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Mining
- So what is mining anyway? (main wiki)
Note that mining 'real' Ether will start with the Frontier release. On the Olympics testnet, the Frontier pre-release, the ether mined have no value (but see Olympic rewards).
The successful PoW miner of the winning block receives:
- A static block reward for the 'winning' block, consisting of exactly 5.0 Ether
- All of the gas expended within the block, that is, all the gas consumed by the execution of all the transactions in the block submitted by the winning miner is compensated for by the senders. The gascost incurred is credited to the miner's account as part of the consensus protocoll. Over time, it's expected these will dwarf the static block reward.
- An extra reward for including Uncles as part of the block, in the form of an extra 1/32 per Uncle included
Uncles are stale blocks, ie with parent that are ancestors (max 6 blocks back) of the including block. Valid uncles are rewarded in order to neutralise the effect of network lag on the dispersion of mining rewards, thereby increasing security. Uncles included in a block formed by the successful PoW miner receive 7/8 of the static block reward = 4.375 ether A maximum of 2 uncles allowed per block.
Ethash uses a DAG (directed acyclic graph) for the proof of work algorithm, this is generated for each epoch, i.e every 30000 blocks (100 hours). The DAG takes a long time to generate. If clients only generate it on demand, you may see a long wait at each epoch transition before the first block of the new epoch is found. However, the DAG only depends on block number, so it CAN and SHOULD be calculated in advance to avoid long wait at each epoch transition. geth implements automatic DAG generation and maintains two DAGS at a time for smooth epoch transitions. Automatic DAG generation is turned on and off when mining is controlled from the console. It is also turned on by default if geth is launched with the --mine option. Note that clients share a DAG resource, so if you are running multiple instances of any client, make sure automatic dag generation is switched on in at most one client.
To generate the DAG for an arbitrary epoch:
geth makedag <block number> <outputdir>
For instance geth makedag 360000 ~/.ethash. Note that ethash uses ~/.ethash (Mac/Linux) or ~/AppData/Ethash (Windows) for the DAG so that it can shared between clients.
At Frontier, the first release of Ethereum, you'll just need a) a GPU and b) an Ethereum client, Geth. CPU mining will be possible but too inefficient to hold any value.
At the moment, Geth only includes a CPU miner, and the team is testing a GPU miner branch, but this won't be part of Frontier.
The C++ implementation of Ethereum also offers a GPU miner, both as part of Eth (its CLI), AlethZero (its GUI) and EthMiner (the standalone miner).
NOTE: Ensure your blockchain is fully synchronised with the main chain before starting to mine, otherwise you will not be mining on the main chain.
When you start up your ethereum node with geth it is not mining by default. To start it in mining mode, you use the --mine command line option. The -minerthreads parameter can be used to set the number parallel mining threads (defaulting to the total number of processor cores).
geth --mine --minerthreads=4
You can also start and stop CPU mining at runtime using the console. miner.start takes an optional parameter for the number of miner threads.
> miner.start(8)
true
> miner.stop()
true
Note that mining for real ether only makes sense if you are in sync with the network (since you mine on top of the consensus block). Therefore the eth blockchain downloader/synchroniser will delay mining until syncing is complete, and after that mining automatically starts unless you cancel your intention with miner.stop().
In order to earn ether you must have your etherbase (or coinbase) address set. This etherbase defaults to your primary account. If you don't have an etherbase address, then geth --mine will not start up.
You can set your etherbase on the command line:
geth --etherbase 1 --mine 2>> geth.log // 1 is index: second account by creation order OR
geth --etherbase '0xa4d8e9cae4d04b093aac82e6cd355b6b963fb7ff' --mine 2>> geth.log
You can reset your etherbase on the console too:
miner.setEtherbase(eth.accounts[2])
Note that your etherbase does not need to be an address of a local account, just an existing one.
There is an option [to add extra Data](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console#adminminersetextra) (32 bytes only) to your mined blocks. By convention this is interpreted as a unicode string, so you can set your short vanity tag.
miner.setExtra("ΞTHΞЯSPHΞЯΞ") ... debug.printBlock(131805) BLOCK(be465b020fdbedc4063756f0912b5a89bbb4735bd1d1df84363e05ade0195cb1): Size: 531.00 B TD: 643485290485 { NoNonce: ee48752c3a0bfe3d85339451a5f3f411c21c8170353e450985e1faab0a9ac4cc Header: [ ... Coinbase: a4d8e9cae4d04b093aac82e6cd355b6b963fb7ff Number: 131805 Extra: ΞTHΞЯSPHΞЯΞ ... }
See also [this proposal](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Extra-Data)
You can check your hashrate with [miner.hashrate](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console#adminminerhashrate), the result is in H/s (Hash operations per second).
miner.hashrate 712000
After you successfully mined some blocks, you can check the ether balance of your etherbase account. Now assuming your etherbase is a local account:
eth.getBalance(eth.coinbase).toNumber(); '34698870000000'
In order to spend your earnings [on gas to transact](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Contracts-and-Transactions), you will need to have this account unlocked.
personal.unlockAccount(eth.coinbase) Password true
You can check which blocks are mined by a particular miner (address) with the following code snippet on the console:
function minedBlocks(lastn, addr) {
addrs = [];
if (!addr) {
addr = eth.coinbase
limit = eth.blockNumber - lastn
for (i = eth.blockNumber; i >= limit; i--) {
if (eth.getBlock(i).miner == addr) {
addrs.push(i)
}
}
return addrs
}
// scans the last 1000 blocks and returns the blocknumbers of blocks mined by your coinbase
// (more precisely blocks the mining reward for which is sent to your coinbase).
minedBlocks(1000, eth.coinbase);
//[352708, 352655, 352559]
Note that it will happen often that you find a block yet it never makes it to the canonical chain. This means when you locally include your mined block, the current state will show the mining reward credited to your account, however, after a while, the better chain is discovered and we switch to a chain in which your block is not included and therefore no mining reward is credited. Therefore it is quite possible that as a miner monitoring their coinbase balance will find that it may fluctuate quite a bit.
The logs show locally mined blocks confirmed after 5 blocks. At the moment you may find it easier and faster to generate the list of your mined blocks from these logs.
Mining success depends on the set block difficulty. Block difficulty dynamically adjusts each block in order to regulate the network hashing power to produce a 12 second blocktime. Your chances of finding a block therefore follows from your hashrate relative to difficulty. The time you need to wait you are expected to find a block can be estimated with the following code:
**INCORRECT...CHECKING**
etm = eth.getBlock("latest").difficulty/miner.hashrate; // estimated time in seconds Math.floor(etm / 3600.) + "h " + Math.floor((etm % 3600)/60) + "m " + Math.floor(etm % 60) + "s"; // 1h 3m 30s
Given a difficulty of 3 billion, a typical CPU with 800KH/s is expected to find a block every ....?
# GPU mining
***
## Hardware
The algorithm is memory hard and in order to fit the DAG into memory, it needs 1-2GB of RAM on each GPU. If you get ` Error GPU mining. GPU memory fragmentation?` you havent got enough memory.
The GPU miner is implemented in OpenCL, so AMD GPUs will be 'faster' than same-category NVIDIA GPUs.
ASICs and FPGAs are relatively inefficient and therefore discouraged.
To get openCL for your chipset and platform, try:
* [AMD SDK openCL](http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/opencl-zone/amd-accelerated-parallel-processing-app-sdk)
* [NVIDIA CUDA openCL](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads)
## On Ubuntu
### AMD
* http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/opencl-zone/amd-accelerated-parallel-processing
* http://developer.amd.com/tools-and-sdks/graphics-development/display-library-adl-sdk/
download: `ADL_SDK8.zip ` and `AMD-APP-SDK-v2.9-1.599.381-GA-linux64.sh`
./AMD-APP-SDK-v2.9-1.599.381-GA-linux64.sh ln -s /opt/AMDAPPSDK-2.9-1 /opt/AMDAPP ln -s /opt/AMDAPP/include/CL /usr/include ln -s /opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86_64/* /usr/lib/ ldconfig reboot
apt-get install fglrx-updates // wget, tar, opencl sudo aticonfig --adapter=all --initial sudo aticonfig --list-adapters
-
- 01:00.0 AMD Radeon R9 200 Series
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- Default adapter
### Nvidia
The following instructions are, for the most part, relevant to any system with Ubuntu 14.04 and a Nvidia GPU.
[Setting up an EC2 instance for mining](https://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/comment/8889/#Comment_8889)
## On MacOSx
wget http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/7_0/Prod/local_installers/cuda_7.0.29_mac.pkg sudo installer -pkg ~/Desktop/cuda_7.0.29_mac.pkg -target / brew update brew tap ethereum/ethereum brew reinstall cpp-ethereum --with-gpu-mining --devel --headless --build-from-source
You check your cooling status:
aticonfig --adapter=0 --od-gettemperature
## Mining Software
The official Frontier release of `geth` only supports a CPU miner natively. We are working on a [GPU miner](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/tree/gpuminer), but it may not be available for the Frontier release. Geth however can be used in conjunction with `ethminer`, using the standalone miner as workers and `geth` as scheduler communicating via [JSON-RPC](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC).
The [C++ implementation of Ethereum](https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum/) (not officially released) however has a GPU miner. It can be used from `eth`, `AlethZero` (GUI) and `ethMiner` (the standalone miner).
[You can install this](https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum/wiki/Installing-clients) via ppa on linux, brew tap on MacOS or from source.
On MacOS:
brew install cpp-ethereum --with-gpu-mining --devel --build-from-source
On Linux:
apt-get install cpp-ethereum
On Windows:
https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum/wiki/Building-on-Windows
## GPU mining with ethminer
To mine with `eth`:
eth -m on -G -a -i -v 8 //
To install `ethminer` from source:
cd cpp-ethereum cmake -DETHASHCL=1 -DGUI=0 make -j4 make install
To set up GPU mining you need a coinbase account. It can be an account created locally or remotely.
### Using ethminer with geth
geth account new geth --rpccorsdomain localhost 2>> geth.log & ethminer -G // -G for GPU, -M for benchmark tail -f geth.log
`ethminer` communicates with geth on port 8545 (the default RPC port in geth). You can change this by giving the [`--rpcport` option](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/Command-Line-Options) to `geth`.
Ethminer will find get on any port. Note that you need to set the CORS header with `--rpccorsdomain localhost`. You can also set port on `ethminer` with `-F http://127.0.0.1:3301`. Setting the ports is necessary if you want several instances mining on the same computer, although this is somewhat pointless. If you are testing on a private cluster, we recommend you use CPU mining instead.
Also note that you do **not** need to give `geth` the `--mine` option or start the miner in the console unless you want to do CPU mining on TOP of GPU mining.
If the default for `ethminer` does not work try to specify the OpenCL device with: `--opencl-device X` where X is 0, 1, 2, etc.
When running `ethminer` with `-M` (benchmark), you should see something like:
Benchmarking on platform: { "platform": "NVIDIA CUDA", "device": "GeForce GTX 750 Ti", "version": "OpenCL 1.1 CUDA" }
Benchmarking on platform: { "platform": "Apple", "device": "Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-1620 v2 @ 3.70GHz", "version": "OpenCL 1.2 " }
To debug `geth`:
geth --rpccorsdomain "localhost" --verbosity 6 2>> geth.log
To debug the miner:
make -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DETHASHCL=1 -DGUI=0 gdb --args ethminer -G -M
**Note** hashrate info is not available in `geth` when GPU mining. Check your hashrate with `ethminer`, `miner.hashrate` will always report 0.
### ethminer and eth
`ethminer` can be used in conjunction with `eth` via rpc
eth -i -v 8 -j // -j for rpc ethminer -G -M // -G for GPU, -M for benchmark tail -f geth.log
or you can use `eth` to GPU mine by itself:
eth -m on -G -a -i -v 8 //
# Further Resources:
* [ethereum forum mining FAQ live update](https://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/197/mining-faq-live-updates)
* [yates randall mining video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnKnclkkbKg)
* https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/07/05/stake/
* https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/10/03/slasher-ghost-developments-proof-stake/
* https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/06/19/mining/
* https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash
* [Benchmarking results for GPU mining](https://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/2134/gpu-mining-is-out-come-and-let-us-know-of-your-bench-scores)
* [historic moment](https://twitter.com/gavofyork/status/586623875577937922)
* [live mining statistic](https://etherapps.info/stats/mining)
* [netstat ethereum network monitor](stats.ethdev.com)