diff --git a/src/algorithm/boundingbox.rs b/src/algorithm/boundingbox.rs
index 7718b9432..8bada9a6b 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/boundingbox.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/boundingbox.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ impl<T> BoundingBox<T> for LineString<T>
     /// Return the BoundingBox for a LineString
     ///
     fn bbox(&self) -> Self::Output {
-        get_bbox(&self.0)
+        // TODO this should return a Bbox
+        get_bbox(self.points())
     }
 }
 
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ impl<T> BoundingBox<T> for MultiLineString<T>
     /// Return the BoundingBox for a MultiLineString
     ///
     fn bbox(&self) -> Self::Output {
-        get_bbox(self.0.iter().flat_map(|line| line.0.iter()))
+        get_bbox(self.0.iter().flat_map(|line| line.points().iter()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ impl<T> BoundingBox<T> for MultiPolygon<T>
     /// Return the BoundingBox for a MultiPolygon
     ///
     fn bbox(&self) -> Self::Output {
-        get_bbox(self.0.iter().flat_map(|poly| (poly.exterior).0.iter()))
+        get_bbox(self.0.iter().flat_map(|poly| poly.exterior.points().iter()))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/algorithm/centroid.rs b/src/algorithm/centroid.rs
index fc3f1ec5b..a00904e83 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/centroid.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/centroid.rs
@@ -73,23 +73,15 @@ impl<T> Centroid<T> for LineString<T>
     // The Centroid of a LineString is the mean of the middle of the segment
     // weighted by the length of the segments.
     fn centroid(&self) -> Self::Output {
-        if self.0.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        if self.0.len() == 1 {
-            Some(self.0[0].clone())
-        } else {
-            let mut sum_x = T::zero();
-            let mut sum_y = T::zero();
-            let mut total_length = T::zero();
-            for line in self.lines() {
-                let segment_len = line.length();
-                let (x1, y1, x2, y2) = (line.start.x(), line.start.y(), line.end.x(), line.end.y());
-                total_length = total_length + segment_len;
-                sum_x = sum_x + segment_len * ((x1 + x2) / (T::one() + T::one()));
-                sum_y = sum_y + segment_len * ((y1 + y2) / (T::one() + T::one()));
-            }
-            Some(Point::new(sum_x / total_length, sum_y / total_length))
+        let mut sum_x = T::zero();
+        let mut sum_y = T::zero();
+        let mut total_length = T::zero();
+        for line in self.lines() {
+            let segment_len = line.length();
+            let (x1, y1, x2, y2) = (line.start.x(), line.start.y(), line.end.x(), line.end.y());
+            total_length = total_length + segment_len;
+            sum_x = sum_x + segment_len * ((x1 + x2) / (T::one() + T::one()));
+            sum_y = sum_y + segment_len * ((y1 + y2) / (T::one() + T::one()));
         }
         Some(Point::new(sum_x / total_length, sum_y / total_length))
     }
@@ -110,34 +102,24 @@ impl<T> Centroid<T> for Polygon<T>
     // See here for a formula: http://math.stackexchange.com/a/623849
     // See here for detail on alternative methods: https://fotino.me/calculating-centroids/
     fn centroid(&self) -> Self::Output {
-        let linestring = &self.exterior;
-        let vect = &linestring.0;
-        if vect.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        if vect.len() == 1 {
-            Some(Point::new(vect[0].x(), vect[0].y()))
-        } else {
-            let external_centroid = simple_polygon_centroid(&self.exterior).unwrap();
-            if !self.interiors.is_empty() {
-                let external_area = simple_polygon_area(&self.exterior).abs();
-                // accumulate interior Polygons
-                let (totals_x, totals_y, internal_area) =
-                    self.interiors
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|ring| {
-                                 let area = simple_polygon_area(ring).abs();
-                                 let centroid = simple_polygon_centroid(ring).unwrap();
-                                 ((centroid.x() * area), (centroid.y() * area), area)
-                             })
-                        .fold((T::zero(), T::zero(), T::zero()),
-                              |accum, val| (accum.0 + val.0, accum.1 + val.1, accum.2 + val.2));
-                return Some(Point::new(((external_centroid.x() * external_area) - totals_x) /
-                                       (external_area - internal_area),
-                                       ((external_centroid.y() * external_area) - totals_y) /
-                                       (external_area - internal_area)));
-            }
-            Some(external_centroid)
+        let external_centroid = simple_polygon_centroid(&self.exterior).unwrap();
+        if !self.interiors.is_empty() {
+            let external_area = simple_polygon_area(&self.exterior).abs();
+            // accumulate interior Polygons
+            let (totals_x, totals_y, internal_area) =
+                self.interiors
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|ring| {
+                                let area = simple_polygon_area(ring).abs();
+                                let centroid = simple_polygon_centroid(ring).unwrap();
+                                ((centroid.x() * area), (centroid.y() * area), area)
+                            })
+                    .fold((T::zero(), T::zero(), T::zero()),
+                            |accum, val| (accum.0 + val.0, accum.1 + val.1, accum.2 + val.2));
+            return Some(Point::new(((external_centroid.x() * external_area) - totals_x) /
+                                    (external_area - internal_area),
+                                    ((external_centroid.y() * external_area) - totals_y) /
+                                    (external_area - internal_area)));
         }
         Some(external_centroid)
     }
diff --git a/src/algorithm/contains.rs b/src/algorithm/contains.rs
index 639bb344b..78adc2d04 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/contains.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/contains.rs
@@ -44,16 +44,8 @@ impl<T> Contains<Point<T>> for LineString<T>
     where T: Float
 {
     fn contains(&self, p: &Point<T>) -> bool {
-        // LineString without points
-        if self.0.is_empty() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        // LineString with one point equal p
-        if self.0.len() == 1 {
-            return self.0[0].contains(p);
-        }
         // check if point is a vertex
-        if self.0.contains(p) {
+        if self.points().contains(p) {
             return true;
         }
         for line in self.lines() {
@@ -142,10 +134,6 @@ fn get_position<T>(p: &Point<T>, linestring: &LineString<T>) -> PositionPoint
     //         ?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-06:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-06:00&max-results=19
     // Return the position of the point relative to a linestring
 
-    // LineString without points
-    if linestring.0.is_empty() {
-        return PositionPoint::Outside;
-    }
     // Point is on linestring
     if linestring.contains(p) {
         return PositionPoint::OnBoundary;
@@ -223,7 +211,7 @@ impl<T> Contains<LineString<T>> for Polygon<T>
 {
     fn contains(&self, linestring: &LineString<T>) -> bool {
         // All LineString points must be inside the Polygon
-        if linestring.0.iter().all(|point| self.contains(point)) {
+        if linestring.points().iter().all(|point| self.contains(point)) {
             // The Polygon interior is allowed to intersect with the LineString
             // but the Polygon's rings are not
             !self.interiors.iter().any(|ring| ring.intersects(linestring))
diff --git a/src/algorithm/distance.rs b/src/algorithm/distance.rs
index 2e8a3dc77..9580bd209 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/distance.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/distance.rs
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl<T> Distance<T, Polygon<T>> for Point<T>
         // get exterior ring
         let exterior = &polygon.exterior;
         // No need to continue if the polygon contains the point, or is zero-length
-        if polygon.contains(self) || exterior.0.is_empty() {
+        if polygon.contains(self) {
             return T::zero();
         }
         // minimum priority queue
diff --git a/src/algorithm/intersects.rs b/src/algorithm/intersects.rs
index d2acb5395..208d2f640 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/intersects.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/intersects.rs
@@ -133,9 +133,6 @@ impl<T> Intersects<LineString<T>> for LineString<T>
 {
     // See: https://github.com/brandonxiang/geojson-python-utils/blob/33b4c00c6cf27921fb296052d0c0341bd6ca1af2/geojson_utils.py
     fn intersects(&self, linestring: &LineString<T>) -> bool {
-        if self.0.is_empty() || linestring.0.is_empty() {
-            return false;
-        }
         for a in self.lines() {
             for b in linestring.lines() {
                 let u_b = (b.end.y() - b.start.y()) * (a.end.x() - a.start.x()) -
diff --git a/src/algorithm/rotate.rs b/src/algorithm/rotate.rs
index 5fbf7a291..515fa9590 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/rotate.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/rotate.rs
@@ -134,15 +134,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> RotatePoint<T> for LineString<T>
-    where T: Float
-{
-    /// Rotate the LineString about a point by the given number of degrees
-    fn rotate_around_point(&self, angle: T, point: &Point<T>) -> Self {
-        unsafe { LineString::new_unchecked(rotation_matrix(angle, point, &self.points())) }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T> Rotate<T> for Polygon<T>
 where
     T: Float + FromPrimitive,
@@ -155,11 +146,13 @@ where
             true => self.centroid().unwrap(),
         };
         Polygon::new(
-            LineString(rotation_matrix(angle, &centroid, &self.exterior.0)),
+            // TODO: can this be unchecked
+            LineString::new(rotation_matrix(angle, &centroid, self.exterior.points())).unwrap(),
             self.interiors
                 .iter()
                 .map(|ring| {
-                    LineString(rotation_matrix(angle, &centroid, &ring.0))
+                    // TODO: can this be unchecked
+                    LineString::new(rotation_matrix(angle, &centroid, ring.points())).unwrap()
                 })
                 .collect(),
         )
diff --git a/src/algorithm/simplifyvw.rs b/src/algorithm/simplifyvw.rs
index eaaf4115b..1044e7d1b 100644
--- a/src/algorithm/simplifyvw.rs
+++ b/src/algorithm/simplifyvw.rs
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@ where
         }
     }
     // Simplify shell
-    rings.push(visvalingam_preserve(geomtype, &exterior.0, epsilon, &mut tree));
+    rings.push(visvalingam_preserve(geomtype, exterior.points(), epsilon, &mut tree));
     // Simplify interior rings, if any
     if let Some(interior_rings) = interiors {
         for ring in interior_rings {
-            rings.push(visvalingam_preserve(geomtype, &ring.0, epsilon, &mut tree))
+            rings.push(visvalingam_preserve(geomtype, ring.points(), epsilon, &mut tree))
         }
     }
     rings
@@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ where
     let point_a = orig[triangle.left];
     let point_b = orig[triangle.current];
     let point_c = orig[triangle.right];
-    let bbox = LineString(vec![
+    let bbox = unsafe { LineString::new_unchecked(vec![
         orig[triangle.left],
         orig[triangle.current],
         orig[triangle.right],
-    ]).bbox()
+    ]) }.bbox()
         .unwrap();
     let br = Point::new(bbox.xmin, bbox.ymin);
     let tl = Point::new(bbox.xmax, bbox.ymax);
@@ -500,7 +500,8 @@ where
             geomtype: GeomType::Line,
         };
         let mut simplified = vwp_wrapper(&gt, &self, None, epsilon);
-        LineString(simplified.pop().unwrap())
+        // can this be unchecked?
+        LineString::new(simplified.pop().unwrap()).unwrap()
     }
 }
 
@@ -529,8 +530,9 @@ where
             geomtype: GeomType::Ring,
         };
         let mut simplified = vwp_wrapper(&gt, &self.exterior, Some(&self.interiors), epsilon);
-        let exterior = LineString(simplified.remove(0));
-        let interiors = simplified.into_iter().map(LineString).collect();
+        // todo: can these be unchecked?
+        let exterior = LineString::new(simplified.remove(0)).unwrap();
+        let interiors = simplified.into_iter().map(|l| LineString::new(l).unwrap()).collect();
         Polygon::new(exterior, interiors)
     }
 }