From 6cd0784e447f18e009cbbf30de471e486f7cf356 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Bj=C3=B8rn=20Erik=20Pedersen?=
 <bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 2024 11:52:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Implement defer

Closes #8086
Closes #12589
---
 cache/dynacache/dynacache.go                  |  18 +-
 cache/httpcache/httpcache.go                  |   1 -
 common/collections/stack.go                   |  13 ++
 common/herrors/errors.go                      |  41 +++-
 common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go                |  41 +++-
 common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go           |  13 +-
 common/maps/cache.go                          |  20 ++
 common/paths/path.go                          |  41 +++-
 common/paths/path_test.go                     |  49 +++++
 config/allconfig/load.go                      |   2 +
 deps/deps.go                                  |  58 ++++-
 hugofs/hasbytes_fs.go                         |  23 +-
 hugofs/rootmapping_fs.go                      |   2 +
 hugolib/content_map_page.go                   |  77 +++++--
 hugolib/filesystems/basefs.go                 |   2 +-
 hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go                   | 204 +++++++++++++++---
 hugolib/hugo_sites_build_errors_test.go       |  17 ++
 hugolib/site.go                               |  10 +-
 hugolib/site_new.go                           |  18 +-
 hugolib/site_render.go                        |   4 +-
 hugolib/site_sections.go                      |   4 +-
 modules/client.go                             |   3 +
 modules/client_test.go                        |   6 +-
 modules/collect.go                            |  10 +-
 modules/config.go                             |   3 +
 resources/page/site.go                        |  14 ++
 tpl/template.go                               |  26 +++
 tpl/templates/defer_integration_test.go       | 202 +++++++++++++++++
 tpl/templates/init.go                         |  10 +
 tpl/templates/templates.go                    |  68 +++++-
 tpl/tplimpl/template.go                       |  98 +++++++--
 tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go      |  69 +++++-
 tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go |   2 +-
 33 files changed, 1027 insertions(+), 142 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tpl/templates/defer_integration_test.go

diff --git a/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go b/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
index 6190dd23481..5007e27baac 100644
--- a/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
+++ b/cache/dynacache/dynacache.go
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ import (
 
 const minMaxSize = 10
 
+type KeyIdentity struct {
+	Key      any
+	Identity identity.Identity
+}
+
 // New creates a new cache.
 func New(opts Options) *Cache {
 	if opts.CheckInterval == 0 {
@@ -64,14 +69,14 @@ func New(opts Options) *Cache {
 
 	infol := opts.Log.InfoCommand("dynacache")
 
-	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStack[identity.Identity]()
+	evictedIdentities := collections.NewStack[KeyIdentity]()
 
 	onEvict := func(k, v any) {
 		if !opts.Watching {
 			return
 		}
 		identity.WalkIdentitiesShallow(v, func(level int, id identity.Identity) bool {
-			evictedIdentities.Push(id)
+			evictedIdentities.Push(KeyIdentity{Key: k, Identity: id})
 			return false
 		})
 		resource.MarkStale(v)
@@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ type Cache struct {
 	partitions map[string]PartitionManager
 
 	onEvict           func(k, v any)
-	evictedIdentities *collections.Stack[identity.Identity]
+	evictedIdentities *collections.Stack[KeyIdentity]
 
 	opts  Options
 	infol logg.LevelLogger
@@ -135,10 +140,15 @@ type Cache struct {
 }
 
 // DrainEvictedIdentities drains the evicted identities from the cache.
-func (c *Cache) DrainEvictedIdentities() []identity.Identity {
+func (c *Cache) DrainEvictedIdentities() []KeyIdentity {
 	return c.evictedIdentities.Drain()
 }
 
+// DrainEvictedIdentitiesMatching drains the evicted identities from the cache that match the given predicate.
+func (c *Cache) DrainEvictedIdentitiesMatching(predicate func(KeyIdentity) bool) []KeyIdentity {
+	return c.evictedIdentities.DrainMatching(predicate)
+}
+
 // ClearMatching clears all partition for which the predicate returns true.
 func (c *Cache) ClearMatching(predicatePartition func(k string, p PartitionManager) bool, predicateValue func(k, v any) bool) {
 	if predicatePartition == nil {
diff --git a/cache/httpcache/httpcache.go b/cache/httpcache/httpcache.go
index ff360001f6a..98f7fedd4c5 100644
--- a/cache/httpcache/httpcache.go
+++ b/cache/httpcache/httpcache.go
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ func (c *Config) Compile() (ConfigCompiled, error) {
 }
 
 // PollConfig holds the configuration for polling remote resources to detect changes in watch mode.
-// TODO1 make sure this enabled only in watch mode.
 type PollConfig struct {
 	// What remote resources to apply this configuration to.
 	For GlobMatcher
diff --git a/common/collections/stack.go b/common/collections/stack.go
index 0f158162615..96d32fe4b56 100644
--- a/common/collections/stack.go
+++ b/common/collections/stack.go
@@ -65,3 +65,16 @@ func (s *Stack[T]) Drain() []T {
 	s.items = nil
 	return items
 }
+
+func (s *Stack[T]) DrainMatching(predicate func(T) bool) []T {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+	var items []T
+	for i := len(s.items) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if predicate(s.items[i]) {
+			items = append(items, s.items[i])
+			s.items = append(s.items[:i], s.items[i+1:]...)
+		}
+	}
+	return items
+}
diff --git a/common/herrors/errors.go b/common/herrors/errors.go
index 7c389c1aeaf..e7f91462e31 100644
--- a/common/herrors/errors.go
+++ b/common/herrors/errors.go
@@ -68,6 +68,20 @@ func (e *TimeoutError) Is(target error) bool {
 	return ok
 }
 
+// errMessage wraps an error with a message.
+type errMessage struct {
+	msg string
+	err error
+}
+
+func (e *errMessage) Error() string {
+	return e.msg
+}
+
+func (e *errMessage) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.err
+}
+
 // IsFeatureNotAvailableError returns true if the given error is or contains a FeatureNotAvailableError.
 func IsFeatureNotAvailableError(err error) bool {
 	return errors.Is(err, &FeatureNotAvailableError{})
@@ -121,19 +135,38 @@ func IsNotExist(err error) bool {
 
 var nilPointerErrRe = regexp.MustCompile(`at <(.*)>: error calling (.*?): runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference`)
 
-func ImproveIfNilPointer(inErr error) (outErr error) {
+const deferredPrefix = "__hdeferred/"
+
+var deferredStringToRemove = regexp.MustCompile(`executing "__hdeferred/.*" `)
+
+// ImproveRenderErr improves the error message for rendering errors.
+func ImproveRenderErr(inErr error) (outErr error) {
 	outErr = inErr
+	msg := improveIfNilPointerMsg(inErr)
+	if msg != "" {
+		outErr = &errMessage{msg: msg, err: outErr}
+	}
 
+	if strings.Contains(inErr.Error(), deferredPrefix) {
+		msg := deferredStringToRemove.ReplaceAllString(inErr.Error(), "executing ")
+		outErr = &errMessage{msg: msg, err: outErr}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func improveIfNilPointerMsg(inErr error) string {
 	m := nilPointerErrRe.FindStringSubmatch(inErr.Error())
 	if len(m) == 0 {
-		return
+		return ""
 	}
 	call := m[1]
 	field := m[2]
 	parts := strings.Split(call, ".")
+	if len(parts) < 2 {
+		return ""
+	}
 	receiverName := parts[len(parts)-2]
 	receiver := strings.Join(parts[:len(parts)-1], ".")
 	s := fmt.Sprintf("– %s is nil; wrap it in if or with: {{ with %s }}{{ .%s }}{{ end }}", receiverName, receiver, field)
-	outErr = errors.New(nilPointerErrRe.ReplaceAllString(inErr.Error(), s))
-	return
+	return nilPointerErrRe.ReplaceAllString(inErr.Error(), s)
 }
diff --git a/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go b/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go
index 5148c82f96a..d2bcd1bb408 100644
--- a/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go
+++ b/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter.go
@@ -17,24 +17,35 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 )
 
-// HasBytesWriter is a writer that will set Match to true if the given pattern
-// is found in the stream.
+// HasBytesWriter is a writer will match against a slice of patterns.
 type HasBytesWriter struct {
-	Match   bool
-	Pattern []byte
+	Patterns []*HasBytesPattern
 
 	i    int
 	done bool
 	buff []byte
 }
 
+type HasBytesPattern struct {
+	Match   bool
+	Pattern []byte
+}
+
+func (h *HasBytesWriter) patternLen() int {
+	l := 0
+	for _, p := range h.Patterns {
+		l += len(p.Pattern)
+	}
+	return l
+}
+
 func (h *HasBytesWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	if h.done {
 		return len(p), nil
 	}
 
 	if len(h.buff) == 0 {
-		h.buff = make([]byte, len(h.Pattern)*2)
+		h.buff = make([]byte, h.patternLen()*2)
 	}
 
 	for i := range p {
@@ -46,11 +57,23 @@ func (h *HasBytesWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 			h.i = len(h.buff) / 2
 		}
 
-		if bytes.Contains(h.buff, h.Pattern) {
-			h.Match = true
-			h.done = true
-			return len(p), nil
+		for _, pp := range h.Patterns {
+			if bytes.Contains(h.buff, pp.Pattern) {
+				pp.Match = true
+				done := true
+				for _, ppp := range h.Patterns {
+					if !ppp.Match {
+						done = false
+						break
+					}
+				}
+				if done {
+					h.done = true
+				}
+				return len(p), nil
+			}
 		}
+
 	}
 
 	return len(p), nil
diff --git a/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go b/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go
index af53fa5dd49..49487ab0bb7 100644
--- a/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go
+++ b/common/hugio/hasBytesWriter_test.go
@@ -34,8 +34,11 @@ func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
 		var b bytes.Buffer
 
 		h := &HasBytesWriter{
-			Pattern: []byte("__foo"),
+			Patterns: []*HasBytesPattern{
+				{Pattern: []byte("__foo")},
+			},
 		}
+
 		return h, io.MultiWriter(&b, h)
 	}
 
@@ -46,19 +49,19 @@ func TestHasBytesWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 22; i++ {
 		h, w := neww()
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __foobar"+rndStr())
-		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)
 
 		h, w = neww()
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __f")
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, "oo bar"+rndStr())
-		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)
 
 		h, w = neww()
 		fmt.Fprintf(w, rndStr()+"abc __moo bar")
-		c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, false)
+		c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, false)
 	}
 
 	h, w := neww()
 	fmt.Fprintf(w, "__foo")
-	c.Assert(h.Match, qt.Equals, true)
+	c.Assert(h.Patterns[0].Match, qt.Equals, true)
 }
diff --git a/common/maps/cache.go b/common/maps/cache.go
index 3723d318e45..7cd7410c216 100644
--- a/common/maps/cache.go
+++ b/common/maps/cache.go
@@ -74,6 +74,26 @@ func (c *Cache[K, T]) ForEeach(f func(K, T)) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) Drain() map[K]T {
+	c.Lock()
+	m := c.m
+	c.m = make(map[K]T)
+	c.Unlock()
+	return m
+}
+
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) Len() int {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+	return len(c.m)
+}
+
+func (c *Cache[K, T]) Reset() {
+	c.Lock()
+	c.m = make(map[K]T)
+	c.Unlock()
+}
+
 // SliceCache is a simple thread safe cache backed by a map.
 type SliceCache[T any] struct {
 	m map[string][]T
diff --git a/common/paths/path.go b/common/paths/path.go
index 906270cae38..de91d6a2ff2 100644
--- a/common/paths/path.go
+++ b/common/paths/path.go
@@ -237,12 +237,17 @@ func prettifyPath(in string, b filepathPathBridge) string {
 	return b.Join(b.Dir(in), name, "index"+ext)
 }
 
-// CommonDir returns the common directory of the given paths.
-func CommonDir(path1, path2 string) string {
+// CommonDirPath returns the common directory of the given paths.
+func CommonDirPath(path1, path2 string) string {
 	if path1 == "" || path2 == "" {
 		return ""
 	}
 
+	hadLeadingSlash := strings.HasPrefix(path1, "/") || strings.HasPrefix(path2, "/")
+
+	path1 = TrimLeading(path1)
+	path2 = TrimLeading(path2)
+
 	p1 := strings.Split(path1, "/")
 	p2 := strings.Split(path2, "/")
 
@@ -256,7 +261,13 @@ func CommonDir(path1, path2 string) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return strings.Join(common, "/")
+	s := strings.Join(common, "/")
+
+	if hadLeadingSlash && s != "" {
+		s = "/" + s
+	}
+
+	return s
 }
 
 // Sanitize sanitizes string to be used in Hugo's file paths and URLs, allowing only
@@ -384,12 +395,27 @@ func PathEscape(pth string) string {
 
 // ToSlashTrimLeading is just a filepath.ToSlash with an added / prefix trimmer.
 func ToSlashTrimLeading(s string) string {
-	return strings.TrimPrefix(filepath.ToSlash(s), "/")
+	return TrimLeading(filepath.ToSlash(s))
+}
+
+// TrimLeading trims the leading slash from the given string.
+func TrimLeading(s string) string {
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(s, "/")
 }
 
 // ToSlashTrimTrailing is just a filepath.ToSlash with an added / suffix trimmer.
 func ToSlashTrimTrailing(s string) string {
-	return strings.TrimSuffix(filepath.ToSlash(s), "/")
+	return TrimTrailing(filepath.ToSlash(s))
+}
+
+// TrimTrailing trims the trailing slash from the given string.
+func TrimTrailing(s string) string {
+	return strings.TrimSuffix(s, "/")
+}
+
+// ToSlashTrim trims any leading and trailing slashes from the given string and converts it to a forward slash separated path.
+func ToSlashTrim(s string) string {
+	return strings.Trim(filepath.ToSlash(s), "/")
 }
 
 // ToSlashPreserveLeading converts the path given to a forward slash separated path
@@ -397,3 +423,8 @@ func ToSlashTrimTrailing(s string) string {
 func ToSlashPreserveLeading(s string) string {
 	return "/" + strings.Trim(filepath.ToSlash(s), "/")
 }
+
+// IsSameFilePath checks if s1 and s2 are the same file path.
+func IsSameFilePath(s1, s2 string) bool {
+	return path.Clean(ToSlashTrim(s1)) == path.Clean(ToSlashTrim(s2))
+}
diff --git a/common/paths/path_test.go b/common/paths/path_test.go
index 3605bfc4330..bc27df6c6c8 100644
--- a/common/paths/path_test.go
+++ b/common/paths/path_test.go
@@ -262,3 +262,52 @@ func TestFieldsSlash(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(FieldsSlash("/"), qt.DeepEquals, []string{})
 	c.Assert(FieldsSlash(""), qt.DeepEquals, []string{})
 }
+
+func TestCommonDirPath(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, this := range []struct {
+		a, b, expected string
+	}{
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/d", "/a/b"},
+		{"/a/b/c", "a/b/d", "/a/b"},
+		{"a/b/c", "/a/b/d", "/a/b"},
+		{"a/b/c", "a/b/d", "a/b"},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c", "/a/b/c"},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/d", "/a/b/c"},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b", "/a/b"},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a", "/a"},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/d/e/f", ""},
+	} {
+		c.Assert(CommonDirPath(this.a, this.b), qt.Equals, this.expected, qt.Commentf("a: %s b: %s", this.a, this.b))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsSameFilePath(t *testing.T) {
+	c := qt.New(t)
+
+	for _, this := range []struct {
+		a, b     string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/d", false},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b", false},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/d", false},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/cd", false},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/cc", false},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c//", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/.", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/./", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/./.", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/././", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/././.", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/./././", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/./././.", true},
+		{"/a/b/c", "/a/b/c/././././", true},
+	} {
+		c.Assert(IsSameFilePath(filepath.FromSlash(this.a), filepath.FromSlash(this.b)), qt.Equals, this.expected, qt.Commentf("a: %s b: %s", this.a, this.b))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/config/allconfig/load.go b/config/allconfig/load.go
index edf8295bf9f..117b8e89c95 100644
--- a/config/allconfig/load.go
+++ b/config/allconfig/load.go
@@ -458,6 +458,7 @@ func (l *configLoader) loadModules(configs *Configs) (modules.ModulesConfig, *mo
 	conf := configs.Base
 	workingDir := bcfg.WorkingDir
 	themesDir := bcfg.ThemesDir
+	publishDir := bcfg.PublishDir
 
 	cfg := configs.LoadingInfo.Cfg
 
@@ -492,6 +493,7 @@ func (l *configLoader) loadModules(configs *Configs) (modules.ModulesConfig, *mo
 		HookBeforeFinalize: hook,
 		WorkingDir:         workingDir,
 		ThemesDir:          themesDir,
+		PublishDir:         publishDir,
 		Environment:        l.Environment,
 		CacheDir:           conf.Caches.CacheDirModules(),
 		ModuleConfig:       conf.Module,
diff --git a/deps/deps.go b/deps/deps.go
index 678f8a2fccf..4805af1aafe 100644
--- a/deps/deps.go
+++ b/deps/deps.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hexec"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config/allconfig"
@@ -135,6 +136,15 @@ func (d *Deps) Init() error {
 	if d.BuildState == nil {
 		d.BuildState = &BuildState{}
 	}
+	if d.BuildState.DeferredExecutions == nil {
+		if d.BuildState.DeferredExecutionsGroupedByRenderingContext == nil {
+			d.BuildState.DeferredExecutionsGroupedByRenderingContext = make(map[tpl.RenderingContext]*DeferredExecutions)
+		}
+		d.BuildState.DeferredExecutions = &DeferredExecutions{
+			Executions:              maps.NewCache[string, *tpl.DeferredExecution](),
+			FilenamesWithPostPrefix: maps.NewCache[string, bool](),
+		}
+	}
 
 	if d.BuildStartListeners == nil {
 		d.BuildStartListeners = &Listeners{}
@@ -161,20 +171,29 @@ func (d *Deps) Init() error {
 	}
 
 	if d.PathSpec == nil {
-		hashBytesReceiverFunc := func(name string, match bool) {
-			if !match {
-				return
+		hashBytesReceiverFunc := func(name string, match []byte) {
+			s := string(match)
+			switch s {
+			case postpub.PostProcessPrefix:
+				d.BuildState.AddFilenameWithPostPrefix(name)
+			case tpl.HugoDeferredTemplatePrefix:
+				d.BuildState.DeferredExecutions.FilenamesWithPostPrefix.Set(name, true)
 			}
-			d.BuildState.AddFilenameWithPostPrefix(name)
 		}
 
 		// Skip binary files.
 		mediaTypes := d.Conf.GetConfigSection("mediaTypes").(media.Types)
-		hashBytesSHouldCheck := func(name string) bool {
+		hashBytesShouldCheck := func(name string) bool {
 			ext := strings.TrimPrefix(filepath.Ext(name), ".")
 			return mediaTypes.IsTextSuffix(ext)
 		}
-		d.Fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewHasBytesReceiver(d.Fs.PublishDir, hashBytesSHouldCheck, hashBytesReceiverFunc, []byte(postpub.PostProcessPrefix))
+		d.Fs.PublishDir = hugofs.NewHasBytesReceiver(
+			d.Fs.PublishDir,
+			hashBytesShouldCheck,
+			hashBytesReceiverFunc,
+			[]byte(tpl.HugoDeferredTemplatePrefix),
+			[]byte(postpub.PostProcessPrefix))
+
 		pathSpec, err := helpers.NewPathSpec(d.Fs, d.Conf, d.Log)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -371,10 +390,37 @@ type BuildState struct {
 	// A set of filenames in /public that
 	// contains a post-processing prefix.
 	filenamesWithPostPrefix map[string]bool
+
+	DeferredExecutions *DeferredExecutions
+
+	// Deferred executions grouped by rendering context.
+	DeferredExecutionsGroupedByRenderingContext map[tpl.RenderingContext]*DeferredExecutions
+}
+
+type DeferredExecutions struct {
+	// A set of filenames in /public that
+	// contains a post-processing prefix.
+	FilenamesWithPostPrefix *maps.Cache[string, bool]
+
+	// Maps a placeholder to a deferred execution.
+	Executions *maps.Cache[string, *tpl.DeferredExecution]
 }
 
 var _ identity.SignalRebuilder = (*BuildState)(nil)
 
+// StartStageRender will be called before a stage is rendered.
+func (b *BuildState) StartStageRender(stage tpl.RenderingContext) {
+}
+
+// StopStageRender will be called after a stage is rendered.
+func (b *BuildState) StopStageRender(stage tpl.RenderingContext) {
+	b.DeferredExecutionsGroupedByRenderingContext[stage] = b.DeferredExecutions
+	b.DeferredExecutions = &DeferredExecutions{
+		Executions:              maps.NewCache[string, *tpl.DeferredExecution](),
+		FilenamesWithPostPrefix: maps.NewCache[string, bool](),
+	}
+}
+
 func (b *BuildState) SignalRebuild(ids ...identity.Identity) {
 	b.OnSignalRebuild(ids...)
 }
diff --git a/hugofs/hasbytes_fs.go b/hugofs/hasbytes_fs.go
index 238fbc9c475..ac9e881ef6e 100644
--- a/hugofs/hasbytes_fs.go
+++ b/hugofs/hasbytes_fs.go
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ var (
 type hasBytesFs struct {
 	afero.Fs
 	shouldCheck      func(name string) bool
-	hasBytesCallback func(name string, match bool)
-	pattern          []byte
+	hasBytesCallback func(name string, match []byte)
+	patterns         [][]byte
 }
 
-func NewHasBytesReceiver(delegate afero.Fs, shouldCheck func(name string) bool, hasBytesCallback func(name string, match bool), pattern []byte) afero.Fs {
-	return &hasBytesFs{Fs: delegate, shouldCheck: shouldCheck, hasBytesCallback: hasBytesCallback, pattern: pattern}
+func NewHasBytesReceiver(delegate afero.Fs, shouldCheck func(name string) bool, hasBytesCallback func(name string, match []byte), patterns ...[]byte) afero.Fs {
+	return &hasBytesFs{Fs: delegate, shouldCheck: shouldCheck, hasBytesCallback: hasBytesCallback, patterns: patterns}
 }
 
 func (fs *hasBytesFs) UnwrapFilesystem() afero.Fs {
@@ -60,10 +60,15 @@ func (fs *hasBytesFs) wrapFile(f afero.File) afero.File {
 	if !fs.shouldCheck(f.Name()) {
 		return f
 	}
+	patterns := make([]*hugio.HasBytesPattern, len(fs.patterns))
+	for i, p := range fs.patterns {
+		patterns[i] = &hugio.HasBytesPattern{Pattern: p}
+	}
+
 	return &hasBytesFile{
 		File: f,
 		hbw: &hugio.HasBytesWriter{
-			Pattern: fs.pattern,
+			Patterns: patterns,
 		},
 		hasBytesCallback: fs.hasBytesCallback,
 	}
@@ -74,7 +79,7 @@ func (fs *hasBytesFs) Name() string {
 }
 
 type hasBytesFile struct {
-	hasBytesCallback func(name string, match bool)
+	hasBytesCallback func(name string, match []byte)
 	hbw              *hugio.HasBytesWriter
 	afero.File
 }
@@ -88,6 +93,10 @@ func (h *hasBytesFile) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 }
 
 func (h *hasBytesFile) Close() error {
-	h.hasBytesCallback(h.Name(), h.hbw.Match)
+	for _, p := range h.hbw.Patterns {
+		if p.Match {
+			h.hasBytesCallback(h.Name(), p.Pattern)
+		}
+	}
 	return h.File.Close()
 }
diff --git a/hugofs/rootmapping_fs.go b/hugofs/rootmapping_fs.go
index c91403c7979..2ecd88e9e84 100644
--- a/hugofs/rootmapping_fs.go
+++ b/hugofs/rootmapping_fs.go
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@ type ComponentPath struct {
 	Component string
 	Path      string
 	Lang      string
+	Watch     bool
 }
 
 func (c ComponentPath) ComponentPathJoined() string {
@@ -376,6 +377,7 @@ func (fs *RootMappingFs) ReverseLookupComponent(component, filename string) ([]C
 			Component: first.FromBase,
 			Path:      paths.ToSlashTrimLeading(filename),
 			Lang:      first.Meta.Lang,
+			Watch:     first.Meta.Watch,
 		})
 	}
 
diff --git a/hugolib/content_map_page.go b/hugolib/content_map_page.go
index f9709df15ea..0a9063e2303 100644
--- a/hugolib/content_map_page.go
+++ b/hugolib/content_map_page.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/rungroup"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/types"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/glob"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/doctree"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib/pagesfromdata"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
@@ -1002,7 +1003,7 @@ func (m *pageMap) debugPrint(prefix string, maxLevel int, w io.Writer) {
 		}
 		const indentStr = " "
 		p := n.(*pageState)
-		s := strings.TrimPrefix(keyPage, paths.CommonDir(prevKey, keyPage))
+		s := strings.TrimPrefix(keyPage, paths.CommonDirPath(prevKey, keyPage))
 		lenIndent := len(keyPage) - len(s)
 		fmt.Fprint(w, strings.Repeat(indentStr, lenIndent))
 		info := fmt.Sprintf("%s lm: %s (%s)", s, p.Lastmod().Format("2006-01-02"), p.Kind())
@@ -1047,6 +1048,59 @@ func (m *pageMap) debugPrint(prefix string, maxLevel int, w io.Writer) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (h *HugoSites) dynacacheGCFilenameIfNotWatchedAndDrainMatching(filename string) {
+	cpss := h.BaseFs.ResolvePaths(filename)
+	if len(cpss) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Compile cache busters.
+	var cacheBusters []func(string) bool
+	for _, cps := range cpss {
+		if cps.Watch {
+			continue
+		}
+		np := glob.NormalizePath(path.Join(cps.Component, cps.Path))
+		g, err := h.ResourceSpec.BuildConfig().MatchCacheBuster(h.Log, np)
+		if err == nil && g != nil {
+			cacheBusters = append(cacheBusters, g)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(cacheBusters) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	cacheBusterOr := func(s string) bool {
+		for _, cb := range cacheBusters {
+			if cb(s) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	h.dynacacheGCCacheBuster(cacheBusterOr)
+
+	// We want to avoid that evicted items in the above is considered in the next step server change.
+	_ = h.MemCache.DrainEvictedIdentitiesMatching(func(ki dynacache.KeyIdentity) bool {
+		return cacheBusterOr(ki.Key.(string))
+	})
+}
+
+func (h *HugoSites) dynacacheGCCacheBuster(cachebuster func(s string) bool) {
+	if cachebuster == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	shouldDelete := func(k, v any) bool {
+		var b bool
+		if s, ok := k.(string); ok {
+			b = cachebuster(s)
+		}
+
+		return b
+	}
+
+	h.MemCache.ClearMatching(nil, shouldDelete)
+}
+
 func (h *HugoSites) resolveAndClearStateForIdentities(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	l logg.LevelLogger,
@@ -1095,25 +1149,10 @@ func (h *HugoSites) resolveAndClearStateForIdentities(
 	// 1. Handle the cache busters first, as those may produce identities for the page reset step.
 	// 2. Then reset the page outputs, which may mark some resources as stale.
 	// 3. Then GC the cache.
-	// TOOD1
 	if cachebuster != nil {
 		if err := loggers.TimeTrackfn(func() (logg.LevelLogger, error) {
 			ll := l.WithField("substep", "gc dynacache cachebuster")
-
-			shouldDelete := func(k, v any) bool {
-				if cachebuster == nil {
-					return false
-				}
-				var b bool
-				if s, ok := k.(string); ok {
-					b = cachebuster(s)
-				}
-
-				return b
-			}
-
-			h.MemCache.ClearMatching(nil, shouldDelete)
-
+			h.dynacacheGCCacheBuster(cachebuster)
 			return ll, nil
 		}); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -1123,7 +1162,9 @@ func (h *HugoSites) resolveAndClearStateForIdentities(
 	// Drain the cache eviction stack.
 	evicted := h.Deps.MemCache.DrainEvictedIdentities()
 	if len(evicted) < 200 {
-		changes = append(changes, evicted...)
+		for _, c := range evicted {
+			changes = append(changes, c.Identity)
+		}
 	} else {
 		// Mass eviction, we might as well invalidate everything.
 		changes = []identity.Identity{identity.GenghisKhan}
diff --git a/hugolib/filesystems/basefs.go b/hugolib/filesystems/basefs.go
index b3e3284d536..cb7846cd1b8 100644
--- a/hugolib/filesystems/basefs.go
+++ b/hugolib/filesystems/basefs.go
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ func (b *sourceFilesystemsBuilder) createOverlayFs(
 				ModuleOrdinal: md.ordinal,
 				IsProject:     md.isMainProject,
 				Meta: &hugofs.FileMeta{
-					Watch:           md.Watch(),
+					Watch:           !mount.DisableWatch && md.Watch(),
 					Weight:          mountWeight,
 					InclusionFilter: inclusionFilter,
 				},
diff --git a/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go b/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go
index 12eb6a5f8d7..65ce946e977 100644
--- a/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go
+++ b/hugolib/hugo_sites_build.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/bep/logg"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/bufferpool"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs/files"
@@ -173,6 +174,16 @@ func (h *HugoSites) Build(config BuildCfg, events ...fsnotify.Event) error {
 			h.SendError(fmt.Errorf("postRenderOnce: %w", err))
 		}
 
+		// Make sure to write any build stats to disk first so it's available
+		// to the post processors.
+		if err := h.writeBuildStats(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		if err := h.renderDeferred(infol); err != nil {
+			h.SendError(fmt.Errorf("renderDeferred: %w", err))
+		}
+
 		if err := h.postProcess(infol); err != nil {
 			h.SendError(fmt.Errorf("postProcess: %w", err))
 		}
@@ -352,47 +363,172 @@ func (h *HugoSites) render(l logg.LevelLogger, config *BuildCfg) error {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			siteRenderContext.outIdx = siteOutIdx
-			siteRenderContext.sitesOutIdx = i
-			i++
-
-			select {
-			case <-h.Done():
-				return nil
-			default:
-				for _, s2 := range h.Sites {
-					// We render site by site, but since the content is lazily rendered
-					// and a site can "borrow" content from other sites, every site
-					// needs this set.
-					s2.rc = &siteRenderingContext{Format: renderFormat}
-
-					if err := s2.preparePagesForRender(s == s2, siteRenderContext.sitesOutIdx); err != nil {
-						return err
+			if err := func() error {
+				rc := tpl.RenderingContext{Site: s, SiteOutIdx: siteOutIdx}
+				h.BuildState.StartStageRender(rc)
+				defer h.BuildState.StopStageRender(rc)
+
+				siteRenderContext.outIdx = siteOutIdx
+				siteRenderContext.sitesOutIdx = i
+				i++
+
+				select {
+				case <-h.Done():
+					return nil
+				default:
+					for _, s2 := range h.Sites {
+						if err := s2.preparePagesForRender(s == s2, siteRenderContext.sitesOutIdx); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+					}
+					if !config.SkipRender {
+						ll := l.WithField("substep", "pages").
+							WithField("site", s.language.Lang).
+							WithField("outputFormat", renderFormat.Name)
+
+						start := time.Now()
+
+						if config.PartialReRender {
+							if err := s.renderPages(siteRenderContext); err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+						} else {
+							if err := s.render(siteRenderContext); err != nil {
+								return err
+							}
+						}
+						loggers.TimeTrackf(ll, start, nil, "")
 					}
 				}
-				if !config.SkipRender {
-					ll := l.WithField("substep", "pages").
-						WithField("site", s.language.Lang).
-						WithField("outputFormat", renderFormat.Name)
+				return nil
+			}(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
 
-					start := time.Now()
+		}
+	}
 
-					if config.PartialReRender {
-						if err := s.renderPages(siteRenderContext); err != nil {
-							return err
-						}
-					} else {
-						if err := s.render(siteRenderContext); err != nil {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *HugoSites) renderDeferred(l logg.LevelLogger) error {
+	l = l.WithField("step", "render deferred")
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	var deferredCount int
+
+	for rc, de := range h.Deps.BuildState.DeferredExecutionsGroupedByRenderingContext {
+		if de.FilenamesWithPostPrefix.Len() == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		deferredCount += de.FilenamesWithPostPrefix.Len()
+
+		s := rc.Site.(*Site)
+		for _, s2 := range h.Sites {
+			if err := s2.preparePagesForRender(s == s2, rc.SiteOutIdx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if err := s.executeDeferredTemplates(de); err != nil {
+			return herrors.ImproveRenderErr(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	loggers.TimeTrackf(l, start, logg.Fields{
+		logg.Field{Name: "count", Value: deferredCount},
+	}, "")
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Site) executeDeferredTemplates(de *deps.DeferredExecutions) error {
+	handleFile := func(filename string) error {
+		content, err := afero.ReadFile(s.BaseFs.PublishFs, filename)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		k := 0
+		changed := false
+
+		for {
+			if k >= len(content) {
+				break
+			}
+			l := bytes.Index(content[k:], []byte(tpl.HugoDeferredTemplatePrefix))
+			if l == -1 {
+				break
+			}
+			m := bytes.Index(content[k+l:], []byte(tpl.HugoDeferredTemplateSuffix)) + len(tpl.HugoDeferredTemplateSuffix)
+
+			low, high := k+l, k+l+m
+
+			forward := l + m
+			id := string(content[low:high])
+
+			if err := func() error {
+				deferred, found := de.Executions.Get(id)
+				if !found {
+					panic(fmt.Sprintf("deferred execution with id %q not found", id))
+				}
+				deferred.Mu.Lock()
+				defer deferred.Mu.Unlock()
+
+				if !deferred.Executed {
+					tmpl := s.Deps.Tmpl()
+					templ, found := tmpl.Lookup(deferred.TemplateName)
+					if !found {
+						panic(fmt.Sprintf("template %q not found", deferred.TemplateName))
+					}
+
+					if err := func() error {
+						buf := bufferpool.GetBuffer()
+						defer bufferpool.PutBuffer(buf)
+
+						err = tmpl.ExecuteWithContext(deferred.Ctx, templ, buf, deferred.Data)
+						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
+						deferred.Result = buf.String()
+						deferred.Executed = true
+
+						return nil
+					}(); err != nil {
+						return err
 					}
-					loggers.TimeTrackf(ll, start, nil, "")
 				}
+
+				content = append(content[:low], append([]byte(deferred.Result), content[high:]...)...)
+				changed = true
+
+				return nil
+			}(); err != nil {
+				return err
 			}
+
+			k += forward
 		}
+
+		if changed {
+			return afero.WriteFile(s.BaseFs.PublishFs, filename, content, 0o666)
+		}
+
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	g := rungroup.Run[string](context.Background(), rungroup.Config[string]{
+		NumWorkers: s.h.numWorkers,
+		Handle: func(ctx context.Context, filename string) error {
+			return handleFile(filename)
+		},
+	})
+
+	de.FilenamesWithPostPrefix.ForEeach(func(filename string, _ bool) {
+		g.Enqueue(filename)
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
 }
 
 // / postRenderOnce runs some post processing that only needs to be done once, e.g. printing of unused templates.
@@ -428,12 +564,6 @@ func (h *HugoSites) postProcess(l logg.LevelLogger) error {
 	l = l.WithField("step", "postProcess")
 	defer loggers.TimeTrackf(l, time.Now(), nil, "")
 
-	// Make sure to write any build stats to disk first so it's available
-	// to the post processors.
-	if err := h.writeBuildStats(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	// This will only be set when js.Build have been triggered with
 	// imports that resolves to the project or a module.
 	// Write a jsconfig.json file to the project's /asset directory
@@ -600,6 +730,10 @@ func (h *HugoSites) writeBuildStats() error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// This step may be followed by a post process step that may
+	// rebuild e.g. CSS, so clear any cache that's defined for the hugo_stats.json.
+	h.dynacacheGCFilenameIfNotWatchedAndDrainMatching(filename)
+
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/hugolib/hugo_sites_build_errors_test.go b/hugolib/hugo_sites_build_errors_test.go
index 5a8b9f76fee..71afe676772 100644
--- a/hugolib/hugo_sites_build_errors_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/hugo_sites_build_errors_test.go
@@ -628,3 +628,20 @@ title: "A page"
 
 	b.CreateSites().BuildFail(BuildCfg{})
 }
+
+func TestErrorTemplateRuntime(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+-- layouts/index.html --
+Home.
+{{ .ThisDoesNotExist }}
+ `
+
+	b, err := TestE(t, files)
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, filepath.FromSlash(`/layouts/index.html:2:3`))
+	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, `can't evaluate field ThisDoesNotExist`)
+}
diff --git a/hugolib/site.go b/hugolib/site.go
index b4b89975d84..2113c4f2086 100644
--- a/hugolib/site.go
+++ b/hugolib/site.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (s *Site) Taxonomies() page.TaxonomyList {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	s.init.taxonomies.Do(context.Background())
 	return s.taxonomies
 }
@@ -200,12 +200,8 @@ func (s *Site) prepareInits() {
 	})
 }
 
-type siteRenderingContext struct {
-	output.Format
-}
-
 func (s *Site) Menus() navigation.Menus {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	s.init.menus.Do(context.Background())
 	return s.menus
 }
@@ -810,7 +806,7 @@ func (s *Site) errorCollator(results <-chan error, errs chan<- error) {
 // as possible for existing sites. Most sites will use {{ .Site.GetPage "section" "my/section" }},
 // i.e. 2 arguments, so we test for that.
 func (s *Site) GetPage(ref ...string) (page.Page, error) {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	p, err := s.s.getPageForRefs(ref...)
 
 	if p == nil {
diff --git a/hugolib/site_new.go b/hugolib/site_new.go
index 2ba5ef2fb3b..cb6630cb34a 100644
--- a/hugolib/site_new.go
+++ b/hugolib/site_new.go
@@ -88,10 +88,6 @@ type Site struct {
 	publisher          publisher.Publisher
 	frontmatterHandler pagemeta.FrontMatterHandler
 
-	// We render each site for all the relevant output formats in serial with
-	// this rendering context pointing to the current one.
-	rc *siteRenderingContext
-
 	// The output formats that we need to render this site in. This slice
 	// will be fixed once set.
 	// This will be the union of Site.Pages' outputFormats.
@@ -439,7 +435,7 @@ func (s *Site) Current() page.Site {
 
 // MainSections returns the list of main sections.
 func (s *Site) MainSections() []string {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.conf.C.MainSections
 }
 
@@ -458,7 +454,7 @@ func (s *Site) BaseURL() string {
 
 // Deprecated: Use .Site.Lastmod instead.
 func (s *Site) LastChange() time.Time {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	hugo.Deprecate(".Site.LastChange", "Use .Site.Lastmod instead.", "v0.123.0")
 	return s.lastmod
 }
@@ -547,7 +543,7 @@ func (s *Site) ForEeachIdentityByName(name string, f func(identity.Identity) boo
 // Pages returns all pages.
 // This is for the current language only.
 func (s *Site) Pages() page.Pages {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.pageMap.getPagesInSection(
 		pageMapQueryPagesInSection{
 			pageMapQueryPagesBelowPath: pageMapQueryPagesBelowPath{
@@ -564,7 +560,7 @@ func (s *Site) Pages() page.Pages {
 // RegularPages returns all the regular pages.
 // This is for the current language only.
 func (s *Site) RegularPages() page.Pages {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.pageMap.getPagesInSection(
 		pageMapQueryPagesInSection{
 			pageMapQueryPagesBelowPath: pageMapQueryPagesBelowPath{
@@ -579,17 +575,17 @@ func (s *Site) RegularPages() page.Pages {
 
 // AllPages returns all pages for all sites.
 func (s *Site) AllPages() page.Pages {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.h.Pages()
 }
 
 // AllRegularPages returns all regular pages for all sites.
 func (s *Site) AllRegularPages() page.Pages {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.h.RegularPages()
 }
 
-func (s *Site) checkReady() {
+func (s *Site) CheckReady() {
 	if s.state != siteStateReady {
 		panic("this method cannot be called before the site is fully initialized")
 	}
diff --git a/hugolib/site_render.go b/hugolib/site_render.go
index a7ecf89af2b..83f2fce8971 100644
--- a/hugolib/site_render.go
+++ b/hugolib/site_render.go
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (s *Site) renderPages(ctx *siteRenderContext) error {
 
 	err := <-errs
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to render pages: %w", herrors.ImproveIfNilPointer(err))
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to render pages: %w", herrors.ImproveRenderErr(err))
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ func (s *Site) renderPaginator(p *pageState, templ tpl.Template) error {
 	paginatePath := s.Conf.Pagination().Path
 
 	d := p.targetPathDescriptor
-	f := p.s.rc.Format
+	f := p.outputFormat()
 	d.Type = f
 
 	if p.paginator.current == nil || p.paginator.current != p.paginator.current.First() {
diff --git a/hugolib/site_sections.go b/hugolib/site_sections.go
index 03d662b9f3b..385f3f2919f 100644
--- a/hugolib/site_sections.go
+++ b/hugolib/site_sections.go
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ import (
 
 // Sections returns the top level sections.
 func (s *Site) Sections() page.Pages {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.Home().Sections()
 }
 
 // Home is a shortcut to the home page, equivalent to .Site.GetPage "home".
 func (s *Site) Home() page.Page {
-	s.checkReady()
+	s.CheckReady()
 	return s.s.home
 }
diff --git a/modules/client.go b/modules/client.go
index f358f3f75d4..a6caec23c90 100644
--- a/modules/client.go
+++ b/modules/client.go
@@ -760,6 +760,9 @@ type ClientConfig struct {
 	// Absolute path to the project's themes dir.
 	ThemesDir string
 
+	// The publish dir.
+	PublishDir string
+
 	// Eg. "production"
 	Environment string
 
diff --git a/modules/client_test.go b/modules/client_test.go
index ea910580f0f..d727c4586e9 100644
--- a/modules/client_test.go
+++ b/modules/client_test.go
@@ -51,12 +51,16 @@ github.com/gohugoio/hugoTestModules1_darwin/modh2_2@v1.4.0 github.com/gohugoio/h
 		themesDir := filepath.Join(workingDir, "themes")
 		err = os.Mkdir(themesDir, 0o777)
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
+		publishDir := filepath.Join(workingDir, "public")
+		err = os.Mkdir(publishDir, 0o777)
+		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 
 		ccfg := ClientConfig{
 			Fs:         hugofs.Os,
-			WorkingDir: workingDir,
 			CacheDir:   filepath.Join(workingDir, "modcache"),
+			WorkingDir: workingDir,
 			ThemesDir:  themesDir,
+			PublishDir: publishDir,
 			Exec:       hexec.New(security.DefaultConfig),
 		}
 
diff --git a/modules/collect.go b/modules/collect.go
index dff71924be3..0e59ede1977 100644
--- a/modules/collect.go
+++ b/modules/collect.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/bep/debounce"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/loggers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
 
@@ -657,7 +658,13 @@ func (c *collector) normalizeMounts(owner *moduleAdapter, mounts []Mount) ([]Mou
 		// Verify that Source exists
 		_, err := c.fs.Stat(sourceDir)
 		if err != nil {
-			if strings.HasSuffix(sourceDir, files.FilenameHugoStatsJSON) {
+			if paths.IsSameFilePath(sourceDir, c.ccfg.PublishDir) {
+				// This is a little exotic, but there are use cases for mounting the public folder.
+				// This will typically also be in .gitingore, so create it.
+				if err := c.fs.MkdirAll(sourceDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %q", errMsg, err)
+				}
+			} else if strings.HasSuffix(sourceDir, files.FilenameHugoStatsJSON) {
 				// A common pattern for Tailwind 3 is to mount that file to get it on the server watch list.
 
 				// A common pattern is also to add hugo_stats.json to .gitignore.
@@ -669,6 +676,7 @@ func (c *collector) normalizeMounts(owner *moduleAdapter, mounts []Mount) ([]Mou
 				}
 				f.Close()
 			} else {
+				c.logger.Warnf("module %q: mount source %q does not exist", owner.Path(), sourceDir)
 				continue
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/modules/config.go b/modules/config.go
index 2f1168d3ac6..78ec3b6b3aa 100644
--- a/modules/config.go
+++ b/modules/config.go
@@ -402,6 +402,9 @@ type Mount struct {
 
 	// Exclude all files matching the given Glob patterns (string or slice).
 	ExcludeFiles any
+
+	// Disable watching in watch mode for this mount.
+	DisableWatch bool
 }
 
 // Used as key to remove duplicates.
diff --git a/resources/page/site.go b/resources/page/site.go
index 56f438cb650..9f7871a020b 100644
--- a/resources/page/site.go
+++ b/resources/page/site.go
@@ -134,6 +134,12 @@ type Site interface {
 
 	// Deprecated: Use .Site.Home.OutputFormats.Get "rss" instead.
 	RSSLink() template.URL
+
+	// For internal use only.
+	// This will panic if the site is not fully initialized.
+	// This is typically used to inform the user in the content adapter templates,
+	// as these are executed before all the page collections etc. are ready to use.
+	CheckReady()
 }
 
 // Sites represents an ordered list of sites (languages).
@@ -326,6 +332,11 @@ func (s *siteWrapper) ForEeachIdentityByName(name string, f func(identity.Identi
 	s.s.(identity.ForEeachIdentityByNameProvider).ForEeachIdentityByName(name, f)
 }
 
+// For internal use only.
+func (s *siteWrapper) CheckReady() {
+	s.s.CheckReady()
+}
+
 type testSite struct {
 	h hugo.HugoInfo
 	l *langs.Language
@@ -480,6 +491,9 @@ func (s testSite) RSSLink() template.URL {
 	return ""
 }
 
+func (s testSite) CheckReady() {
+}
+
 // NewDummyHugoSite creates a new minimal test site.
 func NewDummyHugoSite(conf config.AllProvider) Site {
 	return testSite{
diff --git a/tpl/template.go b/tpl/template.go
index 0ab1abf2f93..cb8d2b321ba 100644
--- a/tpl/template.go
+++ b/tpl/template.go
@@ -20,11 +20,13 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"unicode"
 
 	bp "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/bufferpool"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hcontext"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/identity"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/langs"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/output/layouts"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/output"
@@ -160,6 +162,11 @@ type TemplateFuncGetter interface {
 	GetFunc(name string) (reflect.Value, bool)
 }
 
+type RenderingContext struct {
+	Site       site
+	SiteOutIdx int
+}
+
 type contextKey string
 
 // Context manages values passed in the context to templates.
@@ -191,6 +198,15 @@ type page interface {
 	IsNode() bool
 }
 
+type site interface {
+	Language() *langs.Language
+}
+
+const (
+	HugoDeferredTemplatePrefix = "__hdeferred/"
+	HugoDeferredTemplateSuffix = "__d="
+)
+
 const hugoNewLinePlaceholder = "___hugonl_"
 
 var stripHTMLReplacerPre = strings.NewReplacer("\n", " ", "</p>", hugoNewLinePlaceholder, "<br>", hugoNewLinePlaceholder, "<br />", hugoNewLinePlaceholder)
@@ -228,3 +244,13 @@ func StripHTML(s string) string {
 
 	return s
 }
+
+type DeferredExecution struct {
+	Mu           sync.Mutex
+	Ctx          context.Context
+	TemplateName string
+	Data         any
+
+	Executed bool
+	Result   string
+}
diff --git a/tpl/templates/defer_integration_test.go b/tpl/templates/defer_integration_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2c2bf0d80c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tpl/templates/defer_integration_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Hugo Authors. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package templates_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugolib"
+)
+
+const deferFilesCommon = `
+-- hugo.toml --
+disableLiveReload = true
+disableKinds = ["taxonomy", "term", "rss", "sitemap", "robotsTXT", "404", "section"]
+[languages]
+[languages.en]
+weight = 1
+[languages.nn]
+weight = 2
+-- i18n/en.toml --
+[hello]
+other = "Hello"
+-- i18n/nn.toml --
+[hello]
+other = "Hei"
+-- content/_index.en.md --
+---
+title: "Home"
+outputs: ["html", "amp"]
+---
+-- content/_index.nn.md --
+---
+title: "Heim"
+outputs: ["html", "amp"]
+---
+-- assets/mytext.txt --
+Hello.
+-- layouts/baseof.html --
+HTML|{{ block "main" . }}{{ end }}$
+-- layouts/index.html --
+{{ define "main" }}
+EDIT_COUNTER_OUTSIDE_0
+{{ .Store.Set "hello" "Hello" }}
+{{ $data := dict "page" . }}
+{{ with (templates.Defer (dict "data" $data) ) }}
+{{ $mytext := resources.Get "mytext.txt" }}
+REPLACE_ME|Title: {{ .page.Title }}|{{ .page.RelPermalink }}|Hello: {{ T "hello" }}|Hello Store: {{ .page.Store.Get "hello" }}|Mytext: {{ $mytext.Content }}|
+EDIT_COUNTER_DEFER_0
+{{ end }}$
+{{ end }}
+-- layouts/index.amp.html --
+AMP.
+{{ $data := dict "page" . }}
+{{ with (templates.Defer (dict "data" $data) ) }}Title AMP: {{ .page.Title }}|{{ .page.RelPermalink }}|Hello: {{ T "hello" }}{{ end }}$
+
+`
+
+func TestDeferBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b := hugolib.Test(t, deferFilesCommon)
+
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "Title: Home|/|Hello: Hello|Hello Store: Hello|Mytext: Hello.|")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/amp/index.html", "Title AMP: Home|/amp/|Hello: Hello")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/nn/index.html", "Title: Heim|/nn/|Hello: Hei")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/nn/amp/index.html", "Title AMP: Heim|/nn/amp/|Hello: Hei")
+}
+
+func TestDeferRepeatedBuildsEditOutside(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b := hugolib.TestRunning(t, deferFilesCommon)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		old := fmt.Sprintf("EDIT_COUNTER_OUTSIDE_%d", i)
+		new := fmt.Sprintf("EDIT_COUNTER_OUTSIDE_%d", i+1)
+		b.EditFileReplaceAll("layouts/index.html", old, new).Build()
+		b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", new)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeferRepeatedBuildsEditDefer(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b := hugolib.TestRunning(t, deferFilesCommon)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		old := fmt.Sprintf("EDIT_COUNTER_DEFER_%d", i)
+		new := fmt.Sprintf("EDIT_COUNTER_DEFER_%d", i+1)
+		b.EditFileReplaceAll("layouts/index.html", old, new).Build()
+		b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", new)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeferErrorParse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b, err := hugolib.TestE(t, strings.ReplaceAll(deferFilesCommon, "Title AMP: {{ .page.Title }}", "{{ .page.Title }"))
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, `index.amp.html:3: unexpected "}" in operand`)
+}
+
+func TestDeferErrorRuntime(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b, err := hugolib.TestE(t, strings.ReplaceAll(deferFilesCommon, "Title AMP: {{ .page.Title }}", "{{ .page.Titles }}"))
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, filepath.FromSlash(`/layouts/index.amp.html:3:57`))
+	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, `execute of template failed: template: index.amp.html:3:57: executing at <.page.Titles>: can't evaluate field Titles`)
+}
+
+func TestDeferEditDeferBlock(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b := hugolib.TestRunning(t, deferFilesCommon)
+	b.AssertRenderCountPage(4)
+	b.EditFileReplaceAll("layouts/index.html", "REPLACE_ME", "Edited.").Build()
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "Edited.")
+	b.AssertRenderCountPage(2)
+}
+
+//
+
+func TestDeferEditResourceUsedInDeferBlock(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	b := hugolib.TestRunning(t, deferFilesCommon)
+	b.AssertRenderCountPage(4)
+	b.EditFiles("assets/mytext.txt", "Mytext Hello Edited.").Build()
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "Mytext Hello Edited.")
+	b.AssertRenderCountPage(2)
+}
+
+func TestDeferMountPublic(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+[module]
+[[module.mounts]]
+source = "content"
+target = "content"
+[[module.mounts]]
+source = "layouts"
+target = "layouts"
+[[module.mounts]]
+source = 'public'
+target = 'assets/public'
+disableWatch = true
+-- layouts/index.html --
+Home.
+{{ $mydata := dict "v1" "v1value" }}
+{{ $json := resources.FromString "mydata/data.json" ($mydata | jsonify ) }}
+{{ $nop := $json.RelPermalink }}
+{{ with (templates.Defer (dict "key" "foo")) }}
+	  {{ $jsonFilePublic := resources.Get "public/mydata/data.json" }}
+	  {{ with  $jsonFilePublic }}
+      {{ $m := $jsonFilePublic | transform.Unmarshal }}
+	  v1: {{ $m.v1 }}
+	  {{ end }}
+{{ end }}
+`
+
+	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
+
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "v1: v1value")
+}
+
+func TestDeferFromContentAdapterShouldFail(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+-- content/_content.gotmpl --
+{{ with (templates.Defer (dict "key" "foo")) }}
+ Foo.
+{{ end }}
+`
+
+	b, err := hugolib.TestE(t, files)
+
+	b.Assert(err, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
+	b.Assert(err.Error(), qt.Contains, "error calling Defer: this method cannot be called before the site is fully initialized")
+}
diff --git a/tpl/templates/init.go b/tpl/templates/init.go
index ff6acdabd0b..7bd1f50c5a2 100644
--- a/tpl/templates/init.go
+++ b/tpl/templates/init.go
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@ func init() {
 			},
 		)
 
+		ns.AddMethodMapping(ctx.Defer,
+			nil, // No aliases to keep the AST parsing simple.
+			[][2]string{},
+		)
+
+		ns.AddMethodMapping(ctx.DoDefer,
+			[]string{"doDefer"},
+			[][2]string{},
+		)
+
 		return ns
 	}
 
diff --git a/tpl/templates/templates.go b/tpl/templates/templates.go
index 8e40f3443a2..91e96ed8e60 100644
--- a/tpl/templates/templates.go
+++ b/tpl/templates/templates.go
@@ -15,14 +15,24 @@
 package templates
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/deps"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
 )
 
 // New returns a new instance of the templates-namespaced template functions.
 func New(deps *deps.Deps) *Namespace {
-	return &Namespace{
+	ns := &Namespace{
 		deps: deps,
 	}
+
+	return ns
 }
 
 // Namespace provides template functions for the "templates" namespace.
@@ -36,3 +46,59 @@ type Namespace struct {
 func (ns *Namespace) Exists(name string) bool {
 	return ns.deps.Tmpl().HasTemplate(name)
 }
+
+// Defer defers the execution of a template block.
+func (ns *Namespace) Defer(args ...any) (bool, error) {
+	// Prevent defer from being used in content adapters,
+	// that just doesn't work.
+	ns.deps.Site.CheckReady()
+
+	if len(args) != 0 {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("Defer does not take any arguments")
+	}
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+var defferedIDCounter atomic.Uint64
+
+type DeferOpts struct {
+	// Optional cache key. If set, the deferred block will be executed
+	// once per unique key.
+	Key string
+
+	// Optional data context to use when executing the deferred block.
+	Data any
+}
+
+// DoDefer defers the execution of a template block.
+// For internal use only.
+func (ns *Namespace) DoDefer(ctx context.Context, id string, optsv any) string {
+	var opts DeferOpts
+	if optsv != nil {
+		if err := mapstructure.WeakDecode(optsv, &opts); err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	templateName := id
+	var key string
+	if opts.Key != "" {
+		key = helpers.MD5String(opts.Key)
+	} else {
+		key = strconv.FormatUint(defferedIDCounter.Add(1), 10)
+	}
+
+	id = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s%s", id, key, tpl.HugoDeferredTemplateSuffix)
+
+	_ = ns.deps.BuildState.DeferredExecutions.Executions.GetOrCreate(id,
+		func() *tpl.DeferredExecution {
+			return &tpl.DeferredExecution{
+				TemplateName: templateName,
+				Ctx:          ctx,
+				Data:         opts.Data,
+				Executed:     false,
+			}
+		})
+
+	return id
+}
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template.go
index 63dc29662e4..04ccdaad22b 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template.go
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/herrors"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/hugofs"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate/parse"
 
 	htmltemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/htmltemplate"
 	texttemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate"
@@ -194,11 +195,12 @@ func newTemplateNamespace(funcs map[string]any) *templateNamespace {
 	}
 }
 
-func newTemplateState(templ tpl.Template, info templateInfo, id identity.Identity) *templateState {
+func newTemplateState(owner *templateState, templ tpl.Template, info templateInfo, id identity.Identity) *templateState {
 	if id == nil {
 		id = info
 	}
 	return &templateState{
+		owner:     owner,
 		info:      info,
 		typ:       info.resolveType(),
 		Template:  templ,
@@ -260,7 +262,11 @@ func (t *templateExec) ExecuteWithContext(ctx context.Context, templ tpl.Templat
 
 	execErr := t.executor.ExecuteWithContext(ctx, templ, wr, data)
 	if execErr != nil {
-		execErr = t.addFileContext(templ, execErr)
+		owner := templ
+		if ts, ok := templ.(*templateState); ok && ts.owner != nil {
+			owner = ts.owner
+		}
+		execErr = t.addFileContext(owner, execErr)
 	}
 	return execErr
 }
@@ -312,6 +318,9 @@ func (t *templateExec) MarkReady() error {
 		// We only need the clones if base templates are in use.
 		if len(t.needsBaseof) > 0 {
 			err = t.main.createPrototypes()
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -369,7 +378,7 @@ type layoutCacheEntry struct {
 func (t *templateHandler) AddTemplate(name, tpl string) error {
 	templ, err := t.addTemplateTo(t.newTemplateInfo(name, tpl), t.main)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, templ)
+		_, err = t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, templ)
 	}
 	return err
 }
@@ -390,6 +399,7 @@ func (t *templateHandler) LookupLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Form
 		t.layoutTemplateCacheMu.RUnlock()
 		return cacheVal.templ, cacheVal.found, cacheVal.err
 	}
+
 	t.layoutTemplateCacheMu.RUnlock()
 
 	t.layoutTemplateCacheMu.Lock()
@@ -497,13 +507,15 @@ func (t *templateHandler) findLayout(d layouts.LayoutDescriptor, f output.Format
 			return nil, false, err
 		}
 
-		ts := newTemplateState(templ, overlay, identity.Or(base, overlay))
+		ts := newTemplateState(nil, templ, overlay, identity.Or(base, overlay))
 
 		if found {
 			ts.baseInfo = base
 		}
 
-		t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, ts)
+		if _, err := t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, ts); err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
 
 		if err := t.extractPartials(ts.Template); err != nil {
 			return nil, false, err
@@ -674,7 +686,10 @@ func (t *templateHandler) addTemplateFile(name string, fim hugofs.FileMetaInfo)
 	if err != nil {
 		return tinfo.errWithFileContext("parse failed", err)
 	}
-	t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, templ)
+
+	if _, err = t.applyTemplateTransformers(t.main, templ); err != nil {
+		return tinfo.errWithFileContext("transform failed", err)
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -745,6 +760,12 @@ func (t *templateHandler) applyTemplateTransformers(ns *templateNamespace, ts *t
 		t.transformNotFound[k] = ts
 	}
 
+	for k, v := range c.deferNodes {
+		if err = t.main.addDeferredTemplate(ts, k, v); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return c, err
 }
 
@@ -858,7 +879,7 @@ func (t *templateHandler) extractPartials(templ tpl.Template) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		ts := newTemplateState(templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()}, nil)
+		ts := newTemplateState(nil, templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()}, nil)
 		ts.typ = templatePartial
 
 		t.main.mu.RLock()
@@ -954,18 +975,18 @@ type templateNamespace struct {
 	*templateStateMap
 }
 
-func (t templateNamespace) Clone() *templateNamespace {
-	t.mu.Lock()
-	defer t.mu.Unlock()
-
-	t.templateStateMap = &templateStateMap{
-		templates: make(map[string]*templateState),
+func (t *templateNamespace) getPrototypeText() *texttemplate.Template {
+	if t.prototypeTextClone != nil {
+		return t.prototypeTextClone
 	}
+	return t.prototypeText
+}
 
-	t.prototypeText = texttemplate.Must(t.prototypeText.Clone())
-	t.prototypeHTML = htmltemplate.Must(t.prototypeHTML.Clone())
-
-	return &t
+func (t *templateNamespace) getPrototypeHTML() *htmltemplate.Template {
+	if t.prototypeHTMLClone != nil {
+		return t.prototypeHTMLClone
+	}
+	return t.prototypeHTML
 }
 
 func (t *templateNamespace) Lookup(name string) (tpl.Template, bool) {
@@ -996,12 +1017,46 @@ func (t *templateNamespace) newTemplateLookup(in *templateState) func(name strin
 			return templ
 		}
 		if templ, found := findTemplateIn(name, in); found {
-			return newTemplateState(templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()}, nil)
+			return newTemplateState(nil, templ, templateInfo{name: templ.Name()}, nil)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
 }
 
+func (t *templateNamespace) addDeferredTemplate(owner *templateState, name string, n *parse.ListNode) error {
+	t.mu.Lock()
+	defer t.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if _, found := t.templates[name]; found {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var templ tpl.Template
+
+	if owner.isText() {
+		prototype := t.getPrototypeText()
+		tt, err := prototype.New(name).Parse("")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse empty text template %q: %w", name, err)
+		}
+		tt.Tree.Root = n
+		templ = tt
+	} else {
+		prototype := t.getPrototypeHTML()
+		tt, err := prototype.New(name).Parse("")
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse empty HTML template %q: %w", name, err)
+		}
+		tt.Tree.Root = n
+		templ = tt
+	}
+
+	dts := newTemplateState(owner, templ, templateInfo{name: name}, nil)
+	t.templates[name] = dts
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (t *templateNamespace) parse(info templateInfo) (*templateState, error) {
 	t.mu.Lock()
 	defer t.mu.Unlock()
@@ -1014,7 +1069,7 @@ func (t *templateNamespace) parse(info templateInfo) (*templateState, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		ts := newTemplateState(templ, info, nil)
+		ts := newTemplateState(nil, templ, info, nil)
 
 		t.templates[info.name] = ts
 
@@ -1028,7 +1083,7 @@ func (t *templateNamespace) parse(info templateInfo) (*templateState, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	ts := newTemplateState(templ, info, nil)
+	ts := newTemplateState(nil, templ, info, nil)
 
 	t.templates[info.name] = ts
 
@@ -1040,6 +1095,9 @@ var _ tpl.IsInternalTemplateProvider = (*templateState)(nil)
 type templateState struct {
 	tpl.Template
 
+	// Set for deferred templates.
+	owner *templateState
+
 	typ       templateType
 	parseInfo tpl.ParseInfo
 	id        identity.Identity
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go
index 92558a9037b..ab6cf7b0738 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/helpers"
 	htmltemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/htmltemplate"
 	texttemplate "github.com/gohugoio/hugo/tpl/internal/go_templates/texttemplate"
 
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ const (
 type templateContext struct {
 	visited          map[string]bool
 	templateNotFound map[string]bool
+	deferNodes       map[string]*parse.ListNode
 	lookupFn         func(name string) *templateState
 
 	// The last error encountered.
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ func newTemplateContext(
 		lookupFn:         lookupFn,
 		visited:          make(map[string]bool),
 		templateNotFound: make(map[string]bool),
+		deferNodes:       make(map[string]*parse.ListNode),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -116,9 +119,14 @@ const (
 	// "range" over a one-element slice so we can shift dot to the
 	// partial's argument, Arg, while allowing Arg to be falsy.
 	partialReturnWrapperTempl = `{{ $_hugo_dot := $ }}{{ $ := .Arg }}{{ range (slice .Arg) }}{{ $_hugo_dot.Set ("PLACEHOLDER") }}{{ end }}`
+
+	doDeferTempl = `{{ doDefer ("PLACEHOLDER1") ("PLACEHOLDER2") }}`
 )
 
-var partialReturnWrapper *parse.ListNode
+var (
+	partialReturnWrapper *parse.ListNode
+	doDefer              *parse.ListNode
+)
 
 func init() {
 	templ, err := texttemplate.New("").Parse(partialReturnWrapperTempl)
@@ -126,6 +134,12 @@ func init() {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	partialReturnWrapper = templ.Tree.Root
+
+	templ, err = texttemplate.New("").Funcs(texttemplate.FuncMap{"doDefer": func(string, string) string { return "" }}).Parse(doDeferTempl)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	doDefer = templ.Tree.Root
 }
 
 // wrapInPartialReturnWrapper copies and modifies the parsed nodes of a
@@ -158,6 +172,7 @@ func (c *templateContext) applyTransformations(n parse.Node) (bool, error) {
 	case *parse.IfNode:
 		c.applyTransformationsToNodes(x.Pipe, x.List, x.ElseList)
 	case *parse.WithNode:
+		c.handleDefer(x)
 		c.applyTransformationsToNodes(x.Pipe, x.List, x.ElseList)
 	case *parse.RangeNode:
 		c.applyTransformationsToNodes(x.Pipe, x.List, x.ElseList)
@@ -191,6 +206,58 @@ func (c *templateContext) applyTransformations(n parse.Node) (bool, error) {
 	return true, c.err
 }
 
+func (c *templateContext) handleDefer(withNode *parse.WithNode) {
+	if len(withNode.Pipe.Cmds) != 1 {
+		return
+	}
+	cmd := withNode.Pipe.Cmds[0]
+	if len(cmd.Args) != 1 {
+		return
+	}
+	idArg := cmd.Args[0]
+
+	p, ok := idArg.(*parse.PipeNode)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(p.Cmds) != 1 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	cmd = p.Cmds[0]
+
+	if len(cmd.Args) != 2 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	idArg = cmd.Args[0]
+
+	id, ok := idArg.(*parse.ChainNode)
+	if !ok || len(id.Field) != 1 || id.Field[0] != "Defer" {
+		return
+	}
+	if id2, ok := id.Node.(*parse.IdentifierNode); !ok || id2.Ident != "templates" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	deferArg := cmd.Args[1]
+	cmd.Args = []parse.Node{idArg}
+
+	l := doDefer.CopyList()
+	n := l.Nodes[0].(*parse.ActionNode)
+
+	inner := withNode.List.CopyList()
+	innerHash := helpers.MD5String(inner.String())
+	deferredID := tpl.HugoDeferredTemplatePrefix + innerHash
+
+	c.deferNodes[deferredID] = inner
+	withNode.List = l
+
+	n.Pipe.Cmds[0].Args[1].(*parse.PipeNode).Cmds[0].Args[0].(*parse.StringNode).Text = deferredID
+	n.Pipe.Cmds[0].Args[2] = deferArg
+}
+
 func (c *templateContext) applyTransformationsToNodes(nodes ...parse.Node) {
 	for _, node := range nodes {
 		c.applyTransformations(node)
diff --git a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go
index bd889b8320f..630415dac03 100644
--- a/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go
+++ b/tpl/tplimpl/template_ast_transformers_test.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func TestTransformRecursiveTemplate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func newTestTemplate(templ tpl.Template) *templateState {
-	return newTemplateState(
+	return newTemplateState(nil,
 		templ,
 		templateInfo{
 			name: templ.Name(),