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presentation.tex
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\documentclass[10pt, export]{beamer}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{standalone}
\usepackage[acronym]{glossaries}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{array}
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\centering\let\newline\\\arraybackslash\hspace{0pt}}p{#1}}
\usepackage{booktabs, colortbl}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[font={small, color=IGNDarkGreen}, labelformat=empty]{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\DeclareCaptionFont{tiny}{\tiny}
% \captionsetup[subtable]{labelfont={tiny, bf},textfont=normalfont,justification=raggedright}
\captionsetup[subfigure]{labelfont={tiny, bf},textfont=tiny,justification=raggedright}
\usepackage{adjustbox}
\usepackage{pifont, textcomp}
\newcommand{\cmark}{{\color{green} \ding{51}}}%
\newcommand{\xmark}{{\color{red} \ding{55}}}%
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage[
mcite,
backend=bibtex,
style=verbose,
citestyle=authoryear,
bibstyle=numeric,
sorting=none,
autocite=footnote,
maxnames=2,
hyperref=true,
natbib=true,
abbreviate=true
]{biblatex}
\bibliography{references}
\setbeamerfont{footnote}{size=\tiny}
\usetheme{ign}
\newacronym{acr::lod}{LoD}{Level of Detail}
\newacronym{acr::elod}{eLoD}{evaluation Level of Detail}
\newacronym{acr::lidar}{LiDAR}{Light Detection and Ranging}
\newacronym{acr::dsm}{DSM}{Digital Surface Model}
\newacronym{acr::gui}{GUI}{Graphical User Interface}
\title{Semantic 3D building model evaluation}
\subtitle{}
\institute[LaSTIG STRUDEL]{Univ. Paris Est, LaSTIG STRUDEL, IGN, ENSG}
\date{\today}
\author[O.Ennafii]{Oussama Ennafii}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[plain]
\titlepage{}
\end{frame}
\section{Introduction}
\begin{frame}{Context: 3D model vs. 3D mesh}
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{IGNGreen}, itemsep=2em]
\item<1-> 3D urban model $\longleftrightarrow$ polyhedral surface representing a building.
\item<2-> a 3D model facet $\longleftrightarrow$ an architectural feature.
\end{itemize}
\uncover<3>{
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, width=\textwidth]{lods}
\end{figure}
}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Motivation}
\only<1-4>{
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{IGNGreen}, itemsep=2em]
\item<1-> Automatic urban modeling: an active research area~\citep{Musialski2012};
\item<2-> Results seamless but lack generality and often erroneous~\citep{rottensteiner2014results};
\begin{itemize}[label=$\longrightarrow$]
\item<3-> labourious manual corrections.
\end{itemize}
\item<4-> Urban 3D model semantic diagnostic \textcolor{purple}{not well studied}~\citep{nguatem2017modeling};
\end{itemize}
}
\only<5->{
\begin{itemize}[label=Goal $\longrightarrow$, font=\color{purple}, leftmargin=2cm]
\item<5-> Detect and describe semantic errors that affect building 3D models.
\end{itemize}
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{IGNGreen}, itemsep=2em]
\item<6-> Semantic errors independent from \textbf{reconstruction methods} and \textbf{urban scenes}.
\item<7-> \textbf{Transferability}, and hence scallability, of the evaluation method.
\end{itemize}
}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Potential use}
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{IGNGreen}, itemsep=2em]
\item<1-> Change detection;
\item<2-> Urban models correction;
\item<3-> Urban reconstruction method evaluation;
\item<4-> Crowd reconstruction quality assessment.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\section{Methodology}
\begin{frame}{Main ideas behind our approach}
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{IGNGreen}, itemsep=2em]
\item<1-> Compile errors that affect building models in a taxonomy;
\item<2-> Evaluation at building level $\Longrightarrow$ formulated as a supervised classification problem;
\item<3-> Study in a \textbf{2.5D overhead (aerial)} modeling setting.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Taxonomy structure}
Two criteria determine the taxonomy structure:
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{IGNGreen}, itemsep=2em]
\item<2-> the \textbf{\acrfull{acr::lod}};
\item<3-> the \textbf{\emph{finesse}}: the semantic evaluation level.
\end{itemize}
~\\
\uncover<4->{
\begin{block}{Definition}
An error is of maximal \emph{finesse} $\Leftrightarrow$ it corresponds, semantically, to a unitary action required to correct the model. The error is called \emph{atomic}.
\end{block}
}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Error taxonomy (\textit{finesse} $= 0$)}
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, height=.7\textheight]{finesse_0_taxonomy}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Error taxonomy (\textit{finesse} $= 1$)}
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, height=.7\textheight]{finesse_1_taxonomy}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Error taxonomy (\textit{finesse} $= 2$)}
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, height=.7\textheight]{finesse_2_taxonomy}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Error taxonomy (\textit{finesse} $= 2$)}
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, height=.7\textheight]{finesse_2_taxonomy_lods}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Error taxonomy (\textit{finesse} $= 3$)}
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, width=\textwidth]{finesse_3_bul_taxonomy}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Building \textit{atomic} errors: 2.5D overhead reconstruction case}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/building/under_segmentation}}
\caption{\label{fig::bul_under} Under segmentation}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/building/over_segmentation}}
\caption{\label{fig::bul_over} Over segmentation}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/building/footprint}}
\caption{\label{fig::bul_footprint} Imprecise border}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/building/footprint_topology}}
\caption{\label{fig::bul_height} Inaccurate topology}
\end{subfigure}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Error taxonomy (\textit{finesse} $= 3$)}
\begin{figure}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, width=\textwidth]{finesse_3_all_taxonomy}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Facet \textit{atomic} errors: 2.5D overhead reconstruction case}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/facet/under_segmentation}}
\caption{\label{fig::fac_under} Under segmentation}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/facet/over_segmentation}}
\caption{\label{fig::fac_over} Over segmentation}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/facet/mis_segmentation}}
\caption{\label{fig::fac_footprint} Imprecise borders}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/facet/topology}}
\caption{\label{fig::fac_height} Inaccurate topology}
\end{subfigure}
\hspace{10pt}
\begin{subfigure}{.28\textwidth}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/errors/facet/slope}}
\caption{\label{fig::fac_height} Imprecise geometry}
\end{subfigure}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{The evaluation pipeline sketch}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{graphical_abstract}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Geometric features}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.75\textheight]{geometric_features}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Height-based features}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.7\textheight]{images/altimetric_features}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Image-based features}
\begin{figure}
\begin{subfigure}{.48\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/radio_vector}
\caption{\label{fig::ortho_sup} A building projection and the corresponding orthoimage.}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{.48\textwidth}
\includestandalone[mode=buildnew, width=\textwidth]{radiometric_features}
\caption{\label{fig::hist} For each facet edge, the cosine similarity is computed between its normal and the image gradient, on each intersecting pixel (in green).}
\end{subfigure}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\section{Experiments}
\begin{frame}{Used Dataset}
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{c x{2cm} x{2cm} x{2cm}}
\toprule
& Elancourt & Nantes & Paris-13 \\
\midrule
Algorithm & Bati3D & Bati3D & Bati3D \\
\# samples & 2009 & 748 & 478 \\
Scene & residential + industrial & dense downtown & Haussmann style + High towers \\
\acrshort{acr::dsm} resolution & \SI{0.06}{\m} & \SI{0.1}{\m} & \SI{0.1}{\m} \\
Orthoimage resolution & \SI{0.06}{\m} & \SI{0.1}{\m} & \SI{0.1}{\m} \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Dataset details.}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\uncover<2->{
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{c c c}
\toprule
Geometric & Height based & Image based \\
\midrule
$\approx$ \SI{0.05}{\second}/building & $\approx$ \SI{1.4}{\second}/building & $>$ \SI{16}{\second}/building \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Running time per feature type.}
\end{center}
\end{table}
}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Ablation study on Elancourt}
\begin{table}
\scriptsize
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|x{.75cm} | x{.75cm} x{.75cm} | x{.75cm} x{.75cm} | x{.75cm} x{.75cm} | x{.75cm} x{.75cm}|}
\hline
&\multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{Geometry}} & \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{Geom. $\cup$ Height}} & \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{Geom. $\cup$ Image}} & \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{All}}\\
\cline{2-9}
&\textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} & \textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} & \textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} & \textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.}\\
\hline
\textit{BOS} & \textbf{93.96} & 76.15 & 91.43 & \textbf{77.76} & 91.51 & 76.08 & 90.83 & 76.14 \\
\hline
\strut\\[-\normalbaselineskip]
\only<2>{\\[-\normalbaselineskip]\rowcolor{green}}\textit{BUS} & 32.98 & \textbf{76.47} & \textbf{41.86} & 75.57 & 40.38 & 71.00 & 39.32 & 71.81 \\
\hline
\strut\\[-\normalbaselineskip]
\only<2>{\\[-\normalbaselineskip]\rowcolor{green}}\textit{BImB} & 12.32 & 67.57 & 12.81 & \textbf{68.42} & 16.26 & 67.35 & \textbf{16.75} & 68.0 \\
\hline
\textit{BInT} & \textbf{25.25} & 92.59 & 20.20 & 90.91 & 20.20 & \textbf{95.24} & 11.11 & 91.67 \\
\hline
\hline
\textit{FOS} & 98.91 & 99.07 & 98.91 & \textbf{99.30} & \textbf{98.99} & 98.84 & 98.91 & 98.84 \\
\hline
\textit{FUS} & \textbf{1.90} & 54.55 & 0.63 & \textbf{66.67} & 1.61 & 50 & 1.27 & \textbf{66.67} \\
\hline
\textit{FIB} & \textbf{9.17} & 87.5 & 0 & --- & 8.30 & 82.61 & 7.42 & \textbf{100} \\
\hline
\textit{FIT} & \textbf{6.67} & \textbf{100} & 8.73 & 95.24 & 3.33 & \textbf{100} & 3.33 & \textbf{100} \\
\hline
\textit{FIG} & \textbf{80.54} & 73.14 & 80.45 & \textbf{72.62} & 78.69 & 72.12 & 79.02 & 71.82 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Transferability study}
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{|x{.75cm} | x{.75cm} x{.75cm} | x{.75cm} x{.75cm} || x{.75cm} x{.75cm}| x{.75cm} x{.75cm}|}
\hline
& \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{Elancourt $\rightarrow$ Nantes}} & \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}||}{\textbf{Elancourt $\rightarrow$ Paris-13}} & \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{Nantes $\rightarrow$ Elancourt}} & \multicolumn{2}{x{1.5cm}|}{\textbf{Paris-13 $\rightarrow$ Elancourt}}\\
\cline{2-9}
&\textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} & \textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} & \textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} & \textbf{Recall} & \textbf{Prec.} \\
\hline
\textit{BOS} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{100} & \textcolor{red}{42.05} & \textcolor{red}{78.71} & \textcolor{red}{42.97} & \textcolor{orange}{86.47} & \textcolor{orange}{64.99} & \textcolor{orange}{82.14} & \textcolor{orange}{69.59} \\
\hline
\textit{BUS} & \textcolor{red}{19.12} & \textcolor{red}{54.17} & \textcolor{red}{4.76} & \textcolor{red}{27.27} & \textcolor{red}{23.75} & \textcolor{red}{57.47} & \textcolor{red}{25.0} & \textcolor{red}{50.49} \\
\hline
\textit{BImB} & \textcolor{red}{0} & \textcolor{red}{---} & \textcolor{red}{1.85} & \textcolor{red}{33.33} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{15.65} & \textcolor{red}{46.75} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{19.89} & \textcolor{red}{48.05} \\
\hline
\textit{BInT} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{40.71} & \textcolor{red}{14.24} & \textcolor{red}{0} & \textcolor{red}{---} & \textcolor{red}{4.70} & 100 & \textcolor{red}{4.44} & 100 \\
\hline
\hline
\textit{FOS} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{100} & \textcolor{red}{69.38} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{98.80} & \textcolor{orange}{96.47} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{98.76} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{98.92} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{99.06} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{97.14} \\
\hline
\textit{FUS} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{15.71} & \textcolor{orange}{56.90} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{20.73} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{91.94} & 1.68 & 77.78 & 3.53 & 89.47 \\
\hline
\textit{FIB} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{83.54} & \textcolor{red}{43.08} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{39.58} & \textcolor{red}{64.04} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{23.75} & 73.96 & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{21.86} & 70.11 \\
\hline
\textit{FIT} & 9.09 & 33.33 & 0 & 0 & 3.57 & 100 & 4.34 & 33.33 \\
\hline
\textit{FIG} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{100} & \textcolor{orange}{64.45} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{90.86} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{86.14} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{86.35} & \textcolor{orange}{67.97} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{82.38} & \textcolor{IGNDarkGreen}{73.08} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Some failure cases on Elancourt}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\tiny
\begin{tabular}{| x{.06\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} || x{.06\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} || x{.06\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} || x{.06\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} | x{.035\textwidth} |}
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{| c ||}{\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth,valign=m,margin=1pt 1pt]{images/prediction_results/valid_as_bul_over}} & \multicolumn{3}{ c ||}{\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth,valign=m,margin=0cm 1pt]{images/prediction_results/no_imprec_no_fac_over}} & \multicolumn{3}{ c ||}{\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth,valign=m,margin=0cm 1pt]{images/prediction_results/no_under_seg}} & \multicolumn{3}{ c |}{\includegraphics[width=.2\textwidth,valign=m,margin=0cm 1pt]{images/prediction_results/no_bul_under_seg}} \\
\hline
\textbf{Errors} & \textbf{G.T.} & \textbf{Pred.} & \textbf{Errors} & \textbf{G.T.} & \textbf{Pred.} & \textbf{Errors} & \textbf{G.T.} & \textbf{Pred.} & \textbf{Errors} & \textbf{G.T.} & \textbf{Pred.}\\
\hline
\textit{BOS} & \xmark & \cmark & \textit{BUS} & \xmark & \cmark & \textit{BOS} & \cmark & \cmark & \textit{BOS} & \cmark & \xmark \\
Valid & \cmark & \xmark & \textit{FIG} & \cmark & \xmark & \textit{FUS} & \cmark & \xmark & \textit{FOS} & \cmark & \xmark \\
& & & \textit{FOS} & \cmark & \xmark & & & & \textit{BUS} & \cmark & \xmark \\
& & & & & & & & & \textit{BImB} & \cmark & \cmark \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\section{Conclusion}
\begin{frame}{\textcolor{yellow}{Conclusion} \& \textcolor{purple}{Perspectives}}
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{yellow}, itemsep=2em]
\item \textbf{Flexible, robust and hierarchical} taxonomy;
\item \textbf{Fast, lightweight and modular} pipeline for model evaluation;
\item Baseline for geometric, image-based and height-based features;
\end{itemize}
\uncover<2->{
~\\
Future work:
\begin{itemize}[label=$\blacktriangleright$, font=\color{purple}, itemsep=2em]
\item Dataset augmentation $\longrightarrow$ \textbf{Simulate errors} from the taxonomy based on reference data;
\item Extend to richer features $\longrightarrow$ Graph kernels, deep learning.
\end{itemize}
}
\end{frame}
\end{document}