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<font color="#FFFFFF">WELCOME TO THE GALAXY OF POINEERS OF SOCIAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE ..... <b><i>ʘ</i></b> ..... YAQUB AL KINDI introduced the Music Therapy ..... <b><i>ʘ</i></b> ..... ABBAS IBN FIRNAS was the first ever successfull aviator of the history ..... <b><i>ʘ</i></b> ..... IBN Al HAYTHAM discovered the hidden secrets about light from the incident of Throne of Hazrat Suleman (a.s.) ..... <b><i>ʘ</i></b> ..... JABIR BIN HAYAN invented Sulphuric Acid and Hydrochloric Acid ..... <b><i>ʘ</i></b></font>
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<h1 align="center" style="text-shadow:5px 5px 8px black;">List of Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#al-kindi">Yaqub Al Kindi</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#al-zahrawi">Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#al-biruni">Al Biruni</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#al-khwarizmi">Al Khwarizmi</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#ibn-al-haytham">Ibn Al Haytham</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#ibn-firnas">Ibn Firnas</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#ibn-khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#ibn-sina">Ibn Sina</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#hayan">Jabir Ibn Hayan</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#jami">Abd Al Rahman Jami</a></li>
<li class="list-of-contents-items"><a href="#rumi">Jalal ud Din Rumi</a></li>
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<hr><hr><hr><hr><hr>
<div id="al-kindi" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Yaqub Al Kindi</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
801 A.D. - 873 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
Philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, psychology, medicine, cosmology, astrology, music theory, Islamic theology (kalam)
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Al-Kindi was born in Kufa to an aristocratic family of the Kinda tribe, descended from the chieftain al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, a contemporary of Muhammad. The family belonged to the most prominent families of the tribal nobility of Kufa in the early Islamic period, until it lost much of its power following the revolt of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath. His father Ishaq was the governor of Kufa, and al-Kindi received his preliminary education there. He later went to complete his studies in Baghdad, where he was patronized by the Abbasid caliphs al-Ma'mun (ruled 813–833) and al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842). On account of his learning and aptitude for study, al-Ma'mun appointed him to the House of Wisdom, a recently established centre for the translation of Greek philosophical and scientific texts, in Baghdad. He was also well known for his beautiful calligraphy, and at one point was employed as a calligrapher by al-Mutawakkil.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Intoduced Arabic Numerals</li>
<li>Statistic Inference</li>
<li>Introduced Music Therapy</li>
<li>Prophetic Knowledge</li>
<li>Soul and Spirituality</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/1.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="al-zahrawi" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
801 936 - 1013 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
Philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, surgery, urology, tracheotomy and other</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Al-Zahrawi was born in the city of Azahara, 8 kilometers northwest of Cordova, Andalusia. His birth date is not known for sure, however, scholars agree that it was after 936, the year his birthplace city of Azahara was founded. The nisba (attributive title), Al-Ansari, in his name, suggests origin from the Medinian tribe of Al-Ansar, thus, tracing his ancestry back to Medina in the Arabian peninsula.He lived most of his life in Cordova. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of Azahara.Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Castillian-Andalusian conflicts. His name first appears in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993 – 1064), who listed him among the greatest physicians of Moorish Spain. But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahrawī from al-Ḥumaydī's Jadhwat al-Muqtabis (On Andalusian Savants), completed six decades after al-Zahrawi's death.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Introduced Cautirization</li>
<li>Designed and Made Surgical Instruments</li>
<li><em>Kitab Al Tasrif</em></li>
<li>Introduced Tracheotomy (Once, a slave girl cut his throat in suicidal attempt. Abu Qasim sewed his throat immediately and she recovered).</li>
<li>Introduced Neurosurgery</li>
<li>Invented Cosmetics such as perfume and lip stick roller</li>
<li>Introduced Urology as a field</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/2.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="al-biruni" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Abu Rayhan Al Biruni</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
973 A.D. - 1050 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
Geology, physics, anthropology, sociology, astronomy, astrology, chemistry, history, geography, mathematics, medicine, psychology, philosophy, theology
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
He was born in the outer district of Kath, the capital of the Afrighid dynasty of Khwarezm (now a part of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan) (or Chorasmia). To conduct research, Al-Biruni used different methods to tackle the various fields he studied. Many consider Al-Biruni one of the greatest scientists in history, and especially of Islam because of his discoveries and methodology. He lived during the Islamic Golden Age, which promoted astronomy and encouraged all scholars to work on their research. Al-Biruni spent the first twenty-five years of his life in Khwarezm where he studied Islamic jurisprudence, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy and also dabbled in the field of physics and most other sciences as well. The Iranian Khwarezmian language, which was the language of Biruni, survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of the region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum. He was sympathetic to the Afrighids, who were overthrown by the rival dynasty of Ma'munids in 995. He left his homeland for Bukhara, then under the Samanid ruler Mansur II the son of Nuh. There he corresponded with Avicenna and there are extant exchanges of views between these two scholars.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Described Rotation of Earth</li>
<li>Introduced Hydrodynamics</li>
<li>Carried out experiments to measure Earth's radius (at Pind Dadan Khan in Pakistan).</li>
<li><em>Kitab Al Saydala Fi Al Tib</em></li>
<li>Described that earth is created from numerous elements.</li>
<li>First Anthropology</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/3.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="al-khwarizmi" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Muhammad Ibn Musa Al Khwarizmi</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
780 A.D. - 850 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
Mathematics, Geography, Astronomy
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
He was born into a Persian family and Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarezm in Greater Khorasan (modern Khiva, Xorazm Region, Uzbekistan).Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari gives his name as Muḥammad ibn Musá al-Khwārizmiyy al-Majūsiyy al-Quṭrubbaliyy (محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسـيّ القطربّـليّ). The epithet al-Qutrubbulli could indicate he might instead have come from Qutrubbul (Qatrabbul), a viticulture district near Baghdad. However, Rashed suggests: "There is no need to be an expert on the period or a philologist to see that al-Tabari's second citation should read "Muhammad ibn Mūsa al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli," and that there are two people (al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli) between whom the letter wa [Arabic 'و' for the conjunction 'and'] has been omitted in an early copy. This would not be worth mentioning if a series of errors concerning the personality of al-Khwārizmī, occasionally even the origins of his knowledge, had not been made. Recently, G.J. Toomer ... with naive confidence constructed an entire fantasy on the error which cannot be denied the merit of amusing the reader."</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Inventor of ALGEBRA</li>
<li>Introduced concept of ALGORITHMS</li>
<li><em>Kitab Al Jam Wat Tafriq bi Hisab Al Hind</em></li>
<li><em>Zij Al Sindh Hind</em></li>
<li>Developed trigonometric tables for SIN(X) and COS(X)</li>
<li>Described Weather Zones</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/4.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="ibn-al-haytham" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Hassan Ibn Al Haytham</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
965 A.D. - 1040 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td> Optics, Astronomy, Mathematics
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to an Arab family in Basra, Iraq, which was at the time part of the Buyid emirate. He held a position with the title vizier in his native Basra, and made a name for himself for his knowledge of applied mathematics. As he claimed to be able to regulate the flooding of the Nile, he was invited to by Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim in order to realise a hydraulic project at Aswan. However, Ibn al-Haytham was forced to concede the impracticability of his project. Upon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him. Legend has it that Alhazen feigned madness and was kept under house arrest during this period. During this time, he wrote his influential Book of Optics. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous University of al-Azhar, and lived from the proceeds of his literary production until his death in c. 1040. (A copy of Apollonius' Conics, written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in Aya Sofya</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Book of Optics</li>
<li>Alhazen's Probelm</li>
<li>Catoptrics</li>
<li>Moon illusion</li>
<li>Animal Psychology</li>
<li>Described Visual Perception</li>
<li>Described the behaviour of light</li>
<li>Invented world's first Pin-Hole Camera</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/5.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="ibn-firnas" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Abbas Ibn Firnas</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
810 A.D. - 887 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
Medicine, astronomy, engineering</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td> <p>Abbas Ibn Firnas was the first person in history to successfully fly in air and was the first aviator of human history. However, he crashed on landing but he discovered that by the use of a tail, an aircraft is complete. He also prepared the design of his aircraft but didn't fly. </p>
<p>Abbas Ibn Firnas designed a water clock called al-Maqata, devised a means of manufacturing colorless glass, invented various glass planispheres, made corrective lenses ("reading stones"), devised a chain of rings that could be used to simulate the motions of the planets and stars, and developed a process for cutting rock crystal that allowed Spain to cease exporting quartz to Egypt to be cut.</p></td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>First Aviator of History</li>
<li>Prepared first ever Aircraft</li>
<li>First person to glide in air</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/7.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="ibn-khaldun" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Ibn Khaldun</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
27 May 1332 - 17 March 1406
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>Historiography, Sociology, Economics, Demography, Political science</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td><p>Ibn Khaldun's life is relatively well-documented, as he wrote an autobiography (<em><em lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic-language transliteration">at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan)</em></em></p>
<p>He was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 AH) into an upper-class Andalusian family of Arab descent, the family's ancestor was, according to him, a Yemeni Arab who shared kinship with Waíl ibn Hujr, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. His family, which held many high offices in Andalusia, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to the Reconquista in AD 1248. Under the Tunisian Hafsid dynasty, some of his family held political office; his father and grandfather, however, withdrew from political life and joined a mystical order. His brother, Yahya Khaldun, was also a historian who wrote a book on the Abdalwadid dynasty and was assassinated by a rival for being the official historiographer of the court.</p></td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li><em>Kitab Al Ibar</em></li>
<li>Did a lot of work in Political Science</li>
<li><em>Lubab ul Muhassal</em></li>
<li>Historian</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/8.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="ibn-sina" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Ibn Sina</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
980 A.D. - 1037 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
MedicineAromatherapy,
Philosophy and logic,
Kalam (Islamic theology)
, SciencePoetry</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Avicenna was born c.980 in Afshana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Sitāra, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullāh, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them. According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, Mahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Became Hafiz e Quran in the age of 10</li>
<li>Gave most influential arguments for existence of Allah and affiliated them with Islamic conceptions.</li>
<li>Introduced the concepts of <em>"FLOATING MAN" and "FLYING MAN" </em>in spirituality to describe that soul exist without extension of matter.</li>
<li><em>Al Qanun Fi Al Tibb</em></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/9.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="hayan" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Jabir Ibn Hayan</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
721 A.D. - 815 A.D.
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>
Alchemy and Chemistry, Astronomy, Astrology, Medicine and Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physics, philanthropist</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Jabir was a natural philosopher who lived mostly in the 8th century; he was born in Tus, Khorasan, in Persia, well known as Iran then ruled by the Umayyad Caliphate. Jabir in the classical sources has been variously attributed as al-Azdi, al-Kufi, al-Tusi, al-Sufi, al-Tartusi or al-Tarsusi, and al-Harrani. There is a difference of opinion as to whether he was an Arab from Kufa who lived in Khurasan, or a Persian from Khorasan who later went to Kufa or whether he was, as some have suggested, of Syrian Sabian origin and later lived in Persia and Iraq. In some sources, he is reported to have been the son of Hayyan al-Azdi, a pharmacist of the Arabian Azd tribe who emigrated from Yemen to Kufa (in present-day Iraq). while Henry Corbin believes Geber seems to have been a non-Arab client of the 'Azd tribe. Hayyan had supported the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads, and was sent by them to the province of Khorasan to gather support for their cause. He was eventually caught by the Umayyads and executed. His family fled to Yemen, perhaps to some of their relatives in the Azd tribe, where Jabir grew up and studied the Quran, mathematics and other subjects. Jabir's father's profession may have contributed greatly to his interest in alchemy.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>His title is "Father of Chemistry"</li>
<li>Discovered and Invented Sulphuric Acid</li>
<li>In total, nearly 3,000 treatises and articles are credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan.</li>
<li>Made Mineral Acids and Alcohol</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/11.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="jami" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Nur ud Din Abd Al Rahman Jami</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
7 November 1414 - 9 November 1492
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td> Sufism, Sufi Poetry, Philosophy
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Jami was born in Jam, (modern Ghor Province, Afghanistan) in Khorasan. Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, a small town in the district of Isfahan. A few years after his birth, his family migrated to Herat, where he was able to study Peripateticism, mathematics, Persian literature, natural sciences, Arabic language, logic, rhetoric and Islamic philosophy at the Nizamiyyah University. His father, also a Sufi, became his first teacher and mentor. While in Herat, Jami held an important position at the Timurid court, involved in the era's politics, economics, philosophy and religious life.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td><p>Among his works are:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Baharestan (Abode of Spring)</em> Modeled upon the <em>Gulestan</em> of Saadi</li>
<li><em>Diwanha-ye Sehganeh (Triplet Divans)</em></li>
<li><em>Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya</em>.( A commentary on Ibn al-Hajib's treatise on Arab grammar <em>Al-Kafiya</em>. This commentary has been a staple of Ottoman Madrasas' curricula under its author's name <em>Molla Cami</em>.)</li>
<li><em>Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones)</em> His major poetical work. The fifth of the seven stories is his acclaimed "Yusuf and Zulaykha", which tells the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife based on the Quran.</li>
<li><em>Jame -esokanan-e Kaja Parsa</em></li>
<li><em>Lawa'ih</em> A treatise on Sufism (Shafts of Light)</li>
<li><em>Nafahat al-Uns (Breaths of Fellowship)</em> Biographies of the Sufi Saints</li>
<li><em>Resala-ye manasek-e hajj</em></li>
<li><em>Resala-ye musiqi</em></li>
<li><em>Resala-ye tariq-e Kvajagan</em></li>
<li><em>Resala-ye sarayet-e dekr</em></li>
<li><em>Resala-ye so al o jawab-e Hendustan</em></li>
<li><em>Sara-e hadit-e Abi Zarrin al-Aqili</em></li>
</ul></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/12.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<hr><hr>
<div id="rumi" align="center" style="padding-left:60px; padding-right:60px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:20px; background-image:url(images/linebreak-design-low.png); background-position:center; background-repeat:no-repeat">
<table style="color:white; font-size:19px;"><tr>
<td>
<h1 align="center">Jalal ud Din Rumi</h1>
<table class="sci-data">
<tr>
<td width="210px">
ERA
</td>
<td>
30 September 1207 - 17 December 1273
</td>
</tr><tr></tr><td><br></td>
<tr></tr>
<tr>
<td width="210px">
AREAS OF INTEREST
</td>
<td>Sufi poetry, Sufism, Divine Philosophy</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
LIFE
</td>
<td>
Rumi was born to native Persian-speaking parents, originally from the Balkh, in present-day Afghanistan. He was born either in Wakhsh, a village on the Vakhsh River in present-day Tajikistan, or in the city of Balkh, in present-day Afghanistan.Greater Balkh was at that time a major centre of Persian culture and Sufism had developed there for several centuries. The most important influences upon Rumi, besides his father, were the Persian poets Attar and Sanai. Rumi expresses his appreciation: "Attar was the spirit, Sanai his eyes twain, And in time thereafter, Came we in their train" and mentions in another poem: "Attar has traversed the seven cities of Love, We are still at the turn of one street". His father was also connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.</td>
</tr><tr></tr><tr><td><br></td>
</tr><tr>
<td width="210px">
NOTABLE WORK
</td>
<td><p>According to the Quran, Prophet Muhammad is a mercy sent by God to the Aalameen (to all creation), including humanity overall. In regards to this, Rumi states:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"The Light of Muhammad does not abandon a Zoroastrian or Jew in the world. May the shade of his good fortune shine upon everyone! He brings all of those who are led astray into the Way out of the desert."</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Rumi, however, asserts the supremacy of Islam by stating:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"The Light of Muhammad has become a thousand branches (of knowledge), a thousand, so that both this world and the next have been seized from end to end. If Muhammad rips the veil open from a single such branch, thousands of monks and priests will tear the string of false belief from around their waists."</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Many of Rumi's poems suggest the importance of outward religious observance and the primacy of the Qur'an.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Flee to God's Qur'an, take refuge in it<br>
there with the spirits of the prophets merge.<br>
The Book conveys the prophets' circumstances<br>
those fish of the pure sea of Majesty.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Rumi states:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>
<p>I am the servant of the Qur'an as long as I have life.<br>
I am the dust on the path of Muhammad, the Chosen one.<br>
If anyone quotes anything except this from my sayings,<br>
I am quit of him and outraged by these words.</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p>Rumi also states:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"I "sewed" my two eyes shut from [desires for] this world and the next – this I learned from Muhammad."</p>
</blockquote>
<p>On the first page of the Masnavi, Rumi states:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>"Hadha kitâbu 'l- mathnawîy wa huwa uSûlu uSûli uSûli 'd-dîn wa kashshâfu 'l-qur'ân."<br>
"This is the book of the Masnavi, and it is the roots of the roots of the roots of the (Islamic) Religion and it is the Explainer of the Qur'ân."</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Seyyed Hossein Nasr states:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>One of the greatest living authorities on Rûmî in Persia today, Hâdî Hâ'irî, has shown in an unpublished work that some 6,000 verses of the Dîwân and the Mathnawî are practically direct translations of Qur'ânic verses into Persian poetry.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Rumi states in his Dīwān:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The Sufi is hanging on to Muhammad, like Abu Bakr.</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<img src="images/scientists/13.jpg" width="180" height="183">
</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
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