Terminal Logger: Rewritable Logger API spec

[JanKrivanek]

Context

In case a build plugins are combining usage of Logger API and direct console writes - the output will get undesirably mangled.
Sample issue manifestations:

• [Bug]: Output mangled when Terminal Logger used in combination with dotnet test #9061 (caused by dotnet test is incompatible with MSBuild node reuse microsoft/vstest#1503)
• TerminalLogger hides NuGet device-flow prompts #9068
• [Bug]: Terminal Logger does not show device auth and effective hangs #9291
• Ability for Tasks (such as NuGet) to display progress, have fine-grained cursor position control #6944

Goal

• Design spec
• Detailed API proposal
• [optional] prototype/spike of the API implementation (to verify feasibility)
• Comunicate plan to partners (Test team, Nuget Client team)

[JanKrivanek]

Related: #6944