    /// https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/221ad5b728f93489655df290c1ea52956ad8f51c/src/libraries/System.Runtime.Extensions/src/System/Environment.Windows.cs#L171-L210
    /// </summary>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private unsafe static int GetLogicalCoreCountOnWindows()
    {
        uint len = 0;
        const int ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER = 122;

        if (!GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP.RelationProcessorCore, IntPtr.Zero, ref len) &&
            Marshal.GetLastWin32Error() == ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER)
        {
            // Allocate that much space
            var buffer = new byte[len];
            fixed (byte* bufferPtr = buffer)
            {
                // Call GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx with the allocated buffer
                if (GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP.RelationProcessorCore, (IntPtr)bufferPtr, ref len))
                {
                    // Walk each SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX in the buffer, where the Size of each dictates how
                    // much space it's consuming.  For each group relation, count the number of active processors in each of its group infos.
                    int processorCount = 0;
                    byte* ptr = bufferPtr;
                    byte* endPtr = bufferPtr + len;
                    while (ptr < endPtr)
                    {
                        var current = (SYSTEM_LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_INFORMATION_EX*)ptr;
                        if (current->Relationship == LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP.RelationProcessorCore)
                        {
                            // Flags is 0 if the core has a single logical proc, LTP_PC_SMT if more than one
                            // for now, assume "more than 1" == 2, as it has historically been for hyperthreading
                            processorCount += (current->Processor.Flags == 0) ? 1 : 2;
                        }
                        ptr += current->Size;
                    }
                    return processorCount;
                }
            }
        }

        return -1;
    }

#endregion

#region Member data

    internal static bool HasMaxPath => MaxPath == MAX_PATH;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the max path limit of the current OS.
    /// </summary>
    internal static int MaxPath
    {
        get
        {
            if (!IsMaxPathSet)
            {
                SetMaxPath();
            }
            return _maxPath;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Cached value for MaxPath.
    /// </summary>
    private static int _maxPath;

    private static bool IsMaxPathSet { get; set; }

    private static readonly object MaxPathLock = new object();

    private static void SetMaxPath()
    {
        lock (MaxPathLock)
        {
            if (!IsMaxPathSet)
            {
                bool isMaxPathRestricted = Traits.Instance.EscapeHatches.DisableLongPaths || IsMaxPathLegacyWindows();
                _maxPath = isMaxPathRestricted ? MAX_PATH : int.MaxValue;
                IsMaxPathSet = true;
            }
        }
    }

    internal static bool IsMaxPathLegacyWindows()
    {
        try
        {
            return IsWindows && !IsLongPathsEnabledRegistry();
        }
        catch
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private static bool IsLongPathsEnabledRegistry()
    {
        using (RegistryKey fileSystemKey = Registry.LocalMachine.OpenSubKey(WINDOWS_FILE_SYSTEM_REGISTRY_KEY))
        {
            object longPathsEnabledValue = fileSystemKey?.GetValue(WINDOWS_LONG_PATHS_ENABLED_VALUE_NAME, 0);
            return fileSystemKey != null && Convert.ToInt32(longPathsEnabledValue) == 1;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Cached value for IsUnixLike (this method is called frequently during evaluation).
    /// </summary>
    private static readonly bool s_isUnixLike = IsLinux || IsOSX || IsBSD;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a flag indicating if we are running under a Unix-like system (Mac, Linux, etc.)
    /// </summary>
    internal static bool IsUnixLike
    {
        get { return s_isUnixLike; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a flag indicating if we are running under Linux
    /// </summary>
    [SupportedOSPlatformGuard("linux")]
    internal static bool IsLinux
    {
#if CLR2COMPATIBILITY
            get { return false; }
#else
        get { return RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux); }
#endif
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a flag indicating if we are running under flavor of BSD (NetBSD, OpenBSD, FreeBSD)
    /// </summary>
    internal static bool IsBSD
    {
#if CLR2COMPATIBILITY
            get { return false; }
#else
        get
        {
            return RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Create("FREEBSD")) ||
                   RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Create("NETBSD")) ||
                   RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Create("OPENBSD"));
        }
#endif
    }

    private static readonly object IsMonoLock = new object();

    private static bool? _isMono;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a flag indicating if we are running under MONO
    /// </summary>
    internal static bool IsMono
    {
        get
        {
            if (_isMono != null) return _isMono.Value;

            lock (IsMonoLock)
            {
                if (_isMono == null)
                {
                    // There could be potentially expensive TypeResolve events, so cache IsMono.
                    // Also, VS does not host Mono runtimes, so turn IsMono off when msbuild is running under VS
                    _isMono = !BuildEnvironmentState.s_runningInVisualStudio &&
                              Type.GetType("Mono.Runtime") != null;
                }
            }

            return _isMono.Value;
        }
    }

#if !CLR2COMPATIBILITY
    private static bool? _isWindows;
#endif
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a flag indicating if we are running under some version of Windows
    /// </summary>
    [SupportedOSPlatformGuard("windows")]
    internal static bool IsWindows
    {
#if CLR2COMPATIBILITY
            get { return true; }
#else
        get
        {
            _isWindows ??= RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows);
            return _isWindows.Value;
        }
#endif
    }

#if !CLR2COMPATIBILITY
    private static bool? _isOSX;
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a flag indicating if we are running under Mac OSX
    /// </summary>
    internal static bool IsOSX
    {
#if CLR2COMPATIBILITY
            get { return false; }
#else
        get
        {
            _isOSX ??= RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.OSX);
            return _isOSX.Value;
        }
#endif
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a string for the current OS. This matches the OS env variable
    /// for Windows (Windows_NT).
    /// </summary>
    internal static string OSName
    {
        get { return IsWindows ? "Windows_NT" : "Unix"; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Framework named as presented to users (for example in version info).
    /// </summary>
    internal static string FrameworkName
    {
        get
        {
#if RUNTIME_TYPE_NETCORE
            const string frameworkName = ".NET";
#elif MONO
            const string frameworkName = "Mono";
#else
            const string frameworkName = ".NET Framework";
#endif
            return frameworkName;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// OS name that can be used for the msbuildExtensionsPathSearchPaths element
    /// for a toolset
    /// </summary>
    internal static string GetOSNameForExtensionsPath()
    {
        return IsOSX ? "osx" : IsUnixLike ? "unix" : "windows";
    }

    internal static bool OSUsesCaseSensitivePaths
    {
        get { return IsLinux; }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The base directory for all framework paths in Mono
    /// </summary>
    private static string s_frameworkBasePath;

    /// <summary>
    /// The directory of the current framework
    /// </summary>
    private static string s_frameworkCurrentPath;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the currently running framework path
    /// </summary>
    internal static string FrameworkCurrentPath
    {
        get
        {
            if (s_frameworkCurrentPath == null)
            {
                var baseTypeLocation = AssemblyUtilities.GetAssemblyLocation(typeof(string).GetTypeInfo().Assembly);

                s_frameworkCurrentPath =
                    Path.GetDirectoryName(baseTypeLocation)
                    ?? string.Empty;
            }

            return s_frameworkCurrentPath;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the base directory of all Mono frameworks
    /// </summary>
    internal static string FrameworkBasePath
    {
        get
        {
            if (s_frameworkBasePath == null)
            {
                var dir = FrameworkCurrentPath;
                if (dir != string.Empty)
                {
                    dir = Path.GetDirectoryName(dir);
                }

                s_frameworkBasePath = dir ?? string.Empty;
            }

            return s_frameworkBasePath;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// System information, initialized when required.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Initially implemented as <see cref="Lazy{SystemInformationData}"/>, but
    /// that's .NET 4+, and this is used in MSBuildTaskHost.
    /// </remarks>
    private static SystemInformationData SystemInformation
    {
        get
        {
            if (!_systemInformationInitialized)
            {
                lock (SystemInformationLock)
                {
                    if (!_systemInformationInitialized)
                    {
                        _systemInformation = new SystemInformationData();
                        _systemInformationInitialized = true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return _systemInformation;
        }
    }

    private static SystemInformationData _systemInformation;
    private static bool _systemInformationInitialized;
    private static readonly object SystemInformationLock = new object();

    /// <summary>
    /// Architecture getter
    /// </summary>
    internal static ProcessorArchitectures ProcessorArchitecture => SystemInformation.ProcessorArchitectureType;

    /// <summary>
    /// Native architecture getter
    /// </summary>
    internal static ProcessorArchitectures ProcessorArchitectureNative => SystemInformation.ProcessorArchitectureTypeNative;

#endregion

#region Wrapper methods


    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern void GetSystemInfo(ref SYSTEM_INFO lpSystemInfo);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern void GetNativeSystemInfo(ref SYSTEM_INFO lpSystemInfo);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool GetLogicalProcessorInformationEx(LOGICAL_PROCESSOR_RELATIONSHIP RelationshipType, IntPtr Buffer, ref uint ReturnedLength);

    /// <summary>
    /// Get the last write time of the fullpath to a directory. If the pointed path is not a directory, or
    /// if the directory does not exist, then false is returned and fileModifiedTimeUtc is set DateTime.MinValue.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="fullPath">Full path to the file in the filesystem</param>
    /// <param name="fileModifiedTimeUtc">The UTC last write time for the directory</param>
    internal static bool GetLastWriteDirectoryUtcTime(string fullPath, out DateTime fileModifiedTimeUtc)
    {
        // This code was copied from the reference manager, if there is a bug fix in that code, see if the same fix should also be made
        // there
        if (IsWindows)
        {
            fileModifiedTimeUtc = DateTime.MinValue;

            WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA data = new WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA();
            bool success = GetFileAttributesEx(fullPath, 0, ref data);
            if (success)
            {
                if ((data.fileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0)
                {
                    long dt = ((long)(data.ftLastWriteTimeHigh) << 32) | ((long)data.ftLastWriteTimeLow);
                    fileModifiedTimeUtc = DateTime.FromFileTimeUtc(dt);
                }
                else
                {
                    // Path does not point to a directory
                    success = false;
                }
            }

            return success;
        }

        if (Directory.Exists(fullPath))
        {
            fileModifiedTimeUtc = Directory.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(fullPath);
            return true;
        }
        else
        {
            fileModifiedTimeUtc = DateTime.MinValue;
            return false;
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Takes the path and returns the short path
    /// </summary>
    internal static string GetShortFilePath(string path)
    {
        if (!IsWindows)
        {
            return path;
        }

        if (path != null)
        {
            int length = GetShortPathName(path, null, 0);
            int errorCode = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();

            if (length > 0)
            {
                char[] fullPathBuffer = new char[length];
                length = GetShortPathName(path, fullPathBuffer, length);
                errorCode = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();

                if (length > 0)
                {
                    string fullPath = new(fullPathBuffer, 0, length);
                    path = fullPath;
                }
            }

            if (length == 0 && errorCode != 0)
            {
                ThrowExceptionForErrorCode(errorCode);
            }
        }

        return path;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Takes the path and returns a full path
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="path"></param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static string GetLongFilePath(string path)
    {
        if (IsUnixLike)
        {
            return path;
        }

        if (path != null)
        {
            int length = GetLongPathName(path, null, 0);
            int errorCode = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();

            if (length > 0)
            {
                char[] fullPathBuffer = new char[length];
                length = GetLongPathName(path, fullPathBuffer, length);
                errorCode = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();

                if (length > 0)
                {
                    string fullPath = new(fullPathBuffer, 0, length);
                    path = fullPath;
                }
            }

            if (length == 0 && errorCode != 0)
            {
                ThrowExceptionForErrorCode(errorCode);
            }
        }

        return path;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Retrieves the current global memory status.
    /// </summary>
    internal static MemoryStatus GetMemoryStatus()
    {
        if (IsWindows)
        {
            MemoryStatus status = new MemoryStatus();
            bool returnValue = GlobalMemoryStatusEx(status);
            if (!returnValue)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return status;
        }

        return null;
    }

    internal static bool MakeSymbolicLink(string newFileName, string exitingFileName, ref string errorMessage)
    {
        bool symbolicLinkCreated;
        if (IsWindows)
        {
            Version osVersion = Environment.OSVersion.Version;
            SymbolicLink flags = SymbolicLink.File;
            if (osVersion.Major >= 11 || (osVersion.Major == 10 && osVersion.Build >= 14972))
            {
                flags |= SymbolicLink.AllowUnprivilegedCreate;
            }

            symbolicLinkCreated = CreateSymbolicLink(newFileName, exitingFileName, flags);
            errorMessage = symbolicLinkCreated ? null : Marshal.GetExceptionForHR(Marshal.GetHRForLastWin32Error()).Message;
        }
        else
        {
            symbolicLinkCreated = symlink(exitingFileName, newFileName) == 0;
            errorMessage = symbolicLinkCreated ? null : Marshal.GetLastWin32Error().ToString();
        }

        return symbolicLinkCreated;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Get the last write time of the fullpath to the file.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="fullPath">Full path to the file in the filesystem</param>
    /// <returns>The last write time of the file, or DateTime.MinValue if the file does not exist.</returns>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This method should be accurate for regular files and symlinks, but can report incorrect data
    /// if the file's content was modified by writing to it through a different link, unless
    /// MSBUILDALWAYSCHECKCONTENTTIMESTAMP=1.
    /// </remarks>
    internal static DateTime GetLastWriteFileUtcTime(string fullPath)
    {
#if !CLR2COMPATIBILITY && !MICROSOFT_BUILD_ENGINE_OM_UNITTESTS
        if (Traits.Instance.EscapeHatches.AlwaysDoImmutableFilesUpToDateCheck)
        {
            return LastWriteFileUtcTime(fullPath);
        }

        bool isNonModifiable = FileClassifier.Shared.IsNonModifiable(fullPath);
        if (isNonModifiable)
        {
            if (ImmutableFilesTimestampCache.Shared.TryGetValue(fullPath, out DateTime modifiedAt))
            {
                return modifiedAt;
            }
        }

        DateTime modifiedTime = LastWriteFileUtcTime(fullPath);

        if (isNonModifiable && modifiedTime != DateTime.MinValue)
        {
            ImmutableFilesTimestampCache.Shared.TryAdd(fullPath, modifiedTime);
        }

        return modifiedTime;
#else
        return LastWriteFileUtcTime(fullPath);
#endif

        DateTime LastWriteFileUtcTime(string path)
        {
            DateTime fileModifiedTime = DateTime.MinValue;

            if (IsWindows)
            {
                if (Traits.Instance.EscapeHatches.AlwaysUseContentTimestamp)
                {
                    return GetContentLastWriteFileUtcTime(path);
                }

                WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA data = new WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA();
                bool success = NativeMethods.GetFileAttributesEx(path, 0, ref data);

                if (success && (data.fileAttributes & NativeMethods.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) == 0)
                {
                    long dt = ((long)(data.ftLastWriteTimeHigh) << 32) | ((long)data.ftLastWriteTimeLow);
                    fileModifiedTime = DateTime.FromFileTimeUtc(dt);

                    // If file is a symlink _and_ we're not instructed to do the wrong thing, get a more accurate timestamp.
                    if ((data.fileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) == FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT && !Traits.Instance.EscapeHatches.UseSymlinkTimeInsteadOfTargetTime)
                    {
                        fileModifiedTime = GetContentLastWriteFileUtcTime(path);
                    }
                }

                return fileModifiedTime;
            }
            else
            {
                return File.Exists(path)
                    ? File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(path)
                    : DateTime.MinValue;
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Get the SafeFileHandle for a file, while skipping reparse points (going directly to target file).
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="fullPath">Full path to the file in the filesystem</param>
    /// <returns>the SafeFileHandle for a file (target file in case of symlinks)</returns>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private static SafeFileHandle OpenFileThroughSymlinks(string fullPath)
    {
        return CreateFile(fullPath,
            GENERIC_READ,
            FILE_SHARE_READ,
            IntPtr.Zero,
            OPEN_EXISTING,
            FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, /* No FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT; read through to content */
            IntPtr.Zero);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Get the last write time of the content pointed to by a file path.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="fullPath">Full path to the file in the filesystem</param>
    /// <returns>The last write time of the file, or DateTime.MinValue if the file does not exist.</returns>
    /// <remarks>
    /// This is the most accurate timestamp-extraction mechanism, but it is too slow to use all the time.
    /// See https://github.com/dotnet/msbuild/issues/2052.
    /// </remarks>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private static DateTime GetContentLastWriteFileUtcTime(string fullPath)
    {
        DateTime fileModifiedTime = DateTime.MinValue;

        using (SafeFileHandle handle = OpenFileThroughSymlinks(fullPath))
        {
            if (!handle.IsInvalid)
            {
                FILETIME ftCreationTime, ftLastAccessTime, ftLastWriteTime;
                if (GetFileTime(handle, out ftCreationTime, out ftLastAccessTime, out ftLastWriteTime))
                {
                    long fileTime = ((long)(uint)ftLastWriteTime.dwHighDateTime) << 32 |
                                    (long)(uint)ftLastWriteTime.dwLowDateTime;
                    fileModifiedTime =
                        DateTime.FromFileTimeUtc(fileTime);
                }
            }
        }

        return fileModifiedTime;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Did the HRESULT succeed
    /// </summary>
    public static bool HResultSucceeded(int hr)
    {
        return hr >= 0;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Did the HRESULT Fail
    /// </summary>
    public static bool HResultFailed(int hr)
    {
        return hr < 0;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Given an error code, converts it to an HRESULT and throws the appropriate exception.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="errorCode"></param>
    public static void ThrowExceptionForErrorCode(int errorCode)
    {
        // See ndp\clr\src\bcl\system\io\__error.cs for this code as it appears in the CLR.

        // Something really bad went wrong with the call
        // translate the error into an exception

        // Convert the errorcode into an HRESULT (See MakeHRFromErrorCode in Win32Native.cs in
        // ndp\clr\src\bcl\microsoft\win32)
        errorCode = unchecked(((int)0x80070000) | errorCode);

        // Throw an exception as best we can
        Marshal.ThrowExceptionForHR(errorCode);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Kills the specified process by id and all of its children recursively.
    /// </summary>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static void KillTree(int processIdToKill)
    {
        // Note that GetProcessById does *NOT* internally hold on to the process handle.
        // Only when you create the process using the Process object
        // does the Process object retain the original handle.

        Process thisProcess;
        try
        {
            thisProcess = Process.GetProcessById(processIdToKill);
        }
        catch (ArgumentException)
        {
            // The process has already died for some reason.  So shrug and assume that any child processes
            // have all also either died or are in the process of doing so.
            return;
        }

        try
        {
            DateTime myStartTime = thisProcess.StartTime;

            // Grab the process handle.  We want to keep this open for the duration of the function so that
            // it cannot be reused while we are running.
            SafeProcessHandle hProcess = OpenProcess(eDesiredAccess.PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, false, processIdToKill);
            if (hProcess.IsInvalid)
            {
                return;
            }

            try
            {
                try
                {
                    // Kill this process, so that no further children can be created.
                    thisProcess.Kill();
                }
                catch (Win32Exception e) when (e.NativeErrorCode == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)
                {
                    // Access denied is potentially expected -- it happens when the process that
                    // we're attempting to kill is already dead.  So just ignore in that case.
                }

                // Now enumerate our children.  Children of this process are any process which has this process id as its parent
                // and which also started after this process did.
                List<KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle>> children = GetChildProcessIds(processIdToKill, myStartTime);

                try
                {
                    foreach (KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle> childProcessInfo in children)
                    {
                        KillTree(childProcessInfo.Key);
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    foreach (KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle> childProcessInfo in children)
                    {
                        childProcessInfo.Value.Dispose();
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                // Release the handle.  After this point no more children of this process exist and this process has also exited.
                hProcess.Dispose();
            }
        }
        finally
        {
            thisProcess.Dispose();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the parent process id for the specified process.
    /// Returns zero if it cannot be gotten for some reason.
    /// </summary>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static int GetParentProcessId(int processId)
    {
        int ParentID = 0;
#if !CLR2COMPATIBILITY
        if (IsUnixLike)
        {
            string line = null;

            try
            {
                // /proc/<processID>/stat returns a bunch of space separated fields. Get that string

                // TODO: this was
                // using (var r = FileUtilities.OpenRead("/proc/" + processId + "/stat"))
                // and could be again when FileUtilities moves to Framework

                using var fileStream = new FileStream("/proc/" + processId + "/stat", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
                using StreamReader r = new(fileStream);

                line = r.ReadLine();
            }
            catch // Ignore errors since the process may have terminated
            {
            }

            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(line))
            {
                // One of the fields is the process name. It may contain any characters, but since it's
                // in parenthesis, we can finds its end by looking for the last parenthesis. After that,
                // there comes a space, then the second fields separated by a space is the parent id.
                string[] statFields = line.Substring(line.LastIndexOf(')')).Split(MSBuildConstants.SpaceChar, 4);
                if (statFields.Length >= 3)
                {
                    ParentID = Int32.Parse(statFields[2]);
                }
            }
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            SafeProcessHandle hProcess = OpenProcess(eDesiredAccess.PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, false, processId);

            if (!hProcess.IsInvalid)
            {
                try
                {
                    // UNDONE: NtQueryInformationProcess will fail if we are not elevated and other process is. Advice is to change to use ToolHelp32 API's
                    // For now just return zero and worst case we will not kill some children.
                    PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION pbi = new PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION();
                    int pSize = 0;

                    if (0 == NtQueryInformationProcess(hProcess, PROCESSINFOCLASS.ProcessBasicInformation, ref pbi, pbi.Size, ref pSize))
                    {
                        ParentID = (int)pbi.InheritedFromUniqueProcessId;
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    hProcess.Dispose();
                }
            }
        }

        return ParentID;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns an array of all the immediate child processes by id.
    /// NOTE: The IntPtr in the tuple is the handle of the child process.  CloseHandle MUST be called on this.
    /// </summary>
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static List<KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle>> GetChildProcessIds(int parentProcessId, DateTime parentStartTime)
    {
        List<KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle>> myChildren = new List<KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle>>();

        foreach (Process possibleChildProcess in Process.GetProcesses())
        {
            using (possibleChildProcess)
            {
                // Hold the child process handle open so that children cannot die and restart with a different parent after we've started looking at it.
                // This way, any handle we pass back is guaranteed to be one of our actual children.
                SafeProcessHandle childHandle = OpenProcess(eDesiredAccess.PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, false, possibleChildProcess.Id);
                if (childHandle.IsInvalid)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                bool keepHandle = false;
                try
                {
                    if (possibleChildProcess.StartTime > parentStartTime)
                    {
                        int childParentProcessId = GetParentProcessId(possibleChildProcess.Id);
                        if (childParentProcessId != 0)
                        {
                            if (parentProcessId == childParentProcessId)
                            {
                                // Add this one
                                myChildren.Add(new KeyValuePair<int, SafeProcessHandle>(possibleChildProcess.Id, childHandle));
                                keepHandle = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (!keepHandle)
                    {
                        childHandle.Dispose();
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return myChildren;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Internal, optimized GetCurrentDirectory implementation that simply delegates to the native method
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns></returns>
    internal unsafe static string GetCurrentDirectory()
    {
#if FEATURE_LEGACY_GETCURRENTDIRECTORY
        if (IsWindows)
        {
            int bufferSize = GetCurrentDirectoryWin32(0, null);
            char* buffer = stackalloc char[bufferSize];
            int pathLength = GetCurrentDirectoryWin32(bufferSize, buffer);
            return new string(buffer, startIndex: 0, length: pathLength);
        }
#endif
        return Directory.GetCurrentDirectory();
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private unsafe static int GetCurrentDirectoryWin32(int nBufferLength, char* lpBuffer)
    {
        int pathLength = GetCurrentDirectory(nBufferLength, lpBuffer);
        VerifyThrowWin32Result(pathLength);
        return pathLength;
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal unsafe static string GetFullPath(string path)
    {
        int bufferSize = GetFullPathWin32(path, 0, null, IntPtr.Zero);
        char* buffer = stackalloc char[bufferSize];
        int fullPathLength = GetFullPathWin32(path, bufferSize, buffer, IntPtr.Zero);
        // Avoid creating new strings unnecessarily
        return AreStringsEqual(buffer, fullPathLength, path) ? path : new string(buffer, startIndex: 0, length: fullPathLength);
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private unsafe static int GetFullPathWin32(string target, int bufferLength, char* buffer, IntPtr mustBeZero)
    {
        int pathLength = GetFullPathName(target, bufferLength, buffer, mustBeZero);
        VerifyThrowWin32Result(pathLength);
        return pathLength;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Compare an unsafe char buffer with a <see cref="System.String"/> to see if their contents are identical.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="buffer">The beginning of the char buffer.</param>
    /// <param name="len">The length of the buffer.</param>
    /// <param name="s">The string.</param>
    /// <returns>True only if the contents of <paramref name="s"/> and the first <paramref name="len"/> characters in <paramref name="buffer"/> are identical.</returns>
    private unsafe static bool AreStringsEqual(char* buffer, int len, string s)
    {
        if (len != s.Length)
        {
            return false;
        }

        foreach (char ch in s)
        {
            if (ch != *buffer++)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    internal static void VerifyThrowWin32Result(int result)
    {
        bool isError = result == 0;
        if (isError)
        {
            int code = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
            ThrowExceptionForErrorCode(code);
        }
    }

    #endregion

    #region PInvoke
    [SupportedOSPlatform("linux")]
    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
    internal static extern int chmod(string pathname, int mode);

    [SupportedOSPlatform("linux")]
    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
    internal static extern int mkdir(string path, int mode);

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the current OEM code page which is used by console apps
    /// (as opposed to the Windows/ANSI code page)
    /// Basically for each ANSI code page (set in Regional settings) there's a corresponding OEM code page
    /// that needs to be used for instance when writing to batch files
    /// </summary>
    [DllImport(kernel32Dll)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern int GetOEMCP();

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool GetFileAttributesEx(String name, int fileInfoLevel, ref WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA lpFileInformation);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", PreserveSig = true, SetLastError = true)]
    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool FreeLibrary([In] IntPtr module);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", PreserveSig = true, BestFitMapping = false, ThrowOnUnmappableChar = true, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi, SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern IntPtr GetProcAddress(IntPtr module, string procName);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, PreserveSig = true, SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern IntPtr LoadLibrary(string fileName);

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the fully qualified filename of the currently executing .exe.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="hModule"><see cref="HandleRef"/> of the module for which we are finding the file name.</param>
    /// <param name="buffer">The character buffer used to return the file name.</param>
    /// <param name="length">The length of the buffer.</param>
    [DllImport(kernel32Dll, SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern int GetModuleFileName(HandleRef hModule, [Out] char[] buffer, int length);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern IntPtr GetStdHandle(int nStdHandle);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern uint GetFileType(IntPtr hFile);
    
    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    internal static extern bool GetConsoleMode(IntPtr hConsoleHandle, out uint lpMode);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    internal static extern bool SetConsoleMode(IntPtr hConsoleHandle, uint dwMode);

    [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Usage", "CA2205:UseManagedEquivalentsOfWin32Api", Justification = "Using unmanaged equivalent for performance reasons")]
    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal unsafe static extern int GetCurrentDirectory(int nBufferLength, char* lpBuffer);

    [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Usage", "CA2205:UseManagedEquivalentsOfWin32Api", Justification = "Using unmanaged equivalent for performance reasons")]
    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, EntryPoint = "SetCurrentDirectory")]
    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool SetCurrentDirectoryWindows(string path);

    internal static bool SetCurrentDirectory(string path)
    {
        if (IsWindows)
        {
            return SetCurrentDirectoryWindows(path);
        }

        // Make sure this does not throw
        try
        {
            Directory.SetCurrentDirectory(path);
        }
        catch
        {
        }
        return true;
    }

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static unsafe extern int GetFullPathName(string target, int bufferLength, char* buffer, IntPtr mustBeZero);

    [DllImport("KERNEL32.DLL")]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private static extern SafeProcessHandle OpenProcess(eDesiredAccess dwDesiredAccess, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)] bool bInheritHandle, int dwProcessId);

    [DllImport("NTDLL.DLL")]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private static extern int NtQueryInformationProcess(SafeProcessHandle hProcess, PROCESSINFOCLASS pic, ref PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION pbi, uint cb, ref int pSize);

    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    private static extern bool GlobalMemoryStatusEx([In, Out] MemoryStatus lpBuffer);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, BestFitMapping = false)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern int GetShortPathName(string path, [Out] char[] fullpath, [In] int length);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, BestFitMapping = false)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern int GetLongPathName([In] string path, [Out] char[] fullpath, [In] int length);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool CreatePipe(out SafeFileHandle hReadPipe, out SafeFileHandle hWritePipe, SecurityAttributes lpPipeAttributes, int nSize);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool ReadFile(SafeFileHandle hFile, byte[] lpBuffer, uint nNumberOfBytesToRead, out uint lpNumberOfBytesRead, IntPtr lpOverlapped);

    /// <summary>
    /// CoWaitForMultipleHandles allows us to wait in an STA apartment and still service RPC requests from other threads.
    /// VS needs this in order to allow the in-proc compilers to properly initialize, since they will make calls from the
    /// build thread which the main thread (blocked on BuildSubmission.Execute) must service.
    /// </summary>
    [DllImport("ole32.dll")]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    public static extern int CoWaitForMultipleHandles(COWAIT_FLAGS dwFlags, int dwTimeout, int cHandles, [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPArray)] IntPtr[] pHandles, out int pdwIndex);

    internal const uint GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000;
    internal const uint FILE_SHARE_READ = 0x1;
    internal const uint FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL = 0x80;
    internal const uint FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT = 0x00200000;
    internal const uint OPEN_EXISTING = 3;

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall,
        SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern SafeFileHandle CreateFile(
        string lpFileName,
        uint dwDesiredAccess,
        uint dwShareMode,
        IntPtr lpSecurityAttributes,
        uint dwCreationDisposition,
        uint dwFlagsAndAttributes,
        IntPtr hTemplateFile
        );

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool GetFileTime(
        SafeFileHandle hFile,
        out FILETIME lpCreationTime,
        out FILETIME lpLastAccessTime,
        out FILETIME lpLastWriteTime
        );

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.Bool)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool CloseHandle(IntPtr hObject);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool SetThreadErrorMode(int newMode, out int oldMode);

    [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    [return: MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static extern bool CreateSymbolicLink(string symLinkFileName, string targetFileName, SymbolicLink dwFlags);

    [DllImport("libc", SetLastError = true)]
    internal static extern int symlink(string oldpath, string newpath);

    #endregion

    #region helper methods

    internal static bool DirectoryExists(string fullPath)
    {
        return IsWindows
            ? DirectoryExistsWindows(fullPath)
            : Directory.Exists(fullPath);
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static bool DirectoryExistsWindows(string fullPath)
    {
        WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA data = new WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA();
        bool success = GetFileAttributesEx(fullPath, 0, ref data);
        return success && (data.fileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) != 0;
    }

    internal static bool FileExists(string fullPath)
    {
        return IsWindows
            ? FileExistsWindows(fullPath)
            : File.Exists(fullPath);
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static bool FileExistsWindows(string fullPath)
    {
        WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA data = new WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA();
        bool success = GetFileAttributesEx(fullPath, 0, ref data);
        return success && (data.fileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) == 0;
    }

    internal static bool FileOrDirectoryExists(string path)
    {
        return IsWindows
            ? FileOrDirectoryExistsWindows(path)
            : File.Exists(path) || Directory.Exists(path);
    }

    [SupportedOSPlatform("windows")]
    internal static bool FileOrDirectoryExistsWindows(string path)
    {
        WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA data = new WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA();
        return GetFileAttributesEx(path, 0, ref data);
    }

#endregion

}