cmd/go: enable injection of build version info

[deitch]

This is somewhat related to #44469

I compile a binary with go. I distribute it. go, in its helpfulness, includes lots of information about modules and their versions, e.g. from dlv:

$ go version -m ./dlv
./dlv: go1.20.1
	path	github.com/go-delve/delve/cmd/dlv
	mod	github.com/go-delve/delve	(devel)
	dep	github.com/cosiner/argv	v0.1.0	h1:BVDiEL32lwHukgJKP87btEPenzrrHUjajs/8yzaqcXg=
	dep	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2	v2.0.0	h1:EoUDS0afbrsXAZ9YQ9jdu/mZ2sXgT1/2yyNng4PGlyM=
	dep	github.com/derekparker/trie	v0.0.0-20221213183930-4c74548207f4
	dep	github.com/go-delve/liner	v1.2.3-0.20220127212407-d32d89dd2a5d	h1:pxjSLshkZJGLVm0wv20f/H0oTWiq/egkoJQ2ja6LEvo=
	dep	github.com/google/go-dap	v0.6.0	h1:Y1RHGUtv3R8y6sXq2dtGRMYrFB2hSqyFVws7jucrzX4=
	dep	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru	v0.5.4	h1:YDjusn29QI/Das2iO9M0BHnIbxPeyuCHsjMW+lJfyTc=
        ...

Except for the module itself, which just shows (devel).

The compiled binary carries with it all of its dependency version and source information, but only package name for the root module itself. This makes it of much less usefulness for sbom and software supply-chain and provenance tools.

The build process populates BuildInfo, but leaves the version blank.

I recall seeing a discussion earlier about not wanting to depend on external tools; I get that. It might even be a good enough start if there were a "hook" that let you add that information, whether a flag or even the usual -X something=v1.2.3 (although calculating if it is a tag or a pseudo-version and what that is also appears not to be in an obviously exposed package).

1. Ideal: go build figures out, "I am running in a git repo at a specific commit, I will figure out my version or pseudo-version and put it in"
2. Below: go build provides an option to do it, something like --module-version=auto (to auto-populate) or --module-version=v1.2.3
3. Below: it provides a -X flag that can be used, e.g. -ldflags '-X runtime.BuildInfo.Version=v1.2.3', although that leaves it on the user to figure out what that version or pseudo-version is

[seankhliao]

Duplicate of #50603

[deitch]

Dang that was quick. Thanks @seankhliao .

I would have just commented on that issue, but so hard to find. GitHub needs better search.