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Frequently Asked Questions

Before you post a new question, please first look at the following Q & A and existing GitHub issues. You may also want to read Training/Test tips for more suggestions.

Connection Error:HTTPConnectionPool (#230, #24, #38)

Similar error messages include “Failed to establish a new connection/Connection refused”.

Please start the visdom server before starting the training:

python -m visdom.server

To install the visdom, you can use the following command:

pip install visdom

You can also disable the visdom by setting --display_id 0.

My PyTorch errors on CUDA related code.

Try to run the following code snippet to make sure that CUDA is working (assuming using PyTorch >= 0.4):

import torch
torch.cuda.init()
print(torch.randn(1, device='cuda')

If you met an error, it is likely that your PyTorch build does not work with CUDA, e.g., it is installl from the official MacOS binary, or you have a GPU that is too old and not supported anymore. You may run the the code with CPU using --device_ids -1.

TypeError: Object of type 'Tensor' is not JSON serializable (#258)

Similar errors: AttributeError: module 'torch' has no attribute 'device' (#314)

The current code only works with PyTorch 0.4+. An earlier PyTorch version can often cause the above errors.

ValueError: empty range for randrange() (#390, #376, #194)

Similar error messages include "ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused"

It is related to data augmentation step. It often happens when you use --resize_or_crop crop. The program will crop random fineSize x fineSize patches out of the input training images. But if some of your image sizes (e.g., 256x384) are smaller than the fineSize (e.g., 512), you will get this error. A simple fix will be to use other data augmentation methods such as --resize_and_crop or scale_width_and_crop. Our program will automatically resize the images according to loadSize before apply fineSize x fineSize cropping. Make sure that loadSize >= fineSize.

Can I continue/resume my training? (#350, #275, #234, #87)

You can use the option --continue_train. Also set --epoch to continue from the epoch you want and --epoch_count to specify a different starting epoch count. See more discussion in [training/test tips](https://github.com/junyanz/pytorch-CycleGAN-and-pix2pix/blob/master/docs/tips.md#trainingtest-tips.

Why does my training loss not converge? (#335, #164, #30)

Many GAN losses do not converge (exception: WGAN, WGAN-GP, etc. ) due to the nature of minimax optimization. For DCGAN and LSGAN objective, it is quite normal for the G and D losses to go up and down. It should be fine as long as they do not blow up.

How can I make it work for my own data (e.g., 16-bit png, tiff, hyperspectral images)? (#309, #320, #202)

The current code only supports RGB and grayscale images. If you would like to train the model on other data types, please follow the following steps:

  • change the parameters --input_nc and --output_nc to the number of channels in your input/output images.

  • Write your own custom data loader (It is easy as long as you know how to load your data with python). If you write a new data loader class, you need to change the flag --dataset_mode accordingly. Alternatively, you can modify the existing data loader. For aligned datasets, change this line; For unaligned datasets, change these two lines.

  • If you use visdom and HTML to visualize the results, you may also need to change the visualization code.

Multi-GPU Training (#327, #292, #137, #35)

You can use Multi-GPU training by setting --gpu_ids (e.g., --gpu_ids 0,1,2,3 for the first four GPUs on your machine.) To fully utilize all the GPUs, you need to increase your batch size. Try --batch_size 4, --batch_size 16, or even a larger batch_size. Each GPU will process batch_size/#GPUs images. The optimal batch size depends on the number of GPUs you have, GPU memory per GPU, and the resolution of your training images.

We also recommend that you use the instance normalization for multi-GPU training by setting --norm instance. The current batch normalization might not work for multi-GPUs as the batchnorm parameters are not shared across different GPUs. Advanced users can try synchronized batchnorm.

Can I run the model on CPU? (#310)

Yes, you can set --gpu_ids -1. See training/test tips for more details.

Are pre-trained models available? (#10)

Yes, you can download pretrained models with the bash script ./scripts/download_cyclegan_model.sh. See here for more details. We are slowly adding more models to the repo.

Out of memory (#174)

CycleGAN is more memory-intensive than pix2pix as it requires two generators and two discriminators. If you would like to produce high-resolution images, you can do the following.

  • During training, train CycleGAN on cropped images of the training set. Please be careful not to change the aspect ratio or the scale of the original image, as this can lead to the training/test gap. You can usually do this by using --resize_or_crop crop option, or --resize_or_crop scale_width_and_crop.

  • Then at test time, you can load only one generator to produce the results in a single direction. This greatly saves GPU memory as you are not loading the discriminators and the other generator in the opposite direction. You can probably take the whole image as input. You can do this using --model test --dataroot [path to the directory that contains your test images (e.g., ./datasets/horse2zebra/trainA)] --model_suffix _A --resize_or_crop none. You can use either --resize_or_crop none or --resize_or_crop scale_width --fineSize [your_desired_image_width]. Please see the model_suffix and resize_or_crop for more details.

What is the identity loss? (#322, #373, #362)

We use the identity loss for our photo to painting application. The identity loss can regularize the generator to be close to an identity mapping when fed with real samples from the target domain. If something already looks like from the target domain, you should preserve the image without making additional changes. The generator trained with this loss will often be more conservative for unknown content. Please see more details in Sec 5.2 ''Photo generation from paintings'' and Figure 12 in the CycleGAN paper. The loss was first proposed in the Equation 6 of the prior work [Taigman et al., 2017].

The color gets inverted from the beginning of training (#249)

The authors also observe that the generator unnecessarily inverts the color of the input image early in training, and then never learns to undo the inversion. In this case, you can try two things.

  • First, try using identity loss --identity 1.0 or --identity 0.1. We observe that the identity loss makes the generator to be more conservative and make fewer unnecessary changes. However, because of this, the change may not be as dramatic.

  • Second, try smaller variance when initializing weights by changing --init_gain. We observe that smaller variance in weight initialization results in less color inversion.

For labels2photo Cityscapes evaluation, why does the pretrained FCN-8s model not work well on the original Cityscapes input images? (#150)

The model was trained on 256x256 images that are resized/upsampled to 1024x2048, so expected input images to the network are very blurry. The purpose of the resizing was to 1) keep the label maps in the original high resolution untouched and 2) avoid the need of changing the standard FCN training code for Cityscapes.

How do I get the ground-truth numbers on the labels2photo Cityscapes evaluation? (#150)

You need to resize the original Cityscapes images to 256x256 before running the evaluation code.

Using resize-conv to reduce checkerboard artifacts (#190, #64)

This Distill blog discussed one of the potential causes of the checkerboard artifacts. You can fix that issue by switching from "deconvolution" to nearest-neighbor upsampling followed by regular convolution. Here is one implementation provided by @SsnL. You can replace the ConvTranspose2d with the following layers.

nn.Upsample(scale_factor = 2, mode='bilinear'),
nn.ReflectionPad2d(1),
nn.Conv2d(ngf * mult, int(ngf * mult / 2), kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=0),

We have also noticed that sometimes the checkboard artifacts will go away if you train long enough. Maybe you can try training your model a bit longer.

pix2pix/CycleGAN has no random noise z (#152)

The current pix2pix/CycleGAN model does not take z as input. In both pix2pix and CycleGAN, we tried to add z to the generator: e.g., adding z to a latent state, concatenating with a latent state, applying dropout, etc., but often found the output did not vary significantly as a function of z. Conditional GANs do not need noise as long as the input is sufficiently complex so that the input can kind of play the role of noise. Without noise, the mapping is deterministic.

Please check out the following papers that show ways of getting z to actually have a substantial effect: e.g., BicycleGAN, AugmentedCycleGAN, MUNIT, DRIT, etc.

Experiment details (e.g., BW->color) (#306)

You can find more training details and hyperparameter settings in the appendix of CycleGAN and pix2pix papers.

Results with Cycada

We generated the result of translating GTA images to Cityscapes-style images using our Torch repo. Our PyTorch and Torch implementation seemed to produce a little bit different results, although we have not measured the FCN score using the pytorch-trained model. To reproduce the result of Cycada, please use the Torch repo for now.