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README.md

Introduction to Decorators - Tutorial given at PyCon US 2023

This repository contains supporting material for the Introduction to Decorators - Power Up Your Python Code tutorial I presented at the Pycon US 2023 conference in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The tutorial is available as a video on YouTube. Thanks to PyCon US for allowing me to present.

Exercises

The tutorial is centered around several exercises asking you to implement different decorators and reinforcing concepts introduced during the tutorial. The exercises are available as PDF slides and are also listed below. Exercises 5, 7, and 8 weren't covered in the tutorial. Solutions to the exercises are available in the Code section.

Exercise 1

Write a decorator that prints BEFORE before calling the decorated function and AFTER afterward.

>>> @before_and_after
... def hi(name):
...     print(f"Hi, {name}!")
...
>>> hi("PyCon")
BEFORE
Hi, PyCon!
AFTER

Exercise 2

Write a decorator that runs the decorated function twice and returns a 2-tuple with both return values.

>>> import random
>>> @do_twice
... def roll_dice():
...     return random.randint(1, 6)
...
>>> roll_dice()
(3, 1)

Exercise 3

Write a decorator that stores references to decorated functions in a dictionary.

>>> FUNCTIONS = {}
>>> @register
... def roll_dice():
...     return random.randint(1, 6)
...
>>> FUNCTIONS
{'roll_dice': <function __main__.roll_dice()>}
>>> FUNCTIONS["roll_dice"]()
2

Exercise 4

Write a decorator that repeatedly calls the decorated function as long as it raises an exception.

>>> @retry
... def only_roll_highs():
...     number = random.randint(1, 6)
...     if number < 5:
...         raise ValueError(number)
...     return number
...
>>> only_roll_highs()
# 5 or 6

Exercise 5

Rewrite @retry so that it only retries on specific, user-defined exceptions.

>>> @retry(ValueError)
... def calculation():
...     number = random.randint(-5, 5)
...     if abs(1 / number) > 0.2:
...         raise ValueError(number)
...     return number
...
>>> calculation()
# -5, 5, or ZeroDivisionError

Exercise 6

Adapt @retry so that it only tries a maximum of max_retries times.

>>> @retry(max_retries=3)
... def only_roll_highs():
...     number = random.randint(1, 6)
...     if number < 5:
...         raise ValueError(number)
...     return number
...
>>> only_roll_highs()
# 5, 6, or ValueError

. . .

Challenge: Can you make @retry count all retries across different function calls?

Exercise 7

Write a class-based @Retry decorator that keeps track of the number of retries across all function calls.

>>> @Retry
... def only_roll_highs():
...     # Same as before
...
>>> only_roll_highs()
Retry attempt 1
Retry attempt 2
6
>>> only_roll_highs()
Retry attempt 3
5

Exercise 8

Write a decorator that uses .__annotations__ to enforce the type of arguments. For simplicity, only enforce keyword arguments:

>>> @enforce
... def adder(number_1: int, number_2: int):
...     return number_1 + number_2
...
>>> adder(number_1=23, number_2=10)
33
>>> adder(number_1=3.14, number_2=2.71)
TypeError: 'number_1' should be <class 'int'>

Code

All code was written live during the tutorial. You can download two files containing the code:

  • console.py: A slightly cleaned-up version of the code written in the console during the tutorial
  • decorators.py: Functions and decorators copied over to the editor during the tutorial

Both files contain essentially the same code, including solutions to all exercises. The console.py file contains a bit more of the code used to run the examples as well.

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