xquad.en.json

{
  "data": [
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Panthers defense gave up just 308 points, ranking sixth in the league, while also leading the NFL in interceptions with 24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two. Fellow lineman Mario Addison added 6\u00bd sacks. The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a 5-time pro bowler who was the NFL's active career sack leader with 136, along with defensive end Kony Ealy, who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts. Behind them, two of the Panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the Pro Bowl: Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly. Davis compiled 5\u00bd sacks, four forced fumbles, and four interceptions, while Kuechly led the team in tackles (118) forced two fumbles, and intercepted four passes of his own. Carolina's secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Kurt Coleman, who led the team with a career high seven interceptions, while also racking up 88 tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback Josh Norman, who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "308"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b",
              "question": "How many points did the Panthers defense surrender?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "136"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c",
              "question": "How many career sacks did Jared Allen have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 789,
                  "text": "118"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d",
              "question": "How many tackles did Luke Kuechly register?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "four"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e",
              "question": "How many balls did Josh Norman intercept?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Kawann Short"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f",
              "question": "Who registered the most sacks on the team this season?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "24"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d6f3500d65d21400198290",
              "question": "How many interceptions are the Panthers defense credited with in 2015?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Kawann Short"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d6f3500d65d21400198291",
              "question": "Who led the Panthers in sacks?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "four"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d6f3500d65d21400198292",
              "question": "How many Panthers defense players were selected for the Pro Bowl?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "four"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d6f3500d65d21400198293",
              "question": "How many forced fumbles did Thomas Davis have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 900,
                  "text": "Kurt Coleman"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d6f3500d65d21400198294",
              "question": "Which player had the most interceptions for the season?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "24"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c",
              "question": "How many 2015 season interceptions did the Panthers' defense get?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "Kony Ealy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e",
              "question": "Who had five sacks in nine games as a Carolina Panthers starter?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "Luke Kuechly."
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f",
              "question": "Who was the Panthers' tackle leader for 2015?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "two."
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0",
              "question": "How many interceptions did Josh Norman score touchdowns with in 2015?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round, 23\u201316, by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game. They then beat the defending Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game, 20\u201318, by intercepting a pass on New England's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock. Despite Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any in their two playoff games.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Pittsburgh Steelers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab",
              "question": "Who lost to the Broncos in the divisional round?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "11"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac",
              "question": "How many points did the Broncos score in the last three minutes of the game versus Pittsburgh?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "New England Patriots"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad",
              "question": "Who won Super Bowl XLIX?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "20\u201318"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae",
              "question": "What was the final score of the AFC Championship Game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "17 seconds"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af",
              "question": "How much time remained on the clock when the Broncos made the interception that clinched the AFC Championship Game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Broncos"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561",
              "question": "What team was the divisional round winner between the Broncos and Steelers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "23\u201316"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562",
              "question": "What was the final score of the game between the Broncos and Steelers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "New England Patriots"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563",
              "question": "Who won Super Bowl XLIX?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "17"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564",
              "question": "How many seconds were left in the game when the Broncos intercepted the pass that won the game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "Manning"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565",
              "question": "During the Bronco's playoff games, who did not throw at all?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Pittsburgh Steelers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2",
              "question": "Who did the Broncos beat in the divisional game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "11"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3",
              "question": "How many points did the Broncos score in the final three minutes of the Pittsburgh game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "New England Patriots"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5",
              "question": "Who did the Broncos defeat in the AFC Championship game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Pittsburgh Steelers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628",
              "question": "Who did the Broncos beat to win their division in 2015?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "New England Patriots"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629",
              "question": "Who did the Broncos beat tp become the AFC champions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "17"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c",
              "question": "How many seconds were left in the game when the Patriots failed their 2-point conversion?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "39"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd",
              "question": "How old was Peyton Manning when he played in Super Bowl 50?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "John Elway"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be",
              "question": "Who previously held the record for being the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "38"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf",
              "question": "How old was John Elway when he played in Super Bowl XXXIII?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 304,
                  "text": "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0",
              "question": "What role does John Elway currently have in the Broncos franchise?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Broncos"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1",
              "question": "Who did John Elway play for in Super Bowl XXXIII?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Broncos"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591",
              "question": "What team was the winner of Super Bowl XXXIII?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "John Elway"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592",
              "question": "Who is the General Manager for the Broncos?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "38"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593",
              "question": "How old was Elway during his Super Bowl XXXIII win?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Peyton Manning"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594",
              "question": "Who has the record of being the oldest quarter back in any Super Bowl game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "two"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595",
              "question": "How many teams has Manning played for that reached the Super Bowl, while he was on their team?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 57,
                  "text": "two"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d704430d65d214001982de",
              "question": "Peyton Manning took how many different teams to the Super Bowl?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Peyton Manning"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d704430d65d214001982e0",
              "question": "Who is the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "John Elway"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d704430d65d214001982e1",
              "question": "Prior to Manning, who was the oldest quarterback to play in a Super Bowl?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "Super Bowl XXXIII"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d704430d65d214001982e2",
              "question": "Which Super Bowl did Elway win at 38 years old?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Peyton Manning"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e",
              "question": "Who was the first quarterback to take two teams to more than one Super Bowl?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "39"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f",
              "question": "How old was Manning when he played Super Bowl 50?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 204,
                  "text": "John Elway"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640",
              "question": "What is the name of the quarterback who was 38 in Super Bowl XXXIII?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Six-time Grammy winner and Academy Award nominee Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Six"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd",
              "question": "How many Grammys has Lady Gaga won?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "the national anthem"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe",
              "question": "What did Lady Gaga sing?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "Academy Award"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff",
              "question": "What award has Marlee Matlin won?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "the national anthem"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400",
              "question": "What did Marlee Matlin translate?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 140,
                  "text": "American Sign Language"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401",
              "question": "Into what language did Marlee Matlin translate the national anthem?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Lady Gaga"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d20650e7d4791d00902614",
              "question": "Who sang the national anthem?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "Marlee Matlin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d20650e7d4791d00902615",
              "question": "What actress did the ASL translation for the game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Lady Gaga"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4",
              "question": "Who did the National Anthem at Super Bowl 50?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "Marlee Matlin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5",
              "question": "What actor did sign language for the National Anthem at Superbowl 50?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "Lady Gaga"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4",
              "question": "Who did the Super Bowl 50 National Anthem?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Six"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5",
              "question": "How many Grammy Award's does the text say Lady Gaga has won?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "Marlee Matlin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6",
              "question": "Who did the sign language of the National Anthem at Super Bowl 50?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With 4:51 left in regulation, Carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward, who returned it five yards to the Panthers 4-yard line. Although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it, Newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism. Meanwhile, Denver's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays, but a holding penalty on cornerback Josh Norman gave the Broncos a new set of downs. Then Anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler for a 2-point conversion, giving Denver a 24\u201310 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away. Carolina had two more drives, but failed to get a first down on each one.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "24"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d",
              "question": "On what yard line did Carolina begin with 4:51 left in the game?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "Newton"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e",
              "question": "Who fumbled the ball on 3rd-and-9?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "Josh Norman"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f",
              "question": "What Panther defender was called for holding on third down?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 674,
                  "text": "Anderson"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470",
              "question": "What player punched the ball in from the 2?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 748,
                  "text": "Bennie Fowler"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471",
              "question": "Who was the receiver on the successful 2-point conversion?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "Miller"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d726b60d65d214001983ea",
              "question": "Who stripped the ball from Newton on a 3rd and nine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "Ward"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d726b60d65d214001983eb",
              "question": "Who recovered the strip ball?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 202,
                  "text": "Newton"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d726b60d65d214001983ec",
              "question": "Which player was criticized for not jumping into the pile to recover the ball?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "Josh Norman"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d726b60d65d214001983ed",
              "question": "Which Panthers player got a penalty, which gave the Broncos a new set of downs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 820,
                  "text": "3:08"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d726b60d65d214001983ee",
              "question": "How much time was left in the game when Denver took the score to 24-10?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "4:51"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832",
              "question": "What was the time on the clock when Carolina got the ball to their 24-yard line in the fourth quarter?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "Miller"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833",
              "question": "What was the last name of the player who took the ball away from Newton late in the fourth quarter?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 302,
                  "text": "Ward"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834",
              "question": "What is the last name of the player who finally recovered the ball Newton lost in the fourth quarter?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 571,
                  "text": "three"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835",
              "question": "How many plays was Denver kept out of the end zone after getting the ball from Newton?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 674,
                  "text": "Anderson"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836",
              "question": "What is the last name of the player who scored a 2-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Super_Bowl_50"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Nearby, in Ogr\u00f3d Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts \u2013 the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5",
              "question": "What is the Saxon Garden in Polish?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "Saxon Garden"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6",
              "question": "Where was the Summer Theatre located?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "1870 to 1939"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7",
              "question": "How long was the Summer Theatre in operation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Momus"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8",
              "question": "What was Warsaw's first literary cabaret?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9",
              "question": "What theatre was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre\"?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Their local rivals, Polonia Warsaw, have significantly fewer supporters, yet they managed to win Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000. They also won the country\u2019s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice as well. Polonia's home venue is located at Konwiktorska Street, a ten-minute walk north from the Old Town. Polonia was relegated from the country's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation. They are now playing in the 4th league (5th tier in Poland) -the bottom professional league in the National \u2013 Polish Football Association (PZPN) structure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Polonia Warsaw"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32",
              "question": "Who won the Ekstraklasa Championship in 2000?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "1946"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33",
              "question": "When did Polonia Warsaw win the country's championship prior to 2000?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "twice"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34",
              "question": "How many times has Polonia won the cup?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "Konwiktorska Street"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35",
              "question": "Where is Polonia's home venue located?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 388,
                  "text": "disastrous financial situation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36",
              "question": "Why was Polonia relegated from the country's top flight in 2013?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "multi-cultural"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57338007d058e614000b5bda",
              "question": "What type of city has Warsaw been for as long as it's been a city?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "711,988"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57338007d058e614000b5bdb",
              "question": "What was Warsaw's population in 1901?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "56.2%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57338007d058e614000b5bdc",
              "question": "Of Warsaw's inhabitants in 1901, what percentage was Catholic?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "2.8%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57338007d058e614000b5bdd",
              "question": "What percentage of Warsaw's population was Protestant in 1901?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "1944"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57338007d058e614000b5bde",
              "question": "When were most of the places of religious worship destroyed in Warsaw?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune (gmina). A city is also a commune \u2013 but with the city charter. Both cities and communes are governed by a mayor \u2013 but in the communes the mayor is vogt (w\u00f3jt in Polish), however in the cities \u2013 burmistrz. Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. tasks and privileges, which are possessed by the units of the second level of the territorial division \u2013 counties or powiats. An example of such entitlement is a car registration: a gmina cannot register cars, this is a powiat's task (i.e. a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered, not gmina). In this case we say about city county or powiat grodzki. Such cities are for example Lublin, Krak\u00f3w, Gda\u0144sk, Pozna\u0144. In Warsaw, its districts additionally have some of powiat's entitlements \u2013 like already mentioned car registration. For example, the district Wola has its own evidence and the district Ursyn\u00f3w \u2013 its own (and the cars from Wola have another type of registration number than these from Ursyn\u00f3w). But for instance the districts in Krak\u00f3w do not have entitlements of powiat, so the registration numbers in Krak\u00f3w are of the same type for all districts.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "commune"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573380e0d058e614000b5be9",
              "question": "What is the basic unit of territorial division in Poland?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "counties or powiats"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573380e0d058e614000b5bea",
              "question": "What is the second level of territorial division in Poland?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1085,
                  "text": "Krak\u00f3w"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573380e0d058e614000b5beb",
              "question": "In what districts are the registration numbers for cars all of the same type?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators, the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009. From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "1817"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733834ed058e614000b5c26",
              "question": "When was Warsaw's first stock exchange established?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 82,
                  "text": "World War II"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733834ed058e614000b5c27",
              "question": "What brought Warsaw's stock exchange to a stop?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "April 1991"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733834ed058e614000b5c28",
              "question": "When was Warsaw's stock exchange brought back to life?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "374"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733834ed058e614000b5c29",
              "question": "How many companies were listed on the WSE on August 2009?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "Polish United Workers' Party"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a",
              "question": "Whose former headquarters was the WSE located in until 2000?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Warsaw"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Before Rollo's arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the \u00cele-de-France, which were considered \"Frankish\". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s, but were divided between colonies in the east (Roumois and Pays de Caux) around the low Seine valley and in the west in the Cotentin Peninsula, and were separated by traditional pagii, where the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers. Rollo's contingents who raided and ultimately settled Normandy and parts of the Atlantic coast included Danes, Norwegians, Norse\u2013Gaels, Orkney Vikings, possibly Swedes, and Anglo-Danes from the English Danelaw under Norse control.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 7,
                  "text": "Rollo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d",
              "question": "Who upon arriving gave the original viking settlers a common identity?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The two most prominent Norman families to arrive in the Mediterranean were descendants of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengot family, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county of Aversa, the first Norman toehold in the south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince Guaimar IV of Salerno \"Duke of Apulia and Calabria\". He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi. The Drengot family thereafter attained the principality of Capua, and emperor Henry III legally ennobled the Hauteville leader, Drogo, as \"dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae\" (\"Duke and Master of Italy and Count of the Normans of all Apulia and Calabria\") in 1047.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 627,
                  "text": "Drogo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595",
              "question": "What was the name of the leader ennobled by Henry III"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "William Iron Arm"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596",
              "question": "Who was Count of Melfi"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces in 1038\u201340. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service actually were from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the \"Franks\", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 161,
                  "text": "Seljuk Turks"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f",
              "question": "Who was the Normans' main enemy in Italy, the Byzantine Empire and Armenia?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans\u2014formerly of Oursel\u2014led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning \"Franks.\" The known trade between Amalfi and Antioch and between Bari and Tarsus may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 539,
                  "text": "Afranji"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de10b44396321400ee2593",
              "question": "What was the name of the Norman castle?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "Oursel"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de10b44396321400ee2594",
              "question": "Who was the leader when the Franks entered the Euphrates valley?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "Turkish forces"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de10b44396321400ee2595",
              "question": "Who did the Normans team up with in Anatolia?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1402 and 1405, the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy, Gascony and were later reinforced by Castilian colonists.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "Africa"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56de49564396321400ee277a",
              "question": "What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Normans"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship, eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal \"mad scientist\". His patents earned him a considerable amount of money, much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success.:121,154 He lived most of his life in a series of New York hotels, through his retirement. Tesla died on 7 January 1943. His work fell into relative obscurity after his death, but in 1960 the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "1943"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7",
              "question": "What year did Tesla die? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "SI unit of magnetic flux density"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8",
              "question": "What was named \"The Tesla\" in his honor?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "New York hotels"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9",
              "question": "Where did Tesla live for much of his life?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "mad scientist"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba",
              "question": "What was Tesla's reputation in popular culture?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "His patents"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb",
              "question": "How did Tesla finance his work?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "1943"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc",
              "question": "What year did Tesla die?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 529,
                  "text": "SI unit of magnetic flux density"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd",
              "question": "What did the General Conference on Weights and Measures name after Tesla in 1960?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 653,
                  "text": "1990s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce",
              "question": "When did people once again start to show an interest in Tesla?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "showmanship"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf",
              "question": "Other than his scientific achievements what was Tesla famous for?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After leaving Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators, the first patents issued to Tesla in the US.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfb5777aa994140058e021",
              "question": "Who did Tesla partner with in 1886?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfb5777aa994140058e022",
              "question": "What did lane and vail finance?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfb5777aa994140058e023",
              "question": "What did Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing do?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "patents"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfb5777aa994140058e024",
              "question": "What did Tesla first receive after starting his company?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 236,
                  "text": "electrical arc light based illumination systems"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56dfb5777aa994140058e025",
              "question": "What was produced at tesla's company? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420",
              "question": "What were the names of Tesla's new partners?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "1886"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421",
              "question": "When did the partnership between Tesla, Lane and Vail form?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422",
              "question": "What was the name of the company the businessmen financed? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "installed electrical arc light based illumination systems"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423",
              "question": "What did Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing do?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "Tesla"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424",
              "question": "Who designed the illumination systems that Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing installed?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1900, Tesla was granted patents for a \"system of transmitting electrical energy\" and \"an electrical transmitter.\" When Guglielmo Marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901, Tesla quipped that it was done with 17 Tesla patents, though there is little to support this claim. This was the beginning of years of patent battles over radio with Tesla's patents being upheld in 1903, followed by a reverse decision in favor of Marconi in 1904. In 1943, a Supreme Court of the United States decision restored the prior patents of Tesla, Oliver Lodge, and John Stone. The court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission, just that since Marconi's claim to certain patents were questionable, he could not claim infringement on those same patents (there are claims the high court was trying to nullify a World War I claim against the U.S. government by the Marconi Company via simply restoring Tesla's prior patent).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "1900"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877",
              "question": "When did Tesla attain his electrical transmitter patent?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "Guglielmo Marconi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878",
              "question": "Who first sent radio waves across the Atlantic?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 203,
                  "text": "1901"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879",
              "question": "When was Marconi's radio demonstration?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "1943"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a",
              "question": "When were Tesla's patents restored?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 484,
                  "text": "Supreme Court of the United States"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b",
              "question": "A decision made by what entity restored Tesla's patents?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "38"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3",
              "question": "How many possible bids for the prize were there in 1915?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "Edison"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4",
              "question": "Who received a bid in 1915?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 182,
                  "text": "1937"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5",
              "question": "In what year did Tesla receive a Nobel Prize bid?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War\", published in 1937, Tesla stated:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "\"A Machine to End War\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66",
              "question": "What article was published in 1937?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "uncertain"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67",
              "question": "Because of certain statements what was the believed state of his religious views?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "War"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68",
              "question": "In the article's title, what did the machine hope to end?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Nikola_Tesla"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Computational complexity theory"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e16182e3433e1400422e28",
              "question": "What branch of theoretical computer science deals with broadly classifying computational problems by difficulty and class of relationship?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 175,
                  "text": "inherent difficulty"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e16182e3433e1400422e29",
              "question": "By what main attribute are computational problems classified utilizing computational complexity theory? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "computational problems"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a",
              "question": "What is the term for a task that generally lends itself to being solved by a computer?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded. For example, integers can be represented in binary notation, and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices, or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "problem instance"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0",
              "question": "In a computational problem, what can be described as a string over an alphabet?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "binary"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1",
              "question": "What is the name of the alphabet is most commonly used in a problem instance?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "bitstrings"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2",
              "question": "What is another term for the string of a problem instance?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "binary notation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3",
              "question": "In the encoding of mathematical objects, what is the way in which integers are commonly expressed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "adjacency matrices"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4",
              "question": "What is one way in which graphs can be encoded? "
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "It is tempting to think that the notion of function problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems. For example, the multiplication of two integers can be expressed as the set of triples (a, b, c) such that the relation a \u00d7 b = c holds. Deciding whether a given triple is a member of this set corresponds to solving the problem of multiplying two numbers.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "as decision problems"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e",
              "question": "How can function problems typically be restated?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "set of triples"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f",
              "question": "If two integers are multiplied and output a value, what is this expression set called?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used. The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x is the total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer (\"yes\" or \"no\"). A Turing machine M is said to operate within time f(n), if the time required by M on each input of length n is at most f(n). A decision problem A can be solved in time f(n) if there exists a Turing machine operating in time f(n) that solves the problem. Since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty, one defines sets of problems based on some criteria. For instance, the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine is then denoted by DTIME(f(n)).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "state transitions"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3",
              "question": "The time required to output an answer on a deterministic Turing machine is expressed as what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 695,
                  "text": "difficulty"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4",
              "question": "Complexity theory classifies problems based on what primary attribute?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 873,
                  "text": "DTIME(f(n))"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5",
              "question": "What is the expression used to identify any given series of problems capable of being solved within time on a deterministic Turing machine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "time"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6",
              "question": "What is the most critical resource measured to in assessing the determination of a Turing machine's ability to solve any given set of problems?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal, but this has not been proved. For instance P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE. If P is not equal to NP, then P is not equal to PSPACE either. Since there are many known complexity classes between P and PSPACE, such as RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, PH, etc., it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class. Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "suspected to be unequal"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210",
              "question": "What is the unproven assumption generally ascribed to the value of complexity classes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211",
              "question": "What is an expression that can be used to illustrate the suspected inequality of complexity classes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 269,
                  "text": "between P and PSPACE"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212",
              "question": "Where can the complexity classes RP, BPP, PP, BQP, MA, and PH be located?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "Proving that any of these classes are unequal"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214",
              "question": "What evidence between and among complexity classes would signify a theoretical watershed for complexity theory?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Computational_complexity_theory"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In past times, corporal punishment (spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world. Most Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "one of the most common"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3",
              "question": "How common was the form of corporal punishment in the past?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Most Western countries"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4",
              "question": "Where is corporal punishment no longer practiced?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "United States"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5",
              "question": "What Western country is corporal punishment still allowed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "US Supreme Court"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6",
              "question": "What U.S. entity said that corporal punishment was Constitutional?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "physical pain"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7",
              "question": "What does corporal punishment cause a student?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years. A growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "trade unions"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7788200c9c71400d77180",
              "question": "What group can teachers in Wales register with?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "falling"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7788200c9c71400d77181",
              "question": "What is happening to the average age of teachers in Wales?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "between 2005 and 2010"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7788200c9c71400d77182",
              "question": "When were attacks on teachers the highest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "trade unions"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7788200c9c71400d77183",
              "question": "What is the NASUWT?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "concern"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7788200c9c71400d77184",
              "question": "What are the attacks on teachers causing?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "each state"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd",
              "question": "In the US, who decides on the requirements for teachers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 222,
                  "text": "ten years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe",
              "question": "What is the longest time that a teaching certificate is good for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "bachelor's degree"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff",
              "question": "What must a public school teacher have, at a minimum?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 371,
                  "text": "charter schools"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7796637bdd419002c4000",
              "question": "Who may not require that its teachers be certified?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 502,
                  "text": "No Child Left Behind"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e7796637bdd419002c4001",
              "question": "What may a Charter school require that their teachers meet the standards to be highly qualified by?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "guru"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8",
              "question": "What is the name of the spiritual teacher in Hinduism?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "extremely high"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9",
              "question": "Is the focus on spiritual mentorship in Hinduism high or low?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "their disciples"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa",
              "question": "Who do gurus control?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 119,
                  "text": "the West"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab",
              "question": "In what area is it common for spiritual mentorship to be extremely high?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In Tibetan Buddhism the teachers of Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama. A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "Lama"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77da237bdd419002c403b",
              "question": "What is the name of a teacher in Tibetan Buddhism?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "be reborn"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77da237bdd419002c403c",
              "question": "What has a Lama determined to do?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "Tulku"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77da237bdd419002c403d",
              "question": "What is the name of a Bodhisattva vow?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "many times"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77da237bdd419002c403e",
              "question": "How much has a Lama agreed to be reborn?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "phowa and siddhi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56e77da237bdd419002c403f",
              "question": "What helped the Lama determine to be reborn?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Teacher"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "1519"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391",
              "question": "When did Luther's writings to spread to France, England and Italy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "Students"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392",
              "question": "Who went to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "early"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393",
              "question": "What part of Luther's career was one of his most productive?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "1520"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394",
              "question": "When were some of Luther's best-known works published?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "On the Freedom of a Christian"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395",
              "question": "Besides publishing To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation and On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, what other work did Luther produce in 1520?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution, since \"every Christian is a confessor.\" In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 7,
                  "text": "summer of 1521"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f84485aef2371900625f71",
              "question": "When did Luther broaden his attacks to include core Church doctrines?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 198,
                  "text": "condemned as idolatry"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f84485aef2371900625f72",
              "question": "How did Luther describe the mass that was viewed as sacrifice?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "gift"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f84485aef2371900625f73",
              "question": "What did Luther call the mass instead of sacrifice?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "private confession and absolution"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f84485aef2371900625f74",
              "question": "After rejecting compulsory confession, what did Luther call for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 664,
                  "text": "break their vows"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f84485aef2371900625f75",
              "question": "What did Luther tell monks and nuns about their vows?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation. As such, it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the German language and literature. Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther, and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine throughout Germany. The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations, such as William Tyndale's English Bible (1525 forward), a precursor of the King James Bible.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 41,
                  "text": "German-language publications"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f86e91aef2371900626067",
              "question": "At the time of Martin Luther what was in demand?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Bible"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f86e91aef2371900626068",
              "question": "What work of Luther's became popular?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "evolution of the German language and literature"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f86e91aef2371900626069",
              "question": "What did the popularity of Luther's translation contribute to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "Lucas Cranach"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f86e91aef237190062606a",
              "question": "What artist provided the woodcuts for Luther's Bible?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "William Tyndale"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f86e91aef237190062606b",
              "question": "Whose English translation of the Bible did the Luther Bible influence?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn \"Ein neues Lied wir heben an\" (\"A new song we raise\"), which is generally known in English by John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C. Tiddeman.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "events in his life"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8720eaef237190062608f",
              "question": "What caused Luther to write hymns?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "for Lutheran views"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8720eaef2371900626090",
              "question": "Why were Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes executed by the Catholic Church?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 315,
                  "text": "Ein neues Lied wir heben an"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8720eaef2371900626091",
              "question": "What hymn did Luther write after the martyrdom of Esch and Voes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "John C. Messenger"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8720eaef2371900626092",
              "question": "Who is the English translator of this hymn?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 469,
                  "text": "Flung to the Heedless Winds"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8720eaef2371900626093",
              "question": "What is the hymn known as in English?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from \"We are beggars,\" which was in German.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 61,
                  "text": "his last statement"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007",
              "question": "What was later discovered written by Luther?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Latin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008",
              "question": "In what language was most of the statement written? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "\"We are beggars,\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009",
              "question": "What portion of Luther's last statement was in German?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Martin_Luther"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego\u2013Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "third"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc",
              "question": "Where does southern California's megalopolis standard in terms of population nationwide?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "vast areas"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd",
              "question": "Although southern california consts of a heavily developed urban environment, how much of it has been left undeveloped?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "suburban"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5705f7c875f01819005e77de",
              "question": "Southern Californian communities are well known to be large, spread - out, and what other characteristic?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "highways"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5705f7c875f01819005e77df",
              "question": "Outside of its use of automobiles, what else is southern California famous for using?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 680,
                  "text": "international metropolitan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0",
              "question": "What kind of region can be found inside the urban area of southern California?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population. These are the Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,419, and San Diego\u2013Tijuana at 5,105,768. Of these metropolitan areas, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan area, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area form Greater Los Angeles; while the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form the Southern Border Region. North of Greater Los Angeles are the Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Bakersfield metropolitan areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "Metropolitan Statistical Areas"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706074552bb8914006897d4",
              "question": "What is the name associated with the eight areas that make up a part of southern California?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "two"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706074552bb8914006897d5",
              "question": "How many extended metropolitan areas are there?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "five million"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706074552bb8914006897d6",
              "question": "Each of the extended metropolitan areas has a population that exceeds what number?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 672,
                  "text": "Southern Border Region"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706074552bb8914006897d7",
              "question": "What does the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carslbad-San Marcos metropolitan area form?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "17,786,419"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706074552bb8914006897d8",
              "question": "What is the population of the Greater Los Angeles Area?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Southern California is home to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Bakersfield, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "Los Angeles International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570610b275f01819005e792a",
              "question": "What is the second busiest airport in the United States?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "passenger volume"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570610b275f01819005e792b",
              "question": "What is the metric they use to determine how busy airports are?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "third"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570610b275f01819005e792c",
              "question": "What ranking in terms of busiest airports from international passenger volume is the Los Angeles International Airport?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "San Diego International Airport"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570610b275f01819005e792d",
              "question": "Which airport is home to the busiest single runway in the world?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "Van Nuys Airport"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570610b275f01819005e792e",
              "question": "What is the world's busiest general aviation airport?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Professional sports teams in Southern California include teams from the NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA (Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers); MLB (Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres); NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "NFL"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706143575f01819005e7950",
              "question": "The Los Angeles Rams are an example of what kind of sports team?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 116,
                  "text": "NBA"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706143575f01819005e7951",
              "question": "The Los Angeles Clippers are a team belonging to which sport?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "MLB"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706143575f01819005e7952",
              "question": "The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are from which sport?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 245,
                  "text": "Los Angeles Kings"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706143575f01819005e7953",
              "question": "What is the other NHL team aside from the Anaheim Ducks to reside in Southern California?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "LA Galaxy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706143575f01819005e7954",
              "question": "What is the lone MLS team that belongs to southern California?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "From 2005 to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles \u2014 the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center and were local rivals. However, Chivas were suspended following the 2014 MLS season, with a second MLS team scheduled to return in 2018.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "Chivas"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706149552bb891400689880",
              "question": "Which team was suspended from the MLS?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "two"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706149552bb891400689881",
              "question": "How many teams did Los Angeles used to have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "2014"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706149552bb891400689882",
              "question": "Which year resulted in the suspension of one of the two soccer teams?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "StubHub Center"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706149552bb891400689883",
              "question": "What was the name of the stadium that the teams played in?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "2018"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5706149552bb891400689884",
              "question": "When is the suspended team scheduled to return?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Southern_California"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts are in DVB-compliant MPEG-2, with the Sky Movies and Sky Box Office channels including optional Dolby Digital soundtracks for recent films, although these are only accessible with a Sky+ box. Sky+ HD material is broadcast using MPEG-4 and most of the HD material uses the DVB-S2 standard. Interactive services and 7-day EPG use the proprietary OpenTV system, with set-top boxes including modems for a return path. Sky News, amongst other channels, provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "DVB-compliant MPEG-2"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570966e0200fba1400367f4f",
              "question": "What are BSkyB's standard definition broadcasts compliant with?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "Dolby Digital"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570966e0200fba1400367f50",
              "question": "Sky Movies and Sky Box office also include what optional soundtracks?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "MPEG-4"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570966e0200fba1400367f51",
              "question": "What is Sky+ HD material broadcast using?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "OpenTV"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570966e0200fba1400367f52",
              "question": "What is the proprietary system that Sky+HD uses?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "DVB-S2"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570966e0200fba1400367f53",
              "question": "What does most of the HD material use as a standard?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "When Sky Digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the Astra 2A satellite which was located at the 28.5\u00b0E orbital position, unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2\u00b0E. This was subsequently followed by more Astra satellites as well as Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 (now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5\u00b0E), enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service, Sky, with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels. The old position was shared with broadcasters from several European countries, while the new position at 28.5\u00b0E came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the United Kingdom.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "1998"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570967c4ed30961900e840ba",
              "question": "When was Sky Digital launched?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "Astra 2A"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570967c4ed30961900e840bb",
              "question": "What satellite was used when Sky digital was launched?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "Eutelsat's Eurobird 1"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570967c4ed30961900e840bc",
              "question": "What satellite enabled Sky Digital to launch an all new digital service?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "hundreds"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570967c4ed30961900e840bd",
              "question": "How many television and radio channels could the new digital service carry?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "28.5\u00b0E"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570967c4ed30961900e840be",
              "question": "What is the position of the satellite that allowed sky to broadcast channels almost elclusively for the United Kingdom?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 8 February 2007, BSkyB announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels. It was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the BSkyB portfolio including sport (including English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news. The announcement came a day after Setanta Sports confirmed that it would launch in March as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media. However, industry sources believe BSkyB will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from Freeview and replace them with subscription channels, due to possible lost advertising revenue.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "8 February 2007"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57096b66200fba1400367fa7",
              "question": "When did BSkyB announce it's intention to replace it's free-to-air digital channels?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 412,
                  "text": "March"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57096b66200fba1400367fa8",
              "question": "When did Setanta Sports say it would launch as a subscription service?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "digital terrestrial"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57096b66200fba1400367fa9",
              "question": "What platform was Sentanta Sports planning on launching on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 535,
                  "text": "Virgin Media"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57096b66200fba1400367faa",
              "question": "What were NTL's services rebranded as?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "English Premier League Football"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57096b66200fba1400367fab",
              "question": "What does BSkyB's sport portfolio include?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone\" \u2013 as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the household. In December, the UK\u2019s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to BSkyB was \u2018often damaging\u2019, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling. Conservative MP Alec Shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a \"Welfare Cash Card\", in the style of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, that could be used to buy only \"essentials\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 558,
                  "text": "Welfare Cash Card"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097c8fed30961900e841f2",
              "question": "What did Alec Shelbrooke propose payments of benefits to be made on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 673,
                  "text": "essentials"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097c8fed30961900e841f3",
              "question": "What could the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program purchase?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "often damaging"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097c8fed30961900e841f4",
              "question": "what did the UK parliment hear that a subscription to BSkyB was?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "Sky TV bills"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097c8fed30961900e841f5",
              "question": "What was the UK governments benefits agenchy checking in 2012?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "a man's presence"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097c8fed30961900e841f6",
              "question": "What did the benefits agency think sports channels on a TV bill meant?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of \u00a330m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets. Currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB. As part of the agreements, both BSkyB and Virgin Media agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "\u00a330m"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097d63ed30961900e841fc",
              "question": "What were the annual carriage fees for the channels?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "no indication"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097d63ed30961900e841fd",
              "question": "Does the new deal include Video on demand and High Definition?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 419,
                  "text": "Virgin Media"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097d63ed30961900e841fe",
              "question": "What company agreed to terminate high court proceedings with BSkyB?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "BSkyB"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097d63ed30961900e841ff",
              "question": "What company agreed to terminate high court proceedings with Virgin Media?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 543,
                  "text": "basic channels"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57097d63ed30961900e84200",
              "question": "What were high court proceedings being held about?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties. Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong. The Liberals' main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals are strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 16,
                  "text": "Australian Labor Party"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3",
              "question": "What political party is strongest in Melbourne's working class suburbs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "Liberal Party"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4",
              "question": "What party is strongest in Melbourne's affluent areas?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "National Party"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5",
              "question": "Which party is strongest in Victoria's northwestern and eastern regions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "The Greens"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6",
              "question": "What party rules in Melbourne's inner regions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "Labor"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7",
              "question": "What party is favored in Bedigo and Geelong?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility. The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria, except for certain \"entrenched\" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "1975"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf",
              "question": "When did Victoria enact its constitution?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 70,
                  "text": "1855 colonial constitution"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0",
              "question": "On what is Victoria's constitution based ?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "Parliament of Victoria"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1",
              "question": "What group can amend the Victorian constitution?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "\"entrenched\" provisions"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2",
              "question": "What are the exceptions in the constitution  that require special considerations to amend?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "Victoria Constitution Act 1855"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3",
              "question": "What document formed the Parliament of Victoria?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, Victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry, with Toyota's statement in February 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017. Holden's announcement occurred in May 2013, followed by Ford's decision in December of the same year (Ford's Victorian plants\u2014in Broadmeadows and Geelong\u2014will close in October 2016).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "major car brands"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d3468b3d812140066d543",
              "question": "What type of manufacturing plant is Victoria soon losing?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 341,
                  "text": "2017"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d3468b3d812140066d544",
              "question": "When has Toyota said it will close its Victoria plant?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "May 2013"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d3468b3d812140066d545",
              "question": "When did Holden announce that it will close its Victoria plant?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "October 2016"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d3468b3d812140066d546",
              "question": "When will Ford's manufacturing plants close?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 449,
                  "text": "Ford"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d3468b3d812140066d547",
              "question": "What brand of car is manufactured in Broadmeadows?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However, the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d",
              "question": "What is the gauge of the Victorian rail lines?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1\u20442 in) standard gauge"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e",
              "question": "To what gauge have some lines been changed in the west of Victoria?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f",
              "question": "What gauge of rail lines do two tourist lines use?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 531,
                  "text": "mountainous areas"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d630",
              "question": "Where were the narrow gauge rail lines built in Victoria?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "five"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d631",
              "question": "How many narrow gauge rail lines were previously government owned?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "1788"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13",
              "question": "When was the colony of New South Wales founded?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "New South Wales"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14",
              "question": "What was the name of the eastern half of the colony of 1788?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "New Holland"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15",
              "question": "What name was given to the western half of the colony?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "Sydney"
                }
              ],
              "id": "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16",
              "question": "Where was the location of the colonial government that administered the new colony?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Victoria_(Australia)"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France, and forced the Huguenots to convert. While nearly three-quarters eventually were killed  or submitted, roughly 500,000 Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century[citation needed].",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "Edict of Fontainebleau"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57107d73b654c5140001f91d",
              "question": "What proclamation abolished protestantism in France?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "1685"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57107d73b654c5140001f91e",
              "question": "When was this edict declared?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "Louis XIV"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57107d73b654c5140001f91f",
              "question": "Which French kind issued this declaration?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "500,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57107d73b654c5140001f920",
              "question": "How many Huguenots fled France by the 1700s?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the English Crown had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Powhatan County. Some settlers landed in present-day Chesterfield County. On 12 May 1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbors. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honor, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "Virginia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a",
              "question": "In what English colony were Huguenot settlers promised land?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 147,
                  "text": "Lower Norfolk County"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b",
              "question": "In what area of this British colony were Huguenot land grants?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 322,
                  "text": "Manakin Town"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c",
              "question": "What town was actually granted to the Huguenots on arrival?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 556,
                  "text": "390"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d",
              "question": "How many settlers original settled in Manakintown?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "12 May 1705"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e",
              "question": "When were these settlers naturalized as English colonists?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Other predecessors of the Reformed church included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, such as Jacques Lefevre (c. 1455\u20131536). The Gallicans briefly achieved independence for the French church, on the principle that the religion of France could not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. During the Protestant Reformation, Lefevre, a professor at the University of Paris, published his French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in 1530. William Farel was a student of Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation, establishing a Protestant government in Geneva. Jean Cauvin (John Calvin), another student at the University of Paris, also converted to Protestantism. Long after the sect was suppressed by Francis I, the remaining French Waldensians, then mostly in the Luberon region, sought to join William Farel, Calvin and the Reformation, and Olivetan published a French Bible for them. The French Confession of 1559 shows a decidedly Calvinistic influence. Sometime between 1550 and 1580, members of the Reformed church in France came to be commonly known as Huguenots.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "Jacques Lefevre"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6",
              "question": "Who was one French pro-reform Roman Catholic of the 15th century? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "University of Paris"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7",
              "question": "Where did this pro-reform leader teach?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 513,
                  "text": "1530"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8",
              "question": "When did this leader publish a French language Bible?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "William Farel"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9",
              "question": "What leader of the Swiss reformation was a student of Lefevre?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 663,
                  "text": "Jean Cauvin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda",
              "question": "What other European Protestant leader was educated at the University of Paris?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities, which led to their assimilation. Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.I. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "affiliated with other Protestant denominations"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00",
              "question": "How did Huguenots evolve their religious beliefs in the New World?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 195,
                  "text": "married outside their immediate French communities"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01",
              "question": "How were Huguenot settlers assimilated into North American society at large?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 599,
                  "text": "E.I. du Pont"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02",
              "question": "Who was one prominent Huguenot-descended arms manufacturer?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "well into the nineteenth century"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03",
              "question": "For how long did Huguenots continue to use French names?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 660,
                  "text": "Eleutherian gunpowder mills"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04",
              "question": "What was the name of du Pont's gunpowder operation?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural, and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including poet Theodor Fontane, General Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois, the hero of the First World War Battle of Tannenberg, Luftwaffe General and fighter ace Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille, and famed U-boat captain Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri\u00e8re. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re, is also a descendant of a Huguenot family, as is the German Federal Minister of the Interior, Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Frederick William"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50",
              "question": "What German ruler invited Huguenot immigration?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 268,
                  "text": "Theodor Fontane"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51",
              "question": "What German poet was descended from Huguenots?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "Adolf Galland"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52",
              "question": "What German general and fighter pilot was of Huguenot ancestry?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 588,
                  "text": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53",
              "question": "Who was the final Prime Minister of East Germany?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 668,
                  "text": "Federal Minister of the Interior"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54",
              "question": "Thomas de Maiziere serves what role in the German cabinet?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Huguenot"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process. In the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 120,
                  "text": "burning combustible materials"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e",
              "question": "What is the usual source of heat for boiling water in the steam engine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "combustion chamber"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f",
              "question": "Aside from firebox, what is another name for the space in which combustible material is burned in the engine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 321,
                  "text": "solar"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70",
              "question": "Along with nuclear, geothermal and internal combustion engine waste heat, what sort of energy might supply the heat for a steam engine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "electric"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71",
              "question": "What type of heating element is often used in toy steam engines?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in Types of motor units section).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "steam engine indicator"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80",
              "question": "What instrument is used to examine steam engine performance?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "1851"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81",
              "question": "What year saw the earliest recorded use of the steam engine indicator?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "Charles Porter"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82",
              "question": "What company developed the most successful steam engine indicator?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 259,
                  "text": "Charles Richard"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83",
              "question": "Who developed a successful steam engine indicator for Charles Porter?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "London Exhibition"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84",
              "question": "Where was the Charles Porter steam engine indicator shown?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 \u00b0C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 \u00b0C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "working fluid"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b",
              "question": "What limits the Rankine cycle's efficiency?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 274,
                  "text": "565 \u00b0C"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c",
              "question": "What is the turbine entry temperature of a steam turbine, in degrees Celsius?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 301,
                  "text": "stainless steel"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d",
              "question": "What is  565 \u00b0C the creep limit of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "63%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f",
              "question": "What is a turbine's theoretical Carnot efficiency?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "30 \u00b0C"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e",
              "question": "What is the approximate condenser temperature in a turbine?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam. The efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some 27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not in citation given]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 219,
                  "text": "Energiprojekt AB"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a93",
              "question": "What modern company has been notably working on a steam engine using modern materials?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 239,
                  "text": "Sweden"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a94",
              "question": "Where is Energiprojekt AB based?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "5"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a95",
              "question": "How many cylinders does the Energiprojekt AB engine have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "8.8"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a96",
              "question": "How many pounds of steam per kilowatt hour does the Energiprojekt AB engine use?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 385,
                  "text": "27-30%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a97",
              "question": "What percentage of a high pressure engine's efficiency has the Energiprojekt AB engine achieved?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists of a similar, but fixed, series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage. A steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum. The stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam, giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages. Turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed, therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications, such as a ship's propeller. In the vast majority of large electric generating stations, turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing. Typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute (RPM) in the USA with 60 Hertz power, 3000 RPM in Europe and other countries with 50 Hertz electric power systems. In nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds, 1800 RPM and 1500 RPM. A turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction. Therefore, a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "rotating discs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115ff82419e314009555c3",
              "question": "What is another term for rotors?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "drive shaft"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115ff82419e314009555c4",
              "question": "In a steam turbine, what are rotors mounted on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "static discs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115ff82419e314009555c5",
              "question": "What is another way of referring to stators?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 155,
                  "text": "turbine casing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115ff82419e314009555c6",
              "question": "What are stators attached to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1061,
                  "text": "3600 revolutions per minute"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57115ff82419e314009555c7",
              "question": "In the United States, what is a usual turbine speed with 60 Hertz of power?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Steam_engine"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. Its name derives from the Greek roots \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c2 oxys, \"acid\", literally \"sharp\", referring to the sour taste of acids and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 -genes, \"producer\", literally \"begetter\", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 76,
                  "text": "1773"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2",
              "question": "When did Carl Wilhelm Scheele discover oxygen?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "1774"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3",
              "question": "In what year did Joseph Priestley recognize oxygen?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "his work was published first"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4",
              "question": "What gave Priestley the claim to being the first discovered of oxygen?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 251,
                  "text": "Antoine Lavoisier"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5",
              "question": "What researcher first used the word oxygen ?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6",
              "question": "What previous work did Lavoisier experiments discredit?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study. The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then distilled the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them. Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed O\n2. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "James Dewar"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114",
              "question": "What chemist managed to make enough liquid oxygen to use for study?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "1891"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115",
              "question": "In what year did Dewar experiment on liquid oxygen?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 185,
                  "text": "1895"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116",
              "question": "When was liquid oxygen developed for commercial use?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "oxyacetylene welding"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118",
              "question": "What welding process was demonstrated in 1901?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle). Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18; this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Paleoclimatologists"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132",
              "question": "What group of scientists seek to measure the amounts of oxygen in marine animals?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "climate"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133",
              "question": "About what weather feature do paleoclimatologists want information ?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 344,
                  "text": "12%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134",
              "question": "How much heavier is oxygen 18 than oxygen 16?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 585,
                  "text": "oxygen-18"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135",
              "question": "What form of oxygen do marine animals acquire in greater amounts during cooler climatic conditions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "lower global temperatures"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136",
              "question": "During what type of climate is oxygen 18 in seawater at higher levels?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "687 and 760 nm"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c",
              "question": "At what wavelength do the spectrophotometric bands peak?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 635,
                  "text": "carbon cycle"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d",
              "question": "To monitor what event would measuring radiance from vegetation provide information?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 270,
                  "text": "a satellite platform"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e",
              "question": "From where would scientists like measure vegetation radiance?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "global"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f",
              "question": "On what scale would scientists show measurements of vegetation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 104,
                  "text": "remote"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140",
              "question": "What style of sensing do scientist like to use to measure global radiance?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O\n2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff. Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are sometimes treated using these devices. Increased O\n2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin. Oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them. Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive, resulting in bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium, forming in their blood. Increasing the pressure of O\n2 as soon as possible is part of the treatment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "oxygen chambers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03",
              "question": "What device is used to treat various conditions such as carbon monoxide poisoning?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 345,
                  "text": "carbon monoxide"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04",
              "question": "What does increased oxygen concentrations in the patient's lungs displace?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 427,
                  "text": "anaerobic bacteria"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05",
              "question": "To what pathogen that causes gas gangrene is oxygen poisonous?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "Decompression sickness"
                }
              ],
              "id": "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06",
              "question": "What occurs after a dive in which a diver decompresses too quickly?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Oxygen"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices. At the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said in an interview: \"Of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly! And how!... You've [Western nations] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent, and the same for sugar and cement... You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, refined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid us... It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "October 6, 1973"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd",
              "question": "When did Syria and Egypt launch a surprise attack on Israel?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Iran"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bad5271a42140099d0be",
              "question": "Who was the world's second largest oil producer?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 766,
                  "text": "ten"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf",
              "question": "How many times more did the other nations have to pay for oil after the surprise attack?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Iran"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0",
              "question": "Which oil producer is a close ally of the United States?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "renewal of hostilities in the Arab\u2013Israeli conflict"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1",
              "question": "Why did the Shah of Iran gave an interview?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security. On an international level, the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries, such as automobiles. Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic. Finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The embargo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726241189a1e219009ac2de",
              "question": "What has a negative influence over the US economy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "automobiles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726241189a1e219009ac2df",
              "question": "On an international level, which industry's competitive positions is affected? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "Macroeconomic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0",
              "question": "Which problem consists of both  inflationary and deflationary impacts?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 445,
                  "text": "Arctic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1",
              "question": "The oil crisis caused oil companies to increase oil supplies in which area?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 508,
                  "text": "five to ten years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2",
              "question": "How long does it take for new areas to have significant oil production?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1973, Nixon named William E. Simon as the first Administrator of the Federal Energy Office, a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo. Simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972, which worked for states whose populations were not increasing. In other states, lines at gasoline stations were common. The American Automobile Association reported that in the last week of February 1974, 20% of American gasoline stations had no fuel.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 21,
                  "text": "William E. Simon"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe",
              "question": "Who is the first administrator of the Federal Energy Office?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "1973"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff",
              "question": "When was he elected by Nixon?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "to coordinate the response to the embargo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264d9edd62a815002e8100",
              "question": "Why was this short termed organization created?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 473,
                  "text": "20%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264d9edd62a815002e8101",
              "question": "According to the AAA, what is the percentage of the gas stations that ran out of gasoline?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels. There is criticism that American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "energy crisis"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572650325951b619008f6fa9",
              "question": "What was the catalyst that created greater interest in renewable resources?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "market and technology realities"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572650325951b619008f6faa",
              "question": "There is criticism that the energy policies are expensive quick fixes that ignore which facts?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "congresses and presidents"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572650325951b619008f6fab",
              "question": "Who backed policies that have solutions that sound good but have poor prospects?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some buyers lamented the small size of the first Japanese compacts, and both Toyota and Nissan (then known as Datsun) introduced larger cars such as the Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida, the Mazda 616 and Datsun 810, which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning, power steering, AM-FM radios, and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle. A decade after the 1973 oil crisis, Honda, Toyota and Nissan, affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints, opened US assembly plants and established their luxury divisions (Acura, Lexus and Infiniti, respectively) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 491,
                  "text": "1981"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572659535951b619008f703f",
              "question": "When did Honda, Toyota and Nissan open US assembly plants?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 153,
                  "text": "Toyota Corona Mark II"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572659535951b619008f7040",
              "question": "Name a larger car that Toyota came up with as buyers lamented the small sized compacts?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "air conditioning"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572659535951b619008f7041",
              "question": "Name an extra that was added to the production of the compacts."
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "Lexus"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572659535951b619008f7042",
              "question": "Name a luxury division of Toyota."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "1973_oil_crisis"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": " Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program, represented a turning point in NASA's mission mode decision. This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice, and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR \u2014as well as Houbolt's ceaseless work\u2014 played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR, including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing in June 1962.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "Nicholas E. Golovin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c604271a42140099d185",
              "question": "Who led the committee established by Seaman?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "July 1961"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c604271a42140099d186",
              "question": "When was this committee by Seaman established?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 578,
                  "text": "Manned Spacecraft Center"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c604271a42140099d187",
              "question": "Which NASA faction came around first to support the LOR?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 720,
                  "text": "Joseph Shea"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c604271a42140099d188",
              "question": "Who was hired to be the deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 780,
                  "text": "Marshall Space Flight Center"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c604271a42140099d189",
              "question": "Which NASA location came around last to the idea of the LOR?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB.) The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl\" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 9,
                  "text": "unmanned"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90",
              "question": "How many people were on the test flight of the AS-206?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "new Apollo spacesuit"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91",
              "question": "What were the astronauts wearing during the dual mission AS-278?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 447,
                  "text": "visor helmet"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92",
              "question": "What was originally on the spacesuits prior to the clear \"fishbowl\" helmet?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 573,
                  "text": "water-cooled undergarment."
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93",
              "question": "What type of undergarment, if any, was included into the Apollo spacesuit?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "Lunar Module Pilot"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94",
              "question": "What did the LMP acronym stand for regarding the Block II launch positions?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch, with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "altitude chamber"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd",
              "question": "Where did Apollo 1's crew conduct tests at Kennedy Space Center?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be",
              "question": "Who was the main crew of Apollo 1, of which they named themselves?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "launch countdown"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf",
              "question": "What was a plugs-out test done to simulate on the LC-34?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 174,
                  "text": "North American"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0",
              "question": "What other location did Apollo 1 test at besides Kennedy Space Center?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The plugs-out test began on the morning of January 27, 1967, and immediately was plagued with problems. First the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown. During this hold, an electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere. Pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area, frustrating attempts to rescue the crew. The astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "strange odor in their spacesuits"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725dc1638643c19005ace01",
              "question": "What was the first problem astronauts encountered during the plugs-out test?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "January 27, 1967"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725dc1638643c19005ace02",
              "question": "When did the very first plugs-out test occur?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "electrical fire"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725dc1638643c19005ace03",
              "question": "What happened during the plugs-out test during the delay for the spacesuit odor? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "asphyxiated"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725dc1638643c19005ace04",
              "question": "What happened to the crew onboard during the plugs-out test?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 403,
                  "text": "100% oxygen"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725dc1638643c19005ace05",
              "question": "What type of atmosphere helped fuel the fire throughout the cabin?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With a budget of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration. The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy. The images were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video, remaining in black and white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Nafzger"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f39638643c19005acef7",
              "question": "Who compiled the original surviving Apollo 11 landing data?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 221,
                  "text": "without destroying historical legitimacy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f39638643c19005acef8",
              "question": "Were the tapes able to be restored and processed without destroying historical legitimacy or did some aspects of the tapes lose legitimacy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "kinescope recordings"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f39638643c19005acef9",
              "question": "What types of recordings at Johnson Space Center were used to help restore the original tapes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "Lowry Digital"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f39638643c19005acefa",
              "question": "Which company was tasked with trying to restore the original tapes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "black and white"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f39638643c19005acefb",
              "question": "Were the restored tapes able to have color added to them to enhance the picture or did they remain black and white?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Apollo_program"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market in the Single European Act 1986, to further the development of a more social Europe in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the EU institutions in the Treaty of Nice 2001 and the Treaty of Lisbon 2007. Since its establishment, more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining), Greece in 1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though again Norway failed to join, because of lack of support in the referendum), the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 58,
                  "text": "with common rules for coal and steel"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb",
              "question": "How did the principle treaties that form the European Union begin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 187,
                  "text": "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc",
              "question": "Which two treaties provided more formal institutions of the European Union?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 889,
                  "text": "1985"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd",
              "question": "In what years did Spain and Portugal join the European Union?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 833,
                  "text": "not"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be",
              "question": "In 1972, did Norway end up joining the European Union?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1184,
                  "text": "Greenland"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf",
              "question": "Which country in 1985 signed a treaty to give it special status?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0",
              "question": "What caused the need for principal Treaties that ended up forming the EU?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "1992"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1",
              "question": "When year was the Maastrich Treaty signed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "1986"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2",
              "question": " When was the Single European Act made?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 809,
                  "text": "1972"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3",
              "question": "When did Denmark join the EU?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1213,
                  "text": "1985"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4",
              "question": "When did Greenland sign a Treaty granting them special status?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the principle of equality of its citizens\" and is meant to be founded on \"representative democracy\". In practice, equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes, citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries, and \"qualified majorities\" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate. The justification for this \"democratic deficit\" under the Treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the European economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts, while popular understanding of the EU developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war. Over time, this has meant the Parliament gradually assumed more voice: from being an unelected assembly, to its first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process. Citizens' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all European member states: under TEU article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the Commission with one million signatures. TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament on issues which affect them. Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote. There are 750 MEPs and their numbers are \"degressively proportional\" according to member state size. This means - although the Council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the Parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states. MEPs divide, as they do in national Parliaments, along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the Court of Justice held in Parti \u00e9cologiste \"Les Verts\" v Parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states. The Parliament's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an Ombudsman pending any court proceedings. It can require the Commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole Commission (as happened to the Santer Commission in 1999). In some cases, the Parliament has explicit consultation rights, which the Commission must genuinely follow. However its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the Commission and Council, meaning power (\"kratia\") is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people (\"demos\"): in the EU it is not yet true that \"the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee",
              "question": "Which two governing bodies have legislative veto power?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef",
              "question": "What can't Parliament do that causes equality and democracy to be deficient?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1698,
                  "text": "every five years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0",
              "question": "How often do Parliament elections take place?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2740,
                  "text": "a two-thirds majority"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1",
              "question": "How much of a voting majority must there be to effectively censure the Commission?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3090,
                  "text": "the Commission and Council"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2",
              "question": "What two bodies must the Parliament go through first to pass legislation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "the Commission"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726938af1498d1400e8e446",
              "question": "Which entity has a monopoly on initiating legislation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726938af1498d1400e8e447",
              "question": "Which entities have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1184,
                  "text": "1979"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726938af1498d1400e8e448",
              "question": "When did the first direct elections take place?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1698,
                  "text": "every five years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726938af1498d1400e8e449",
              "question": "How often do Parliament elections take place?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2252,
                  "text": "European People's Party"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a",
              "question": "Which party is currently the largest among political party lines?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy. In the first major case in 1964, Costa v ENEL, a Milanese lawyer, and former shareholder of an energy company, named Mr Costa refused to pay his electricity bill to Enel, as a protest against the nationalisation of the Italian energy corporations. He claimed the Italian nationalisation law conflicted with the Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice under TFEU article 267. The Italian Constitutional Court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958, Costa had no claim. By contrast, the Court of Justice held that ultimately the Treaty of Rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation, and in any case under the Treaty provisions only the Commission could have brought a claim, not Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa was entitled to plead that the Treaty conflicted with national law, and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision. The Court of Justice, repeating its view in Van Gend en Loos, said member states \"albeit within limited spheres, have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves\" on the \"basis of reciprocity\". EU law would not \"be overridden by domestic legal provisions, however framed... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question.\" This meant any \"subsequent unilateral act\" of the member state inapplicable. Similarly, in Amministrazione delle Finanze v Simmenthal SpA, a company, Simmenthal SpA, claimed that a public health inspection fee under an Italian law of 1970 for importing beef from France to Italy was contrary to two Regulations from 1964 and 1968. In \"accordance with the principle of the precedence of Community law,\" said the Court of Justice, the \"directly applicable measures of the institutions\" (such as the Regulations in the case) \"render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law\". This was necessary to prevent a \"corresponding denial\" of Treaty \"obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states\", that could \"imperil the very foundations of the\" EU. But despite the views of the Court of Justice, the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "EU law"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265e455951b619008f70bb",
              "question": "If there is a conflict between EU law and national law, which law take precedence?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 924,
                  "text": "because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958, Costa had no claim"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265e455951b619008f70bc",
              "question": "What was the reason the Italian Constitutional court gave that resulted in Mr. Costa losing his his claim against ENEL?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 2214,
                  "text": "1964 and 1968"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265e455951b619008f70bd",
              "question": "What were the years two Regulations that conflicted with an Italian law originate in the Simmenthal SpA case? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726975c708984140094cb1f",
              "question": "Which entities have had to develop principles dedicated to conflict resolution between laws of different systems?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 446,
                  "text": "1964"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726975c708984140094cb20",
              "question": "When did Costa v ENEL take place?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1043,
                  "text": "the Court of Justice"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726975c708984140094cb21",
              "question": "Which court argued that the Treaty of Rome did not prevent energy nationalism?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights, hence the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of European Union law as the need to ensure that European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states' constitution became ever more apparent. In 1999 the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights, which could form the constitutional basis for the European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "None"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e",
              "question": "How many original treaties establishing the EU protected fundamental rights?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 303,
                  "text": "member states"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f",
              "question": "Which entities were originally concerned with preventing violation of human rights?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 436,
                  "text": "1950"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0",
              "question": "When was the European Convention on Human Rights established?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "European Court of Human Rights."
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1",
              "question": "What other entity was established at the same time as the European Convention on Human Rights?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 764,
                  "text": "1999"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2",
              "question": "When did the European Council task an entity with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Following the election of the UK Labour Party to government in 1997, the UK formally subscribed to the Agreement on Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. The UK subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the Agreement on Social Policy, the 1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996 Parental Leave Directive. In the 10 years following the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam and adoption of the Social Chapter the European Union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas, including labour and industry relations, equal opportunity, health and safety, public health, protection of children, the disabled and elderly, poverty, migrant workers, education, training and youth.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "the election of the UK Labour Party to government"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a5525951b619008f78dd",
              "question": "What lead to the UK to subscribe to the agreement on Social Policy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "1997"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a5525951b619008f78de",
              "question": "When did the UK formally subscribe to the Agreement on Social Policy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 354,
                  "text": "Works Council Directive"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a5525951b619008f78df",
              "question": "Which directive mentioned was created in 1994?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 440,
                  "text": "1996"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a5525951b619008f78e0",
              "question": "When was the Parental Leave directive created?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "workforce consultation in businesses"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a5525951b619008f78e1",
              "question": "What did the Works Council Directive require?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "European_Union_law"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amaz\u00f4nica or Amaz\u00f4nia; Spanish: Selva Amaz\u00f3nica, Amazon\u00eda or usually Amazonia; French: For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. States or departments in four nations contain \"Amazonas\" in their names. The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 176,
                  "text": "also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle,"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725b81b271a42140099d097",
              "question": "Which name is also used to describe the Amazon rainforest in English?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "5,500,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725b81b271a42140099d098",
              "question": "How many square kilometers of rainforest is covered in the basin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "nine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725b81b271a42140099d099",
              "question": "How many nations control this region in total?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 774,
                  "text": "four"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725b81b271a42140099d09a",
              "question": "How many nations contain \"Amazonas\" in their names?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 822,
                  "text": "The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725b81b271a42140099d09b",
              "question": "What percentage does the Amazon represents in rainforests on the planet?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Amazoneregenwoud"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe",
              "question": "What is the Dutch word for the Amazon rainforest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Amazon rainforest"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff",
              "question": "What rainforest covers the majority of the Amazon basin in South America?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "Brazil"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00",
              "question": "In what country can most of the Amazon rainforest be found?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 844,
                  "text": "over half"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01",
              "question": "The Amazon rainforest makes up what amount of Earth's rainforests?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1042,
                  "text": "16,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02",
              "question": "How many species of trees can be found in the Amazon rainforest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "moist broadleaf forest"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729e2316aef0514001550c4",
              "question": "What kind of forest is the Amazon rainforest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "7,000,000 square kilometres (2,70"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729e2316aef0514001550c5",
              "question": "How many square kilometers is the Amazon Basin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 515,
                  "text": "nine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729e2316aef0514001550c6",
              "question": "How many nations are within the Amazon Basin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 576,
                  "text": "Brazil"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729e2316aef0514001550c7",
              "question": "Which nation contains the majority of the amazon forest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1042,
                  "text": "16,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729e2316aef0514001550c8",
              "question": "What is the estimate for the amount of tree species in the amazon tropical rain forest?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. Currently, Brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the United States. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "415,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729feaf6aef051400155188",
              "question": "How many square kilometres of the Amazon forest was lost by 1991?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 88,
                  "text": "587,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729feaf6aef051400155189",
              "question": "In the year 2000 how many square kilometres of the Amazon forest had been lost?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "pasture for cattle"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729feaf6aef05140015518a",
              "question": "What is most of the cleared land in the Amazon region used for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "second-largest global producer"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729feaf6aef05140015518b",
              "question": "Where is Brazil ranked globally in soybean production?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 261,
                  "text": "91%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729feaf6aef05140015518c",
              "question": "What percentage of the land cleared in the Amazon is used for growing livestock?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year). Although deforestation has declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "soy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a005f1d046914007796b7",
              "question": "Highways built in the Amazon rainforest were built primarily for what kind of farmers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "increased settlement and deforestation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a005f1d046914007796b8",
              "question": "What did creating highways in the Amazon rainforest lead to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 326,
                  "text": "8,646 sq mi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a005f1d046914007796b9",
              "question": "The rate of clearing of forest from 2000 to 2005 was how many square miles per year?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 460,
                  "text": "declined significantly"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a005f1d046914007796bb",
              "question": "What happened to the rate of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil between 2004 and 2014?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 352,
                  "text": "18%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a005f1d046914007796ba",
              "question": "How much higher was the rate of deforestation in 2000, to 2005 compared to 1995 to 2000?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems\u2014of the order of 1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "biodiversity"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a020f6aef051400155198",
              "question": "What are environmentalists concerned about losing in the Amazon forest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "destruction of the forest"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a020f6aef051400155199",
              "question": "The loss of biodiversity may be the result of what, according to environmentalists?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "carbon contained within the vegetation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a020f6aef05140015519a",
              "question": "What are environmentalists concerned about having released from the Amazon region?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "10%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a020f6aef05140015519b",
              "question": "What amount of the worlds carbon is stored in the Amazon forest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 378,
                  "text": "1.1 \u00d7 1011"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a020f6aef05140015519c",
              "question": "How many metric tons of carbon are believed to be stored in the Amazon forest?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal Science. In a typical year the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "2010"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f",
              "question": "In what year did the Amazon experience a drought that may have been more extreme than in 2005?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "1,160,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770",
              "question": "How many square miles large was the region impacted by the 2010 drought?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 284,
                  "text": "three epicenters"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771",
              "question": "How many areas were impacted by the the death of vegetation in the 2010 drought?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "2005"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772",
              "question": "The southern part of the Amazon forest was mainly impacted by drought in what year?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "1.5 gigatons"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773",
              "question": "How many tons of carbon are absorbed the Amazon in a typical year?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Amazon_rainforest"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans; the exceptions are juveniles of two species, which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed. In favorable circumstances, ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day. Only 100\u2013150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named. The textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells that capture prey. The phylum has a wide range of body forms, including the flattened, deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia that act as teeth. These variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area, because they specialize in different types of prey, which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "ten times their own weight"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bae289a1e219009abd90",
              "question": "How much can Ctenophores eat in one day?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "100\u2013150"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bae289a1e219009abd91",
              "question": "How many species of Ctenophores have been validated?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "25"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725bae289a1e219009abd92",
              "question": "How many species of Ctenophores have not been fully described or named?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "100\u2013150"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c337271a42140099d163",
              "question": "How many species of Ctenophora have been validated?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "tentilla"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c337271a42140099d164",
              "question": "What are the little tentacles that cydippids have called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "ten times their own weight"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c337271a42140099d165",
              "question": "How much food does a ctenophora eat in a day?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 824,
                  "text": "tentacles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c337271a42140099d166",
              "question": "What do coastal beroids not have that other ctenophora have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 913,
                  "text": "stiffened cilia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c337271a42140099d167",
              "question": "What does coastal beriods use as teeth?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "ten times their own weight"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee",
              "question": "How much do ctenophore eat in a day?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "tentilla"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef",
              "question": "What are the small tentacles on Cydippids called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 913,
                  "text": "stiffened cilia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0",
              "question": "What do Beriods use as teeth?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 604,
                  "text": "colloblasts"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1",
              "question": "What do Cydippids use to capture their prey?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "100\u2013150 species"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2",
              "question": "How many different species of ctenohore are there?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Despite their soft, gelatinous bodies, fossils thought to represent ctenophores, apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago. The position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated, and the majority view at present, based on molecular phylogenetics, is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores. A recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like, and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently, probably after the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago. Evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the \"cydippids\" are not monophyletic, in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 760,
                  "text": "66 million years ago"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c91e38643c19005acceb",
              "question": "When did the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction happen?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 859,
                  "text": "monophyletic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c91e38643c19005accec",
              "question": "Evidence indicates that Cydippids are not what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "515 million years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c91e38643c19005acced",
              "question": "How old are the fossils found that represent ctenophhores ?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "tentacles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725c91e38643c19005accee",
              "question": "What were the fossils that were found to represent ctenphores missing that current ctenphora have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "515 million years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726449f1125e71900ae1928",
              "question": "Fossils found that were believed to be ctenophores were how old?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 722,
                  "text": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726449f1125e71900ae1929",
              "question": "What event happened 66 million years ago?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 859,
                  "text": "monophyletic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726449f1125e71900ae192a",
              "question": "Cypiddids are not what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "tentacles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726449f1125e71900ae192b",
              "question": "What do current ctenophores have that fossils found did not have?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Ranging from about 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia (\"hairs\") as their main method of locomotion. Most species have eight strips, called comb rows, that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia, called \"ctenes,\" stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat, those of each comb touch the comb below. The name \"ctenophora\" means \"comb-bearing\", from the Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 (stem-form \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd-) meaning \"comb\" and the Greek suffix -\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 meaning \"carrying\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 133,
                  "text": "cilia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572648e8dd62a815002e8076",
              "question": "What are the hairs on ctenophores called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "method of locomotion"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572648e8dd62a815002e8077",
              "question": "What are cilia used for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 314,
                  "text": "ctenes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572648e8dd62a815002e8078",
              "question": "Comb like bands of cilia are called what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "comb-bearing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572648e8dd62a815002e8079",
              "question": "What does ctenophore mean in Greek?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies, ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils, and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue. Until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known, both members of the crown group, from the early Devonian (Emsian) period. Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million years ago in the mid-Cambrian period. All three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows, far more than the 8 typical of living species. They also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores. One of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth, apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular. Evidence from China a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the Cambrian, but perhaps very different from modern species \u2013 for example one fossil's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes. The Ediacaran Eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "their soft, gelatinous bodies"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c",
              "question": "Why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1213,
                  "text": "comb jelly."
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d",
              "question": "Ediacaran eoandromeda can be regarded to represent what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 560,
                  "text": "mid-Cambrian period"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e",
              "question": "What was the period called that was 505 million years ago?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "Three"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f",
              "question": "How many species were found in the Burgess Shale?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "tentacles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0",
              "question": "What did the  fossils found in the Burgess Shale lack?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The relationship of ctenophores to the rest of Metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity. It has been the focus of debate for many years. Ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the Bilateria, sister to the Cnidaria, sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria, and sister to all other animal phyla. A series of studies that looked at the presence and absence of members of gene families and signalling pathways (e.g., homeoboxes, nuclear receptors, the Wnt signaling pathway, and sodium channels) showed evidence congruent with the latter two scenarios, that ctenophores are either sister to Cnidaria, Placozoa and Bilateria or sister to all other animal phyla. Several more recent studies comparing complete sequenced genomes of ctenophores with other sequenced animal genomes have also supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals. This position would suggest that neural and muscle cell types were either lost in major animal lineages (e.g., Porifera) or that they evolved independently in the ctenophore lineage. However, other researchers have argued that the placement of Ctenophora as sister to all other animals is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes, and that Porifera (sponges) is the earliest-diverging animal phylum instead. Ctenophores and sponges are also the only known animal phyla that lack any true hox genes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 276,
                  "text": "Bilateria"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269016708984140094ca41",
              "question": "Recent studies believe  that ctenophores are the sister lineage to what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1328,
                  "text": "Porifera"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269016708984140094ca42",
              "question": "What do some researchers believe is the earliest-diverging animal phylum is?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Ctenophora"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The \"West Side\" of Fresno, also often called \"Southwest Fresno\", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south. The neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of Fresno's African-American community. It is culturally diverse and also includes significant Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian) populations.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Southwest Fresno"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f",
              "question": "What is another name for the west side of Fresno?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 135,
                  "text": "southwest"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725edfe38643c19005acea0",
              "question": "In which direction does the west side of Fresno neighborhood lie to the 99 freeway?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 420,
                  "text": "African-American"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725edfe38643c19005acea1",
              "question": "The west side of Fresno is the center of which ethnic community?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "Hmong or Laotian"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725edfe38643c19005acea2",
              "question": "What are the two principal Asian-American groups living in the west side neighborhood of Fresno?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "West Side"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725edfe38643c19005acea3",
              "question": "Which neighborhood lies west of the 41 freeway?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The neighborhood includes Kearney Boulevard, named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire M. Theo Kearney, which extends from Fresno Street in Southwest Fresno about 20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard is lined with tall palm trees. The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for Fresno's elite African-American families. Another section, Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm, was given the name by the Fresno City Council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood's image. The isolated subdivision was for years known as the \"Dogg Pound\" in reference to a local gang, and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 105,
                  "text": "M. Theo Kearney"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f00938643c19005aced7",
              "question": "Who is Kearney Boulevard named after?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 308,
                  "text": "tall palm trees"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f00938643c19005aced8",
              "question": "What kinds of trees is Kearney Boulevard lined with?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "Fresno Street and Thorne Ave"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f00938643c19005aced9",
              "question": "Between which two streets along Kearney Boulevard were wealthy African-Americans at one time residing?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "Brookhaven"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f00938643c19005aceda",
              "question": "What was the name given to a section of Kearney Boulevard in efforts to change the areas image?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 701,
                  "text": "The isolated subdivision"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f00938643c19005acedb",
              "question": "What area of Brookhaven is still known for its high levels of crime?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "68,511"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1",
              "question": "How many households has kids under the age of 18 living in them?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "19.3%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2",
              "question": "What was the percentage of a female householder with no husband present?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 360,
                  "text": "1,388"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3",
              "question": "How many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "3.62"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4",
              "question": "What was the average family size?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "3.07"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5",
              "question": "What was the average household size?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero in the south, and then heads north to Yosemite. State Route 180 (Kings Canyon Freeway) comes from the west via Mendota, and from the east in Kings Canyon National Park going towards the city of Reedley.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 20,
                  "text": "State Route 99"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad",
              "question": "What route connects Fresno with the California Central Valley?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 163,
                  "text": "Sierra Freeway"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae",
              "question": "What is another name for State Route 168?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 233,
                  "text": "State Route 41"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af",
              "question": "What is another name for the Yosemite Freeway?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "west"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0",
              "question": "State Route 180 comes from which direction via Mendota?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99. Due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Fresno"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd",
              "question": "Which is the largest city not connected to an interstate highway?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "1950s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de",
              "question": "In what year was the Interstate Highway System created?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 330,
                  "text": "State Route 99"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df",
              "question": "Which State Route has been in discussion to upgrade to interstate standards?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 353,
                  "text": "rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0",
              "question": "What are the factors that are contributing to the desire to have SR 99 improved to be of interstate standards?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Fresno,_California"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information. The packets are routed individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery. Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that much more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger, and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory. Each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes; potentially, the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up, but with less information as to the application's requirements. At the destination, the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number. Thus a virtual connection, also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "complete addressing information"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726385e271a42140099d797",
              "question": "What does each packet includ in connectionless mode "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "individually"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726385e271a42140099d798",
              "question": "How are the packets routed "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "destination address, source address, and port numbers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726385e271a42140099d799",
              "question": "What is included with each packet label"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 881,
                  "text": "the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726385e271a42140099d79a",
              "question": "What happens to the packet at the destination"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an example of a datagram protocol. In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 43,
                  "text": "1969"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b",
              "question": "WHen did ARPNET and SITA become operational"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c",
              "question": "2 differences betwen X.25 and ARPNET CITA technologies "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d",
              "question": "WHat does UserDatagram Protocol gaurentee"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 395,
                  "text": "User Datagram Protocol"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e",
              "question": "X.25 uses what type network type "
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "DECnet is a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers. It evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263ea0271a42140099d7c3",
              "question": "What is  DECnet"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "connect two PDP-11 minicomputers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263ea0271a42140099d7c4",
              "question": "What did DECnet originally do "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "seven"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263ea0271a42140099d7c5",
              "question": "DEC originally had 3 layers but evolved into how many layers "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57263ea0271a42140099d7c6",
              "question": "What did DECnet phase 2 become "
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Merit Network, Inc., an independent non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation (NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit. In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad. Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections, host to host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "as a means to help the state's educational and economic development"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726414e271a42140099d7e5",
              "question": "WHy was the Merit network formed in Michigan "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 499,
                  "text": "an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726414e271a42140099d7e6",
              "question": "What completed the triad "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1166,
                  "text": "Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726414e271a42140099d7e7",
              "question": "What set the stage for Merits role in NSFNET"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest, built the first Internet2 Network, called Abilene, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the National LambdaRail (NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726472bdd62a815002e8042",
              "question": " what is Internet2"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "Qwest"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726472bdd62a815002e8043",
              "question": "Who did internet2 partner with"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 255,
                  "text": "Abilene"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726472bdd62a815002e8044",
              "question": "What was the first internet2 network named"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726472bdd62a815002e8045",
              "question": "Who did internet2 partner with "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "Internet2 Network"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726472bdd62a815002e8046",
              "question": "ableine was retired and the new platform is called "
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Packet_switching"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Medical knowledge had stagnated during the Middle Ages. The most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in Paris in a report to the king of France that blamed the heavens, in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a \"great pestilence in the air\". This report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers. That the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory. Today, this is known as the Miasma theory. The word 'plague' had no special significance at this time, and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the Middle Ages gave it the name that has become the medical term.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "the heavens"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264b3edd62a815002e80aa",
              "question": "What was the black death originally blamed on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "king of France"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264b3edd62a815002e80ab",
              "question": "Who was the medical report written for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "That the plague was caused by bad air"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264b3edd62a815002e80ac",
              "question": "What is the newer, more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 528,
                  "text": "Miasma theory"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264b3edd62a815002e80ad",
              "question": "What is the bad air theory officially known as?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 80,
                  "text": "genetic branches"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbae",
              "question": "What are clades?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbaf",
              "question": "What strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 335,
                  "text": "the plague may have entered Europe in two waves"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb0",
              "question": "What do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "through the port of Marseille around November 1347"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb1",
              "question": "How and when did the first variant of y. pestis enter Europe?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "1349"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57264f18f1498d1400e8dbb2",
              "question": "When did the y. pestis reach England?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A variety of alternatives to the Y. pestis have been put forward. Twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax, and Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics. Scott and Duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to Ebola. Archaeologist Barney Sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in London and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the Y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats; he argues that transmission must have been person to person. However, no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance. Many scholars arguing for the Y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases, including typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections. In addition to the bubonic infection, others point to additional septicemic (a type of \"blood poisoning\") and pneumonic (an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body) forms of the plague, which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms. In 2014, scientists with Public Health England announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the Clerkenwell area of London, as well as of wills registered in London during the period, which supported the pneumonic hypothesis.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 101,
                  "text": "a form of anthrax"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726534d708984140094c26d",
              "question": "What does Graham Twigg propose about the spread of disease?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "a combination of anthrax and other pandemics"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726534d708984140094c26e",
              "question": "What was Norman Cantor's theory about the plague?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 982,
                  "text": "typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726534d708984140094c26f",
              "question": "Which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1104,
                  "text": "a type of \"blood poisoning\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726534d708984140094c270",
              "question": "What is septicemia? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1473,
                  "text": "25"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726534d708984140094c271",
              "question": "How many bodies did Public Health England exhume? "
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490. Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. Over 10% of Amsterdam's population died in 1623\u201325, and again in 1635\u201336, 1655, and 1664. Plague occurred in Venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528. The plague of 1576\u201377 killed 50,000 in Venice, almost a third of the population. Late outbreaks in central Europe included the Italian Plague of 1629\u20131631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. Over 60% of Norway's population died in 1348\u201350. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "40,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265642f1498d1400e8dc68",
              "question": "How many people died of plague in Paris in 1466?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "Russia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265642f1498d1400e8dc69",
              "question": "The black plague ravaged Europe for three years followed by what country?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 736,
                  "text": "Italian Plague"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6b",
              "question": "Which outbreak was associated with troops in the thirty years war?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 966,
                  "text": "1654"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6c",
              "question": "When was the last plague outbreak?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "22"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57265642f1498d1400e8dc6a",
              "question": "How many times did plague occur in Venice?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Black Death ravaged much of the Islamic world. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620\u201321, and again in 1654\u201357, 1665, 1691, and 1740\u201342. Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800. Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "1500 and 1850"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726577f708984140094c301",
              "question": "During which years was the plague present in Islamic countries?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 226,
                  "text": "30 to 50 thousand"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726577f708984140094c302",
              "question": "How many people were lost in Algiers during 1620-21?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "until the second quarter of the 19th century"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726577f708984140094c303",
              "question": "How long did plague last in the Ottoman empire?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 642,
                  "text": "two-thirds of its population"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726577f708984140094c304",
              "question": "How many people, at most, have died of plague in Baghdad? "
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Black_Death"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale. Since the Quaternary is a very short period with short epochs, it is further expanded in the fourth scale. The second, third, and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Holocene (the latest epoch) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right, another reason for expanding the fourth scale. The Pleistocene (P) epoch. Q stands for the Quaternary period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 275,
                  "text": "compresses the most recent era"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf2",
              "question": "Why is the second timeline needed? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "Quaternary"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4",
              "question": "Which timeline is further expanded in the fourth scale?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 595,
                  "text": "The Holocene"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf5",
              "question": "What is the name of the latest epoch?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 787,
                  "text": "Quaternary"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf6",
              "question": "The Pleistocene epoch takes place during which period?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The principle of faunal succession"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572669a9dd62a815002e8416",
              "question": "Which principle is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "William Smith"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572669a9dd62a815002e8417",
              "question": "Whose principles were the principle of faunal succession built upon?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 523,
                  "text": "complex"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572669a9dd62a815002e8418",
              "question": "The fact that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time causes the principle to become what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "organisms"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572669a9dd62a815002e8419",
              "question": "The presence or absence of what can be used to determine the relative age of the formations in which they are found? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 374,
                  "text": "Charles Darwin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572669a9dd62a815002e841a",
              "question": "The principle of faunal succession was developed 100 years before whose theory of evolution?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the laboratory, stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field, such as those from drill cores. Stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface. Geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface, and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions. Stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the Earth, interpret past environments, and locate areas for water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 19,
                  "text": "stratigraphers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268066708984140094c821",
              "question": "The analysis of stratigraphic sections such as drill cores is done by who?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 183,
                  "text": "geophysical"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268066708984140094c822",
              "question": "What type of surveys show the location of stratigraphic units in the subsurface?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "well logs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268066708984140094c823",
              "question": "What can be combined with geophysical data to produce a better view of the subsurface?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "computer programs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268066708984140094c824",
              "question": "What tool do stratigraphers use to see their data in three dimensions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 617,
                  "text": "hydrocarbon"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268066708984140094c825",
              "question": "Stratigraphers try to locate areas for what types of extraction? "
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973\u20131048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981\u20131037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031\u20131095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 130,
                  "text": "Persia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572683f95951b619008f7525",
              "question": "Fielding H. Garrison believes that the science of geology can be traced to where?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 184,
                  "text": "Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572683f95951b619008f7526",
              "question": "Living from 973\u20131048 CE he was one of the earliest Persian geologists, what was his name?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 782,
                  "text": "Shen Kuo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572683f95951b619008f7527",
              "question": "In China, this person inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by silt deposition, what was his name?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 514,
                  "text": "Ibn Sina"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572683f95951b619008f7528",
              "question": "This person proposed explanations for the origins of earthquakes and the formation of mountains, what was his name?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 871,
                  "text": "his observation of fossil animal shells"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572683f95951b619008f7529",
              "question": "What prompted Shen Kuo to believe the land was formed by erosion of the mountains?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "James Hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist. In 1785 he presented a paper entitled Theory of the Earth to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land. Hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "James Hutton"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268527708984140094c8bf",
              "question": "Who is viewed as the first modern geologist?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 98,
                  "text": "Theory of the Earth"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268527708984140094c8c0",
              "question": "In 1785 James Hutton presented what paper to the Royal Society of Edinburgh?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "1795"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268527708984140094c8c1",
              "question": "James Hutton published a 2 volume version of his theories in what year?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268527708984140094c8c2",
              "question": "What was the main idea of James Hutton's paper?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Geology"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius, a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests that Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the \"Roman Wall\" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend\u2014the \"wall's end\"\u2014and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds, and was constructed primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 59,
                  "text": "Pons Aelius"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726660d5951b619008f71b1",
              "question": "What was the first recorded settlement in what became Newcastle?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "the River Tyne"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726660d5951b619008f71b2",
              "question": "What river was there originally a bridge across in Roman times?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "2,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726660d5951b619008f71b3",
              "question": "What was the estimated population of Pons Aelius around the 2nd century?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "Hadrian's"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726660d5951b619008f71b4",
              "question": "Whose wall has fragments visible in places around Newcastle even today?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 921,
                  "text": "Pictish"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726660d5951b619008f71b5",
              "question": "What tribes were the Romans fearful would invade from the North?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market. The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market. At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe. The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event. With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition. The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "the Butcher Market"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572671e55951b619008f72d7",
              "question": "What earlier market did the Grainger Market replace?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 141,
                  "text": "1835"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572671e55951b619008f72d8",
              "question": "When did Newcastle's first indoor market open?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 356,
                  "text": "2000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572671e55951b619008f72d9",
              "question": "How many guests attended the dinner celebrating the opening of the Grainger Market?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "a painting"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572671e55951b619008f72da",
              "question": "How is the opening of the Grainger Market documented in the Laing Art Gallery?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 719,
                  "text": "English Heritage"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572671e55951b619008f72db",
              "question": "Who listed the Grainger Market architecture as grade 1 in 1954?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, \"Fog on the Tyne\" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of AC/DC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "folk-rock"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726847f708984140094c8ab",
              "question": "What genre of music is Lindisfarne classified as?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "1971"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726847f708984140094c8ac",
              "question": "What year was the song Fog on the Tyne released?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 180,
                  "text": "Venom"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726847f708984140094c8ad",
              "question": "What band is considered by many to be the first black metal group?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "Skyclad"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726847f708984140094c8ae",
              "question": "What band is often regarded as the first folk metal group?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 533,
                  "text": "Duran Duran"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726847f708984140094c8af",
              "question": "What group is Newcastle native Andy Taylor the former lead guitarist of?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Newcastle city centre. A bridge was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. The network is operated by DB Regio on behalf of Nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year, extending as far as Newcastle Airport, Tynemouth, South Shields and South Hylton in Sunderland. In 2004, the company Marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system. The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 22,
                  "text": "the Tyne and Wear Metro"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268a8fdd62a815002e88ce",
              "question": "What underground railways cover much of Tyne and Wear?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "five"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268a8fdd62a815002e88cf",
              "question": "How many phases was the Metro opened in between 1980 and 1984?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "deep-level"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d0",
              "question": "What type of tunnels are constructed through Newcastle's city center?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 431,
                  "text": "A bridge"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d1",
              "question": "What did Queen Elizabeth II open in Newcastle in 1981?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "over 37 million"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57268a8fdd62a815002e88d2",
              "question": "How many passengers a year does the rail network in Newcastle carry?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The city has two universities \u2014 Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Newcastle University has its origins in the School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and became independent from Durham University on 1 August 1963 to form the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is now one of the UK's leading international universities. It won the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000. Northumbria University has its origins in the Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and became the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. Northumbria University was voted 'Best New University' by The Times Good University Guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the \"Most IT enabled organisation\" (in the UK), by the IT industry magazine Computing.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "two"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269698dd62a815002e8a6c",
              "question": "How many universities does Newcastle have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "Newcastle University"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269698dd62a815002e8a6d",
              "question": "Which university has its origins in a school dealing with medicine and surgery?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 386,
                  "text": "Sunday Times University of the Year award"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269698dd62a815002e8a6e",
              "question": "What did Newcastle University win in 2000?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 628,
                  "text": "polytechnics became new universities"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269698dd62a815002e8a6f",
              "question": "What happened in 1992 in a UK-wide process?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 666,
                  "text": "Northumbria University"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57269698dd62a815002e8a70",
              "question": "What university won the award for Most IT enabled organisation?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The V&A has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, with which Henry Cole, the museum's first director, was involved in planning; initially it was known as the Museum of Manufactures, first opening in May 1852 at Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset House. At this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection. By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "Great Exhibition of 1851"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572685cd5951b619008f7573",
              "question": "The V&A has its origins in which world exposition? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Henry Cole"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572685cd5951b619008f7574",
              "question": "Who was the V&A's first director?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 165,
                  "text": "Museum of Manufactures"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572685cd5951b619008f7575",
              "question": "What was the museum originally called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "Somerset House"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572685cd5951b619008f7576",
              "question": "Where was the V&A transferred to from its original location at Marlborough House?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 619,
                  "text": "Gottfried Semper"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572685cd5951b619008f7577",
              "question": "Which German architect was asked to produce a design for the museum?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Far Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art opened in 1991, displaying a representative collection of the V&As approximately 16,000 objects from China, dating from the 4th millennium BC to the present day. Though the majority of art works on display date from the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the Tang dynasty and earlier periods. Notably, a metre-high bronze head of the Buddha dated to c.750 AD and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial, other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians. Classic examples of Chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer, silk, porcelain, jade and cloisonn\u00e9 enamel. Two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century. There is a unique Chinese lacquerware table, made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the Xuande Emperor in the Ming dynasty. Examples of clothing are also displayed. One of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century. The work of contemporary Chinese designers is also displayed.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "more than 70,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726bf325951b619008f7cfd",
              "question": "Approximately how many works of art are included in the Far Eastern collections?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "China, Japan and Korea"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726bf325951b619008f7cfe",
              "question": "Which countries are represented in the Far Eastern collections?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 123,
                  "text": "The T. T. Tsui Gallery"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726bf325951b619008f7cff",
              "question": "What is the name of the gallery devoted to Chinese art?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 171,
                  "text": "1991"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726bf325951b619008f7d00",
              "question": "In which year did the gallery devoted to Chinese art open?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "Ming and Qing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726bf325951b619008f7d01",
              "question": "Most of the Chinese works of art in the Far Eastern collections date from which two dynasties?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The costume collection is the most comprehensive in Britain, containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from 1600 to the present. Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions. One of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the V&A received the Talbot Hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from Harrods following its display at the nearby department store.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "over 14,000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed8",
              "question": "Approximately how many items are in the costume collection of the V&A?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "Word and Image"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eed9",
              "question": "Which department houses the works on paper of the costume collection?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eeda",
              "question": "Why is the collection dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "1913"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedb",
              "question": "In which year did the V&A received the Talbot Hughes collection?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 577,
                  "text": "Harrods"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e37ef1498d1400e8eedc",
              "question": "The Talbot Hughes collection was a gift from which company?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Musical Instruments gallery closed 25 February 2010, a decision which was highly controversial. An online petition of over 5,100 names on the Parliamentary website led to Chris Smith asking Parliament about the future of the collection. The answer, from Bryan Davies was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public, with items being redistributed to the British Galleries, the Medieval & Renaissance Galleries, and the planned new galleries for Furniture and Europe 1600\u20131800, and that the Horniman Museum and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable. The Horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the V&A of musical instruments, and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "over 5,100"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f1ec708984140094d6aa",
              "question": "Approximately how many names were signed on an online petition on the Parliamentary website in response to the closing of the Musical Instruments gallery?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "Bryan Davies"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f1ec708984140094d6ad",
              "question": "Which Member of Parliament explained how the museum would preserve the collection and keep it available to the public?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 551,
                  "text": "Horniman Museum"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f1ec708984140094d6ab",
              "question": "Which museum would receive items on loans from the Musical Instruments gallery?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 801,
                  "text": "35"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f1ec708984140094d6ac",
              "question": "Approximately how many musical instruments were loaned to the Horniman Museum?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 51,
                  "text": "2010"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f1ec708984140094d6a9",
              "question": "In which year was the Musical Instruments gallery closed?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art', a role since taken on by Tate Britain; artists represented are William Blake, James Barry, Henry Fuseli, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Sir David Wilkie, William Mulready, William Powell Frith, Millais and Hippolyte Delaroche. Although some of Constable's works came to the museum with the Sheepshanks bequest, the majority of the artist's works were donated by his daughter Isabel in 1888, including the large number of sketches in oil, the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for The Hay Wain. Other artists with works in the collection include: Bernardino Fungai, Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Fioravante Ferramola, Jan Brueghel the Elder, Anthony van Dyck, Ludovico Carracci, Antonio Verrio, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Domenico Tiepolo, Canaletto, Francis Hayman, Pompeo Batoni, Benjamin West, Paul Sandby, Richard Wilson, William Etty, Henry Fuseli, Sir Thomas Lawrence, James Barry, Francis Danby, Richard Parkes Bonington and Alphonse Legros.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "1857"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f4a0708984140094d6e9",
              "question": "In which year did John Sheepshanks donated a large collection of paintings?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "233"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f4a0708984140094d6ea",
              "question": "How many paintings did John Sheeshanks give to the museum?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f4a0708984140094d6eb",
              "question": "What was the goal of John Sheepshanks considerable bequest to the museum?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "The Hay Wain"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f4a0708984140094d6ec",
              "question": "An 1821 full size oil sketch of which famous British painting was donated by John Sheepshank's daughter in 1888?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 71,
                  "text": "British"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f4a0708984140094d6ed",
              "question": "The paintings donated by John Sheepshanks were by artists of which nationality?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In 2000, ABC launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo, also called \"the dot\", in which comic book character Little Dot prompted visitors to \"download the dot\", a program which would cause the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner. The network hired the Troika Design Group to design and produce its 2001\u201302 identity, which continued using the black-and-yellow coloring of the logo and featured dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 74,
                  "text": "circle logo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572734af708984140094dae3",
              "question": "In 2000, ABC started an internet based campaign focused on what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "Troika Design Group"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572734af708984140094dae4",
              "question": "Who was hired to produce ABC's 2001-02 identity?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "black-and-yellow"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572734af708984140094dae5",
              "question": "What colors was the 2001 ABC logo?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "the dot"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572734af708984140094dae6",
              "question": "What is the nickname for ABC's logo from the 2000 campaign?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1998, the network began using a minimalist graphical identity, designed by Pittard Sullivan, featuring a small black-and-white \"ABC Circle\" logo on a yellow background (promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as well as the schedule sequence that began each night's prime time lineup). A new four-note theme tune was introduced alongside the package, based around the network's \"We Love TV\" image campaign introduced that year, creating an audio signature on par with the NBC chimes, CBS' various three-note soundmarks (including the current version used since 2000) and the Fox Fanfare. The four-note signature has been updated with every television season thereafter (though variants of it used since the 1998\u201399 season remain in use during the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most programs). In the fall of 2015, ABC is stopped with its 1998\u20132002 four-note jingles for promotions and production company vanity cards following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years, now it have a different and adventure-type music (with the drums of the network's four-note signature in the ending). The old four-note theme tune is still used by ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "Pittard Sullivan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572735a15951b619008f86bf",
              "question": "Who designed ABC's 1998 new graphic design?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 935,
                  "text": "2015"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572735a15951b619008f86c0",
              "question": "In what year did ABC stop using it's four-note jingle for promotion?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 465,
                  "text": "We Love TV"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572735a15951b619008f86c1",
              "question": "What image campaign was the new four-note jingle for ABC based around?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1284,
                  "text": "ABC on Demand"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572735a15951b619008f86c2",
              "question": "Where is the ABC four-note jingle still in use?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "However, a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by ABC and UPT. In 1950, Noble appointed Robert Kintner to be ABC's president while he himself served as its CEO, a position he would hold until his death in 1958. Despite the promise of non-interference between ABC and UPT, Goldenson had to intervene in ABC's decisions because of financial problems and the FCC's long period of indecision. Goldenson added to the confusion when, in October 1954, he proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired in financial trouble. As part of this merger, the network would have been renamed \"ABC-DuMont\" for five years, and DuMont would have received $5 million in cash, room on the schedule for existing DuMont programming, and guaranteed advertising time for DuMont Laboratories receivers. In addition, to comply with FCC ownership restrictions, it would have been required to sell either WABC-TV or DuMont owned-and-operated station WABD in the New York City market, as well as two other stations. The merged ABC-DuMont would have had the resources to compete with CBS and NBC.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "Robert Kintner"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f9d708984140094db51",
              "question": "Who was appointed to be ABC's president by Noble in 1950?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 497,
                  "text": "DuMont Television Network"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f9d708984140094db52",
              "question": "Goldenson proposed a merger between UPT and what network in October 1954?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 628,
                  "text": "ABC-DuMont"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f9d708984140094db53",
              "question": "Under Goldenson's merger plan, what would the new entity be named?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 687,
                  "text": "$5 million in cash"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f9d708984140094db54",
              "question": "How much money was to go to DuMont Television Network under Goldenson's merger plan?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the early 1970s, ABC completed its transition to color; the decade as a whole would mark a turning point for ABC, as it began to pass CBS and NBC in the ratings to become the first place network. It also began to use behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots to and provide programming that would appeal towards certain audiences. ABC's gains in audience share were greatly helped by the fact that several smaller markets had grown large enough to allow full-time affiliations from all three networks.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 13,
                  "text": "1970s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572743fb708984140094db93",
              "question": "In what decade did ABC finish transitioning to color?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "ABC"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572743fb708984140094db94",
              "question": "The 1970s allowed which network to move in to first place in the ratings?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "behavioral and demographic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572743fb708984140094db95",
              "question": "What kind of data did ABC begin using in the 1970s to better target ads and programming for certain audiences?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "ABC dominated the American television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s (by 1980, the three major networks represented 90% of all prime-time television viewership in the U.S.). Several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including Dynasty, an opulent drama from Aaron Spelling that became a hit when it premiered as a midseason series in 1981, five months before Spelling's other ABC hit Charlie's Angels ended its run. The network was also propelled during the early 1980s by the continued successes of Happy Days, Three's Company, Laverne & Shirley and Fantasy Island, and gained new hits in Too Close for Comfort, Soap spinoff Benson and Happy Days spinoff Mork & Mindy. In 1981, ABC (through its ABC Video Services division) launched the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS), a cable channel operated as a joint venture with the Hearst Corporation offering cultural and arts programming, which aired as a nighttime service over the channel space of Nickelodeon.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 128,
                  "text": "90%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57276166dd62a815002e9bd8",
              "question": "What percentage of prime-time TV viewership did the three big networks represent in 1980?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "Dynasty"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57276166dd62a815002e9bd9",
              "question": "What drama from Aaron Spelling debuted on ABC in the 80s?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 689,
                  "text": "Mork & Mindy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57276166dd62a815002e9bda",
              "question": "What was a Happy Days spinoff that debuted in the 1980s on ABC?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 771,
                  "text": "Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57276166dd62a815002e9bdb",
              "question": "What channel did ABC launch in 1981 that focused on cultural and arts programming?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "American_Broadcasting_Company"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "As previously arranged by his father, Tem\u00fcjin married B\u00f6rte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after B\u00f6rte's marriage to Tem\u00fcjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Tem\u00fcjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185\u20131226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, B\u00f6rte would be Tem\u00fcjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "the Onggirat"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c34",
              "question": "What was the tribe of the woman Tem\u00fcjin married when he was around 16 years old?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 227,
                  "text": "the Merkits"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c35",
              "question": "Who kidnapped Tem\u00fcjin's first wife soon after they were married?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c36",
              "question": "Who helped Tem\u00fcjin rescue his wife from the Merkits?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "Jochi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c37",
              "question": "What was the name of Tem\u00fcjin's wife B\u00f6rte's first son?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 437,
                  "text": "1185"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726a8d4dd62a815002e8c38",
              "question": "What year did B\u00f6rte's give birth to Jochi?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As Jamukha and Tem\u00fcjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Tem\u00fcjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader, though lower class, range of followers. Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Tem\u00fcjin, Tem\u00fcjin began rising to power. In 1186, Tem\u00fcjin was elected khan of the Mongols. However, Jamukha, threatened by Tem\u00fcjin's rapid ascent, quickly moved to stop Tem\u00fcjin's ambitions. In 1187, he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops. Tem\u00fcjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. Jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons, alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for Tem\u00fcjin. Toghrul, as Tem\u00fcjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Tem\u00fcjin for the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "the traditional Mongolian aristocracy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca",
              "question": "Who did Jamukha support that were not part of Tem\u00fcjin's power base?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 357,
                  "text": "Kokochu"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb",
              "question": "Which shaman's proclamation aided Tem\u00fcjin's rise? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 462,
                  "text": "1186"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cc",
              "question": "When was Tem\u00fcjin elected khan of the Mongols?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 819,
                  "text": "Battle of Dalan Balzhut"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd",
              "question": "Which battle did Tem\u00fcjin lose to Jamukha shortly after his election as khan?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1084,
                  "text": "Qara Khitai"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ce",
              "question": "Where was Tem\u00fcjin's patron Toghrul exiled?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The \"relics\" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 112,
                  "text": "Edsen Khoroo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273455f1498d1400e8f48c",
              "question": "What is the Mongolian name for the original place of the Genghis Khan mausoleum?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "Dongshan Dafo Dian"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273455f1498d1400e8f48d",
              "question": "Which Buddhist monastery hosted the Genghis Khan mausoleum during the Japanese occupation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e",
              "question": "Where did the Chinese Nationalists move the mausoleum away from advancing Chinese Communist forces? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 572,
                  "text": "1954"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273455f1498d1400e8f48f",
              "question": "When was the mausoleum returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 754,
                  "text": "Red Guards"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273455f1498d1400e8f490",
              "question": "Who destroyed the most valuable relics in the mausoleum during the Cultural Revolution?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor \u00d6gedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 191,
                  "text": "Sea of Japan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273dccdd62a815002e99fa",
              "question": "What sea bordered Genghis Khan's empire to the east when he died?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "Caspian Sea"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273dccdd62a815002e99fb",
              "question": "What body of water sat to the west of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan died?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 320,
                  "text": "\u00d6gedei Khan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273dccdd62a815002e99fc",
              "question": "Who led the most rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 570,
                  "text": "1279"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd",
              "question": "What year was the conflict with the Song dynasty concluded?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand, Urgench, Kiev, Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, launched an invasion into Kievan Rus'. Over the course of three years, the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "Hulagu Khan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8863",
              "question": "Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 286,
                  "text": "the Mamluks of Egypt"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8864",
              "question": "Who halted the advance of Hulagu Khan across the Middle East?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 332,
                  "text": "Ghazan Khan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8865",
              "question": "Which of Genghis Khan's descendants pushed the Mamluks out of Palestine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "1237"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8866",
              "question": "In which year did Genghis Khan's grandson invade Kievan Rus'?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 811,
                  "text": "Novgorod and Pskov"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8867",
              "question": "Which major cities in Eastern Europe were not destroyed by the Mongol invasion?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Genghis_Khan"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A Pharmacy Technician in the UK is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist (if employed in a hospital pharmacy) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians. In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research. A pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register. The GPhC is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 220,
                  "text": "other senior pharmacy technicians"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726da89dd62a815002e92b2",
              "question": "Who oversees a Pharmacy Technician in the UK?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726da89dd62a815002e92b3",
              "question": "With what body must a pharmacy technician register?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 778,
                  "text": "regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726da89dd62a815002e92b4",
              "question": "What is a main duty of the GPhC?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "health care professional"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726da89dd62a815002e92b5",
              "question": "What type of professional is a Pharmacy Technician considered to be?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 342,
                  "text": "manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726da89dd62a815002e92b6",
              "question": "What types of responsibilities might a pharmacy technician have?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The advances made in the Middle East in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval Islam substantially to develop pharmacology. Muhammad ibn Zakar\u012bya R\u0101zi (Rhazes) (865\u2013915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936\u20131013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. His Liber servitoris is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the `simples\u2019 from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. Al-Biruni (973\u20131050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology, entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Avicenna, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, modes of action, and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine. Of great impact were also the works by al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid (1008\u20131074), both of which were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'Mesue' the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by 'Abenguefit'. Peter of Abano (1250\u20131316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris. Al-Muwaffaq\u2019s contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the 10th century, he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and also lead compounds. He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking.[verification needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "botany and chemistry"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee04",
              "question": "Developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval Islam?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "Muhammad ibn Zakar\u012bya R\u0101zi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee05",
              "question": "Who was influential in promoting the use of chemical compounds as medicines?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 249,
                  "text": "Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee06",
              "question": "Who authored the Liber servitoris?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1570,
                  "text": "Al-Muwaffaq"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee08",
              "question": "Who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1838,
                  "text": "sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ddf6f1498d1400e8ee07",
              "question": "Which two compounds did Al-Muwaffaq differentiate between?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In most countries, the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications, there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. Pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 48,
                  "text": "pharmacy legislation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e08e5951b619008f810f",
              "question": "What is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 224,
                  "text": "within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e08e5951b619008f8110",
              "question": "What responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 481,
                  "text": "automation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e08e5951b619008f8111",
              "question": "What do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 538,
                  "text": "patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e08e5951b619008f8112",
              "question": "What are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc."
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726e08e5951b619008f8113",
              "question": "What does pharmacy legislation mandate?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. \"cognitive services\") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "medication regimen review"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ea985951b619008f8261",
              "question": "What is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "nursing homes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ea985951b619008f8262",
              "question": "Where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 463,
                  "text": "Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ea985951b619008f8263",
              "question": "What are some large pharmacy management companies?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 629,
                  "text": "many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ea985951b619008f8264",
              "question": "What is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 767,
                  "text": "employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726ea985951b619008f8265",
              "question": "What do some community pharmacies do?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them \"kickback\" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 77,
                  "text": "separately from physicians"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0da",
              "question": "How are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 151,
                  "text": "only pharmacists"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0db",
              "question": "Who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 334,
                  "text": "the American Medical Association (AMA)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dc",
              "question": "What body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 590,
                  "text": "7 to 10 percent"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0dd",
              "question": "What is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "form business partnerships with physicians or give them \"kickback\" payments"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726f48df1498d1400e8f0de",
              "question": "What are pharmacists forbidden to do?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Pharmacy"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 45,
                  "text": "autoimmune diseases"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe2",
              "question": "What can result from disorders of the immune system?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 124,
                  "text": "when the immune system is less active than normal"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe3",
              "question": "When does immunodeficiency occur?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 188,
                  "text": "recurring and life-threatening infections"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe4",
              "question": "What does immunodeficiency cause?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 289,
                  "text": "genetic disease"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe5",
              "question": "Name one of the causes of immunodeficiency."
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 591,
                  "text": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5726eb8bf1498d1400e8efe6",
              "question": "Name a common autoimmune disease."
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 100,
                  "text": "Immunodeficiency"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728f2e26aef051400154896",
              "question": "What happens when the immune system less active than normal?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 442,
                  "text": "autoimmunity"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728f2e26aef051400154897",
              "question": "What is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "Immunology"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728f2e26aef051400154898",
              "question": "What field involves the study of the immune system?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 375,
                  "text": "HIV/AIDS"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728f2e26aef051400154899",
              "question": "What acquired condition results in immunodeficiency in humans?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine. Cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated T cells. However, the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected, which causes toxic side effects. Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent T cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 79,
                  "text": "Glucocorticoids"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a03086aef0514001551a2",
              "question": "What are the most powerful class of anti-inflammatory drugs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 364,
                  "text": "cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a03086aef0514001551a3",
              "question": "Low doses of anti-inflammatories are sometimes used with what classes of drugs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "methotrexate or azathioprine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a03086aef0514001551a4",
              "question": "What are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 707,
                  "text": "cyclosporin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a03086aef0514001551a5",
              "question": "What is an example of an immunosuppressive drug that prevents T cell activity by altering signal transduction pathways?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In contrast, during wake periods differentiated effector cells, such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens. As well during awake active times, anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines, peak. There are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time. First, inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times. Second, inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin. Inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a04d51d046914007796cd",
              "question": "What are examples of differentiated effector cells that peak during wake periods?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 290,
                  "text": "cortisol and catecholamines"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a04d51d046914007796ce",
              "question": "What are two anti-inflammatory molecules that peak during awake hours?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 600,
                  "text": "melatonin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a04d51d046914007796cf",
              "question": "Inflammation occurs during sleep times because of the presence of what molecule?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 739,
                  "text": "free radical production"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a04d51d046914007796d0",
              "question": "Melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the production of what?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "immunoglobulins and T cell receptors"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a07fc6aef0514001551dc",
              "question": "What molecules of the adaptive immune system only exist in jawed vertebrates?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 340,
                  "text": "the lamprey and hagfish"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a07fc6aef0514001551dd",
              "question": "What are two examples of primitive jawless vertebrates?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a07fc6aef0514001551de",
              "question": "Primitive jawless vertebrates possess an array of receptors referred to as what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "adaptive immune system"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a07fc6aef0514001551df",
              "question": "Evolution of what part of the immune system occurred in the evolutionary ancestor of jawed vertebrates?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated. The simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes (amino acids and/or sugars) on the surface of the pathogen, while keeping essential epitopes concealed. This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing. These frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy, constantly switching one type of surface protein for another, allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response. Masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system. In HIV, the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell; such \"self-cloaked\" viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as \"non-self\" structures.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 263,
                  "text": "antigenic variation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0e4b6aef051400155214",
              "question": "What is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "HIV"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0e4b6aef051400155215",
              "question": "What is an example of a virus that uses antigenic variation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 553,
                  "text": "Trypanosoma brucei"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0e4b6aef051400155216",
              "question": "What is an example of a parasite that used the antigenic variation strategy to evade destruction?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 728,
                  "text": "antigens"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a0e4b6aef051400155217",
              "question": "What compounds can be masked with the molecules of the host cell in order for a virus to evade detection?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Immune_system"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Following the Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time\u2014and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action. It is perhaps the first modern[vague] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest. A version was taken up by the author Henry David Thoreau in his essay Civil Disobedience, and later by Gandhi in his doctrine of Satyagraha. Gandhi's Satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by Shelley's nonviolence in protest and political action. In particular, it is known that Gandhi would often quote Shelley's Masque of Anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free India.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Percy Shelley"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727213c708984140094da35",
              "question": "After the Peterloo massacre what poet wrote The Massacre of Anarchy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "nonviolent"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727213c708984140094da36",
              "question": "His poem is considered the first kind of what type of protest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "Satyagraha"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727213c708984140094da38",
              "question": "Inspired by Shelley what was the name of Gandhi's doctrine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 755,
                  "text": "free India"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727213c708984140094da39",
              "question": "Gandhi often referenced Shelley's poem in his efforts to do what? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 406,
                  "text": "Henry David Thoreau"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727213c708984140094da37",
              "question": "What famous author used similarity and likeness of Percy Shelly in his writing?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "Percy Shelley"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728d63c4b864d1900164f18",
              "question": "Who wrote the poem The Mark of Anarchy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 179,
                  "text": "unjust forms of authority"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728d63c4b864d1900164f19",
              "question": "The Mark of Anarchy was written to protest against what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "nonviolent protest"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1a",
              "question": "What was the principle shown in The Mark of Anarchy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 519,
                  "text": "Satyagraha"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1c",
              "question": "What was Ghandi's work called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "Gandhi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728d63c4b864d1900164f1b",
              "question": "Which famous Indian practiced civil disobedience?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government (or to change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc...revolution doesn't have to be political, i.e. \"cultural revolution\", it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric). Gandhi's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience. It has been claimed that the Hungarians under Ferenc De\u00e1k directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the Austrian government. Thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing \"peaceable revolution.\" Howard Zinn, Harvey Wheeler, and others have identified the right espoused in The Declaration of Independence to \"alter or abolish\" an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience. ",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "Revolutionary civil disobedience"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728202c4b864d19001644ec",
              "question": "What is it called when there is an active attempt to overthrow a government or belief system?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "Hungarians"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728202c4b864d19001644ed",
              "question": "What group of people performed revolutionary civil disobedience toward the Austrian government?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 733,
                  "text": "Ferenc De\u00e1k"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728202c4b864d19001644ee",
              "question": "The Hungarians performed this civil disobedience under the direction of what person?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "Gandhi's"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728202c4b864d19001644ef",
              "question": "Revolutionary civil disobedience towards culture is highlighted by example of who? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 400,
                  "text": "cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728202c4b864d19001644f0",
              "question": "What other topics can Civil disobedience pertain to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Non-revolutionary civil disobedience"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e07e3acd2414000e00e9",
              "question": "What is a simple form of civil disobedience?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "they are judged \"wrong\" by an individual conscience"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ea",
              "question": "Why would a person chose civil disobedience against specific laws?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 170,
                  "text": "render certain laws ineffective"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e07e3acd2414000e00eb",
              "question": "What is the goal of individual civil disobedience?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 298,
                  "text": "Revolutionary civil disobedience"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ec",
              "question": "What type of civil disobedience is larger scale?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "Gandhi's"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e07e3acd2414000e00ed",
              "question": "What famous Indian's actions were considered civil disobedience?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some forms of civil disobedience, such as illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes, draft dodging, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and sit-ins, make it more difficult for a system to function. In this way, they might be considered coercive. Brownlee notes that \"although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table.\" The Plowshares organization temporarily closed GCSB Waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "for a system to function"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57282dfb4b864d1900164668",
              "question": "Boycotting, refusing to pay taxes, sit ins, and draft dodging all make what harder?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "padlocking the gates"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57282dfb4b864d1900164669",
              "question": "Name one way the Plowshares organization temporarily close GCSB Waihopai?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 594,
                  "text": "using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57282dfb4b864d190016466a",
              "question": "Name the other way that the Plowshares organization temporarily closed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 443,
                  "text": "limited coercion"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57282dfb4b864d190016466b",
              "question": "Brownlee argues that sometimes people behave in what way to have their issue heard?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 237,
                  "text": "coercive"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57282dfb4b864d190016466c",
              "question": "When large groups of people all boycott a system or don't pay taxes it can be considered?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "refusals to pay taxes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e715ff5b5019007da914",
              "question": "What is a type of disobedience against the federal government?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 150,
                  "text": "make it more difficult for a system to function"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e715ff5b5019007da916",
              "question": "What side effect of these type of protests is unfortunate?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "get their issue onto the table"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e715ff5b5019007da917",
              "question": "What goal do many of these protests have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 569,
                  "text": "padlocking the gates"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728e715ff5b5019007da918",
              "question": "How can you protest against big companies in a non violent way?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties set out in the law. Other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted. And still other civil disobedients, being anarchists, don't believe in the legitimacy of any government, and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "punishment"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c5",
              "question": "What do some civil disobedient people feel the need to acknowledge."
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "their belief in the validity of the social contract"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c6",
              "question": "Why is the need for acceptance of punishment needed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 464,
                  "text": "legitimacy of a particular law"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c7",
              "question": "What do some people protest against?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 553,
                  "text": "anarchists"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8",
              "question": "What is the group called that does not agree with government at all?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 700,
                  "text": "does not infringe the rights of others"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c9",
              "question": "Anarchists do not want to accept punishment for what reason?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists have opted to enter a blind plea, pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place. Mohandas Gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court, \"I am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "plea bargain"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eef92ca10214002daab0",
              "question": "What type of punishment is sometimes offered to civil disobedients?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 211,
                  "text": "no jail time"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eef92ca10214002daab1",
              "question": "What is usually the goal of taking a plea bargain?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "solidarity"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eef92ca10214002daab2",
              "question": "When many people are arrested, what is a common tactic negotiating?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "blind plea"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eef92ca10214002daab3",
              "question": "What type of plea is sometimes taken as an act of disobedience?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 456,
                  "text": "Mohandas Gandhi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728eef92ca10214002daab4",
              "question": "Which famous Indian took a plea and put himself at the mercy of the courts?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Civil_disobedience"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning,[citation needed] design, and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Construction"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273a465951b619008f86ff",
              "question": "What is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 122,
                  "text": "manufacturing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273a465951b619008f8700",
              "question": "What typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 331,
                  "text": "six to nine percent"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273a465951b619008f8701",
              "question": "What percentile of gross domestic product is construction comprised of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "planning,[citation needed] design, and financing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273a465951b619008f8702",
              "question": "What three things are needed for construction to take place?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 277,
                  "text": "a known client"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273a465951b619008f8703",
              "question": "Construction takes place on location for who?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Engineering News-Record (ENR) is a trade magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies. They publish a list of the largest companies in the United States (Top-40) and also a list the largest global firms (Top-250, by amount of work they are doing outside their home country). In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments. It was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "a trade magazine for the construction industry"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273e50dd62a815002e9a02",
              "question": "What is Engineering News-Record?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Engineering News-Record (ENR)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273e50dd62a815002e9a03",
              "question": "What compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "2014"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273e50dd62a815002e9a04",
              "question": "In what year did ENR compile data in nine market segments?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 652,
                  "text": "transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273e50dd62a815002e9a05",
              "question": "ENR used data on what to rank Top 400 firms as heavy contractors?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 287,
                  "text": "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a",
              "question": "What are the three construction subsectors?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0b",
              "question": "There are other categories for what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0c",
              "question": "What has a classification system for construction companies?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0d",
              "question": "What are construction managers?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an \"architecture\" or \"construction management\" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as \"one-stop shopping\" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a \"design build\" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 52,
                  "text": "previously separated specialties"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274e0d708984140094dbe5",
              "question": "The modern trend in design is toward integration of what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 254,
                  "text": "entirely separate companies"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274e0d708984140094dbe6",
              "question": "Even in large firms, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 562,
                  "text": "\"one-stop shopping\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274e0d708984140094dbe7",
              "question": "In modern times, firms may offer themselves as what for a construction project?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 657,
                  "text": "\"design build\" contract"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274e0d708984140094dbe8",
              "question": "What kind of contract is given when the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad \u2013 bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 27,
                  "text": "zoning and building code requirements"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572750e8dd62a815002e9af0",
              "question": "What must a project adhere to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "the owner"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572750e8dd62a815002e9af1",
              "question": "Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit whom?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 212,
                  "text": "the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572750e8dd62a815002e9af2",
              "question": "What is malum in se considerations?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 372,
                  "text": "things that are a matter of custom or expectation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572750e8dd62a815002e9af3",
              "question": "What are malum prohibitum considerations?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "An attorney"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572750e8dd62a815002e9af4",
              "question": "Who may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Construction"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools, which are run by private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools. Most of these schools are vocational schools. However, these vocational schools are not part of the German dual education system. Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Erg\u00e4nzungsschulen"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d4",
              "question": "What are private secondary schools in Germany called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 260,
                  "text": "vocational"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d5",
              "question": "What types of schools are most erg\u00e4nzungsschulen?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "tuition"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d6",
              "question": "How are erg\u00e4nzungsschulen funded?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 145,
                  "text": "religious"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274b35f1498d1400e8f5d7",
              "question": "Along with private individuals and organizations, what groups sometimes runs erg\u00e4nzungsschulen?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In India, private schools are called independent schools, but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government, it can be an aided or an unaided school. So, in a strict sense, a private school is an unaided independent school. For the purpose of this definition, only receipt of financial aid is considered, not land purchased from the government at a subsidized rate. It is within the power of both the union government and the state governments to govern schools since Education appears in the Concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution. The practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector. Among other things, this has also resulted in 30 different Examination Boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates. Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 37,
                  "text": "independent schools"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e4",
              "question": "What is the term for an Indian private school?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 991,
                  "text": "CBSE"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e5",
              "question": "Along with the CISCE and NENBSE, what is a notable Examination Board in multiple Indian states?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 803,
                  "text": "30"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e6",
              "question": "How many Examination Boards exist in India?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 607,
                  "text": "union government"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57274beff1498d1400e8f5e7",
              "question": "What body in India provides policy directions to schools?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some of the oldest schools in South Africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century. The private sector has grown ever since. After the abolition of apartheid, the laws governing private education in South Africa changed significantly. The South African Schools Act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools: \"public\" (state-controlled) and \"independent\" (which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed[clarification needed].)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 296,
                  "text": "South African Schools Act"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727515f708984140094dc11",
              "question": "What South African law recognized two types of schools?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 325,
                  "text": "1996"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727515f708984140094dc12",
              "question": "In what year was the South African Schools Act passed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "independent"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727515f708984140094dc13",
              "question": "Along with public schools, what type of school was recognized under the South African Schools Act?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 430,
                  "text": "traditional private"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727515f708984140094dc14",
              "question": "In South Africa, along with privately governed schools, what schools are classified as independent?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "nineteenth"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727515f708984140094dc15",
              "question": "In what century did missionaries notably establish church schools in South Africa?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In the final years of the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a \"semi-private\" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy, the legal form of \"Model C\" was abolished, however, the term continues to be used to describe government schools formerly reserved for white children.. These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups . Former \"Model C\" schools are not private schools, as they are state-controlled. All schools in South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 379,
                  "text": "government schools formerly reserved for white children"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57275409708984140094dc35",
              "question": "After apartheid, what types of schools are referred to as \"Model C\" schools?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "better"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57275409708984140094dc36",
              "question": "How do academic results in former Model C schools compare to other schools?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 808,
                  "text": "much higher"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57275409708984140094dc37",
              "question": "How do the fees at former Model C schools compare to those at other schools?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In many parts of the United States, after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that demanded United States schools desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\", local families organized a wave of private \"Christian academies\". In much of the U.S. South, many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students (see List of private schools in Mississippi). The academic content of the academies was usually College Preparatory. Since the 1970s, many of these \"segregation academies\" have shut down, although some continue to operate.[citation needed]",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 87,
                  "text": "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572757bef1498d1400e8f690",
              "question": "What court case desegregated schools in the United States?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 584,
                  "text": "segregation academies"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572757bef1498d1400e8f691",
              "question": "What is a derogatory term for the Christian academies that arose in the wake of school desegregation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 288,
                  "text": "South"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572757bef1498d1400e8f692",
              "question": "In what part of the United States did many students migrate to Christian academies during the desegregation period?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 300,
                  "text": "white"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572757bef1498d1400e8f693",
              "question": "What was the primary race of students attending Christian academies after the Brown decision?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "African-American"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572757bef1498d1400e8f694",
              "question": "School desegregation in the United States led to an increased number of students of what ethnicity in public schools?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Private_school"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The University is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study\u2014with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 154,
                  "text": "Boston"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de991",
              "question": "What is the major US city that the is the university located?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "$37.6 billion"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de992",
              "question": "What is the size of the school's endowment?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "Charles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de993",
              "question": "What river is located in the vicinity of the school?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "eleven"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de994",
              "question": "How many academic units make up the school?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "Harvard Yard"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de995",
              "question": "What is the name of the area that the main campus is centered in Cambridge?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston. The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses. The Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard School of Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "Allston"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576",
              "question": "Where is Harvard stadium located?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "John W. Weeks Bridge"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577",
              "question": "What is the name of the bridge that joins parts of the campus of the Charles River?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 438,
                  "text": "Longwood Medical and Academic Area"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9578",
              "question": "Where are the Harvard medical, Dental and school of Public Health located?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "During the divestment from South Africa movement in the late 1980s, student activists erected a symbolic \"shantytown\" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown. The Harvard Management Company repeatedly refused to divest, stating that \"operating expenses must not be subject to financially unrealistic strictures or carping by the unsophisticated or by special interest groups.\" However, the university did eventually reduce its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 56,
                  "text": "late 1980s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d0f73acd2414000ded13",
              "question": "When was the divestment from South Africa movement? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 192,
                  "text": "Duke Kent-Brown"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d0f73acd2414000ded14",
              "question": "What South African Vice Consul did Harvard students blockade the speech of? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 503,
                  "text": "$230 million"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d0f73acd2414000ded15",
              "question": "By how much did Harvard management reduce its South Africa holdings in response to pressure?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as \"more selective, lower transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities. Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016 an Early Action program was reintroduced.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 144,
                  "text": "5.3%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d1c93acd2414000ded3f",
              "question": "What is the applicant admission rate for class of 2019?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 324,
                  "text": "2007"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d1c93acd2414000ded40",
              "question": "In what year did Harvard end its early admission program?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41",
              "question": "Why did Harvard end its early admission program?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "2016"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727d1c93acd2414000ded42",
              "question": "In what year was an early admission program reintroduced?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Politics: U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Al Gore, George W. Bush and Barack Obama; Chilean President Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era; Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos; Costa Rican President Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres; Mexican Presidents Felipe Calder\u00f3n, Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Miguel de la Madrid; Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj; Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo; Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou; Canadian Governor General David Lloyd Johnston; Indian Member of Parliament Jayant Sinha; Albanian Prime Minister Fan S. Noli; Canadian Prime Ministers Mackenzie King and Pierre Trudeau; Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto; U. S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan; Canadian political leader Michael Ignatieff; Pakistani Members of Provincial Assembly Murtaza Bhutto and Sanam Bhutto; Bangladesh Minister of Finance Abul Maal Abdul Muhith; President of Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali; U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Anthony Luzzatto Gardner.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 33,
                  "text": "Ban Ki-moon"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727de862ca10214002d9860",
              "question": "What UN secretary went to Harvard?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 297,
                  "text": "Juan Manuel Santos"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727de862ca10214002d9861",
              "question": "What Columbia President went to Harvard?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 339,
                  "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Figueres"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727de862ca10214002d9862",
              "question": "Who is the Costa Rican President that went to Harvard?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 809,
                  "text": "Benjamin Netanyahu"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727de862ca10214002d9863",
              "question": "What Harvard Alumni was the Palestine Prime Minister?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Harvard_University"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Jacksonville"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a",
              "question": "Which Florida city has the biggest population?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 608,
                  "text": "1,345,596"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727c94bff5b5019007d954b",
              "question": "What was the population Jacksonville city as of 2010?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "12th"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727c94bff5b5019007d954c",
              "question": "Based on population alone, what is Jacksonville's ranking in the United States?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 164,
                  "text": "Duval County"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727c94bff5b5019007d954d",
              "question": "In which county does Jacksonville reside?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 225,
                  "text": "1968"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727c94bff5b5019007d954e",
              "question": "What year did consolidation cause Jacksonville to become part of Duval County?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast. The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people, and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline, one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States. Under British rule, settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed, known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British. A platted town was established there in 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 99,
                  "text": "St. Johns River"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676",
              "question": "What river runs alongside Jacksonville?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "340 miles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9677",
              "question": "How far is Jacksonville from Miami?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "Fort Caroline"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9678",
              "question": "What is the name of the French colony established in 1564?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 329,
                  "text": "the Timucua"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9679",
              "question": "Prior to the arrival of the French, the area now known as Jacksonville was previously inhabited by what people?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 786,
                  "text": "Andrew Jackson"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727cb4b2ca10214002d967a",
              "question": "What historical figure was Jacksonville named after?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, Ren\u00e9 Goulaine de Laudonni\u00e8re established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "Jean Ribault"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26",
              "question": "Who mapped the St. Johns River in 1562?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "France"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c27",
              "question": "For what nation did Ribault initially claim what is now Jacksonville?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 422,
                  "text": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28",
              "question": "Who led the attack of the French colony in 1565?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 731,
                  "text": "San Mateo"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29",
              "question": "What was Fort Caroline renamed to after the Spanish attack?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 885,
                  "text": "Fort Caroline"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c2a",
              "question": "Which fort was rebuilt in 1964?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class \"white flight\" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8% in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 152,
                  "text": "highways"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df493",
              "question": "What drove residents to quieter suburban housing?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 812,
                  "text": "55.1%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df494",
              "question": "What was the white population of Jacksonville as of 2010?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 647,
                  "text": "white flight"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df495",
              "question": "What term referred to middle class citizens leaving the suburbs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 384,
                  "text": "Mayor W. Haydon Burns"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df496",
              "question": "Who was responsible for the new building projects in Jacksonville?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 118,
                  "text": "World War II"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df497",
              "question": "Jacksonville began to suffer and decline after what major world event?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities, although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, or passing to the north or south in the Atlantic and brushing past the area. The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008's Tropical Storm Fay which crisscrossed the state, bringing parts of Jacksonville under darkness for four days. Similarly, four years prior to this, Jacksonville was inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area. These tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to Jacksonville. Hurricane Floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to Jacksonville Beach. During Floyd, the Jacksonville Beach pier was severely damaged, and later demolished. The rebuilt pier was later damaged by Fay, but not destroyed. Tropical Storm Bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004, spawning a minor tornado in the process. On May 28, 2012, Jacksonville was hit by Tropical Storm Beryl, packing winds up to 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "Hurricane Dora"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572824f13acd2414000df58f",
              "question": "What storm had the most significant impact on Jacksonville?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 719,
                  "text": "110 mph"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572824f13acd2414000df590",
              "question": "How fast were the winds around St. Augustine in the 1964 hurricane?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1528,
                  "text": "Tropical Storm Beryl"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572824f13acd2414000df591",
              "question": "What was the name of the storm that hit Jacksonville in May of 2012?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 776,
                  "text": "Saffir-Simpson Scale"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572824f13acd2414000df592",
              "question": "What is the scale used to measure the strength of hurricanes called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 837,
                  "text": "2008"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572824f13acd2414000df593",
              "question": "In what year did a tropical storm cause a four day loss of power to Jacksonville?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Jacksonville,_Florida"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, \"The view that income inequality harms growth \u2013 or that improved equality can help sustain growth \u2013 has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development. When physical capital mattered most, savings and investments were key. Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital. But now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "evidence"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa78d",
              "question": "What did Stiglitz present in 2009 regarding global inequality?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 131,
                  "text": "limiting aggregate demand"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa78e",
              "question": "How does inequality prevent growth?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 158,
                  "text": "Economist"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa78f",
              "question": "What are both Branko Milanovic and Joseph Stiglitz?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 393,
                  "text": "increasing importance of human capital in development"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa790",
              "question": "What has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality harms growth?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 737,
                  "text": "widespread education"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa791",
              "question": "What has become the secret to economic growth?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, \"more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "1993"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a11663f37b31900478693",
              "question": "When did Galor and Zeria show new information about inequality?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 114,
                  "text": "detrimental"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a11663f37b31900478694",
              "question": "Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "channels through which inequality may affect economic growth"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a11663f37b31900478695",
              "question": "What did a 1996 study by Perotti examine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 494,
                  "text": "fertility"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a11663f37b31900478696",
              "question": "What is inequality associated with higher levels of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 930,
                  "text": "politically and socially unstable"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a11663f37b31900478697",
              "question": "What do extremely unequal societies tend to be?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\" reduced inequality. Moreover, Piketty argues that the \"magical\" Kuznets curve hypothesis, with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run, cannot account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "Kuznets curve hypothesis"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a13841d0469140077973b",
              "question": "What have studies on income inequality sometimes found evidence confirming?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 167,
                  "text": "first increases"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a13841d0469140077973c",
              "question": "The Kuznets curve says with economic development, inequality will decrease after what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 210,
                  "text": "Thomas Piketty"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a13841d0469140077973d",
              "question": "Who challenges the notion of the Kuznets curve hypothesis?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 200,
                  "text": "Economist"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a13841d0469140077973e",
              "question": "What's Thomas Piketty's job?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a13841d0469140077973f",
              "question": "What does Piketty feel was the biggest factors in reducing inequality between 1914 to 1945?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have \"succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years\" but \"longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 31,
                  "text": "1970s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a18a4af94a219006aa7df",
              "question": "When were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 253,
                  "text": "reduced consumer demand"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e0",
              "question": "According to a 1955 review, what were savings by the wealthy thought to offset?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 328,
                  "text": "risen"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e1",
              "question": "What does a 2013 report on Nigeria suggest it's growth has done?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 603,
                  "text": "several years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e2",
              "question": "How long does it take for the effects to manifest as changes to economic growth?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 980,
                  "text": "more equality in the income distribution"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a18a4af94a219006aa7e3",
              "question": "What are longer growth spells associated with?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction \u2013 the growth elasticity of poverty \u2013 can depend on the existing level of inequality. For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: \"While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 243,
                  "text": "special efforts"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155284",
              "question": "What needs to be made to ensure poorer members of society can participate in economic growth?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "existing level of inequality"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155285",
              "question": "What can the growth elasticity of poverty depend on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 616,
                  "text": "halve poverty"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155286",
              "question": "What does it take a country with high inequality longer to achieve?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 782,
                  "text": "United Nations"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155287",
              "question": "What was Ban Ki-Moon the Secretary General of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 884,
                  "text": "reducing poverty"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155288",
              "question": "What isn't economic growth sufficient for progress on?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Economic_inequality"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth. He often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history, using only his ingenuity and minimal resources, such as his versatile sonic screwdriver. As a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 11,
                  "text": "rarely"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727f3193acd2414000df0a5",
              "question": "How often does Doctor Who travel by himself?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 651,
                  "text": "the Master"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727f3193acd2414000df0a6",
              "question": "What enemy of Doctor Who is also a Time Lord?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "regenerate"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727f3193acd2414000df0a7",
              "question": "What does Doctor Who do when his body is mortally damaged?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 126,
                  "text": "humans"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727f3193acd2414000df0a8",
              "question": "What type of beings does Doctor Who usually take with him on his travels?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 409,
                  "text": "Time Lord"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5727f3193acd2414000df0a9",
              "question": "What type of Lord is Doctor Who?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The programme's first serial, An Unearthly Child, shows that the Doctor has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman. In the 1967 serial, Tomb of the Cybermen, when Victoria Waterfield doubts the Doctor can remember his family because of, \"being so ancient\", the Doctor says that he can when he really wants to\u2014\"The rest of the time they sleep in my mind\". The 2005 series reveals that the Ninth Doctor thought he was the last surviving Time Lord, and that his home planet had been destroyed; in \"The Empty Child\" (2005), Dr. Constantine states that, \"Before the war even began, I was a father and a grandfather. Now I am neither.\" The Doctor remarks in response, \"Yeah, I know the feeling.\" In \"Smith and Jones\" (2007), when asked if he had a brother, he replied, \"No, not any more.\" In both \"Fear Her\" (2006) and \"The Doctor's Daughter\" (2008), he states that he had, in the past, been a father.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 30,
                  "text": "An Unearthly Child"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280f0d3acd2414000df35b",
              "question": "What is the name of the first Doctor Who serial?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 93,
                  "text": "Susan Foreman"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280f0d3acd2414000df35c",
              "question": "What is the name of Doctor Who granddaughter?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 351,
                  "text": "2005"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280f0d3acd2414000df35d",
              "question": "In what year did Doctor Who state that he was the last Time Lord?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 472,
                  "text": "destroyed"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280f0d3acd2414000df35e",
              "question": "In 2005, what did Doctor Who think the condition of his home planet was?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 686,
                  "text": "Smith and Jones"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57280f0d3acd2414000df35f",
              "question": "In what episode did Doctor Who acknowledge having had a brother?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since the 2005 revival, the Doctor generally travels with a primary female companion, who occupies a larger narrative role. Steven Moffat described the companion as the main character of the show, as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the Doctor. The primary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors were Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Donna Noble (Catherine Tate) with Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) recurring as secondary companion figures. The Eleventh Doctor became the first to travel with a married couple, Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill), whilst out-of-sync meetings with River Song (Alex Kingston) and Clara Oswald (Jenna Coleman) provided ongoing story arcs. The tenth series will introduce Pearl Mackie as Bill, the Doctor's newest traveling companion.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "female"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572811434b864d190016438c",
              "question": "Since 2005, what is the gender of Doctor Who's primary traveling companion?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 444,
                  "text": "Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572811434b864d190016438d",
              "question": "Who were the secondary companions of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "The Eleventh Doctor"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572811434b864d190016438e",
              "question": "Who was the first Doctor to travel with a married couple?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 832,
                  "text": "Pearl Mackie as Bill"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572811434b864d190016438f",
              "question": "Who is the new companion for the 10th series of the revival?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "Catherine Tate"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572811434b864d1900164390",
              "question": "Who played the companion named Donna Noble?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was Dudley Simpson, who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for Blake's 7, and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of The Tomorrow People. Simpson's first Doctor Who score was Planet of Giants (1964) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s, including most of the stories of the Jon Pertwee/Tom Baker periods, ending with The Horns of Nimon (1979). He also made a cameo appearance in The Talons of Weng-Chiang (as a Music hall conductor).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 68,
                  "text": "Dudley Simpson"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281a952ca10214002d9dea",
              "question": "Who was the most frequent musical contributor to Doctor Who in the first 15 years of the show?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "Planet of Giants"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281a952ca10214002d9deb",
              "question": "What was the episode name of Simpson's first Doctor Who score?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "the 1960s and 1970s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281a952ca10214002d9dec",
              "question": "In what decades was Dudley Simpson most active in contributing to Doctor Who?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "The Horns of Nimon"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281a952ca10214002d9ded",
              "question": "What was the last Doctor Who episode that Dudley Simpson wrote music for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 532,
                  "text": "The Talons of Weng-Chiang"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57281a952ca10214002d9dee",
              "question": "In what episode did Dudley Simpson play a music conductor?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin played the role in Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday. In the late 1980s, Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee was ill, David Banks (better known for playing Cybermen) played the Doctor. Other original plays have been staged as amateur productions, with other actors playing the Doctor, while Terry Nation wrote The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "Trevor Martin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572828383acd2414000df5c3",
              "question": "Who played Doctor Who on stage in the 70's?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 280,
                  "text": "Doctor Who \u2013 The Ultimate Adventure"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572828383acd2414000df5c4",
              "question": "What was the name of the Doctor Who play from the 1980's?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 554,
                  "text": "The Curse of the Daleks"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572828383acd2414000df5c5",
              "question": "What Doctor Who was written without Doctor Who in it?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572828383acd2414000df5c6",
              "question": "What was the name of the play performed in the 1970's?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 362,
                  "text": "David Banks"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572828383acd2414000df5c7",
              "question": "Which actor was a replacement for Doctor Who due to the illness of the main actor?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Doctor_Who"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The first buildings of the University of Chicago campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a \"master plan\" conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, bordering one larger quadrangle. The buildings of the Main Quadrangles were designed by Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche, and other architectural firms in a mixture of the Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic styles, patterned on the colleges of the University of Oxford. (Mitchell Tower, for example, is modeled after Oxford's Magdalen Tower, and the university Commons, Hutchinson Hall, replicates Christ Church Hall.)",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "the Main Quadrangles"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284b904b864d19001648e2",
              "question": "What are the first buildings the university built knows as today?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "six"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284b904b864d19001648e3",
              "question": "How many quadrangles does the Main Quadrangles have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 408,
                  "text": "Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche, and other architectural firms"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284b904b864d19001648e4",
              "question": "Who helped designed the Main Quadrangles?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 669,
                  "text": "Magdalen Tower"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284b904b864d19001648e5",
              "question": "The Mitchell Tower is designed to look like what Oxford tower?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 741,
                  "text": "Christ Church Hall"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284b904b864d19001648e6",
              "question": "Hutchinson Hall was designed to look like what Oxford hall?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts buildings; a building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the university's School of Social Service Administration;, a building which is to become the home of the Harris School of Public Policy Studies by Edward Durrell Stone, and the Regenstein Library, the largest building on campus, a brutalist structure designed by Walter Netsch of the Chicago firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Another master plan, designed in 1999 and updated in 2004, produced the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center (2003), the Max Palevsky Residential Commons (2001), South Campus Residence Hall and dining commons (2009), a new children's hospital, and other construction, expansions, and restorations. In 2011, the university completed the glass dome-shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 6,
                  "text": "the 1940s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284d484b864d1900164900",
              "question": "During what decade did the campus start to look more modern?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 89,
                  "text": "Eero Saarinen"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284d484b864d1900164901",
              "question": "Who was assigned to design a second master plan?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 401,
                  "text": "School of Social Service Administration"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284d484b864d1900164902",
              "question": "What administration did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designa buiding?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 489,
                  "text": "Harris School of Public Policy Studies"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284d484b864d1900164903",
              "question": "What public policy school found it's home in the building that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 813,
                  "text": "2003"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57284d484b864d1900164904",
              "question": "When was the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center constructed?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools (a private day school for K-12 students and day care), the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School (a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems), and four public charter schools on the South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute. In addition, the Hyde Park Day School, a school for students with learning disabilities, maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus. Since 1983, the University of Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project, a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools. The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities, which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students, faculty, and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress. The university also operates the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "University of Chicago Laboratory Schools"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572855973acd2414000df925",
              "question": "What is the name of the private day school for K-12 students the university runs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572855973acd2414000df926",
              "question": "What is the name of the residential treatment program the university runs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "four"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572855973acd2414000df927",
              "question": "How many public charter schools does the university run?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 359,
                  "text": "four public charter schools"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572855973acd2414000df928",
              "question": "What does the Urban Education Institute help run?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 589,
                  "text": "the University of Chicago campus"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572855973acd2414000df929",
              "question": "Where is the Hyde Park Day School located?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In business, notable alumni include Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, Oracle Corporation founder and the third richest man in America Larry Ellison, Goldman Sachs and MF Global CEO as well as former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine, McKinsey & Company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook James O. McKinsey, Arley D. Cathey, Bloomberg L.P. CEO Daniel Doctoroff, Credit Suisse CEO Brady Dougan, Morningstar, Inc. founder and CEO Joe Mansueto, Chicago Cubs owner and chairman Thomas S. Ricketts, and NBA commissioner Adam Silver.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 50,
                  "text": "Satya Nadella"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286951ff5b5019007da20e",
              "question": "What Microsoft CEO is also an alumni of the University of Chicago?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Larry Ellison"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286951ff5b5019007da20f",
              "question": "Who was the founder of the Oracle Corporation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "Larry Ellison"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286951ff5b5019007da210",
              "question": "Who is the third riches man in America?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 217,
                  "text": "Jon Corzine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286951ff5b5019007da211",
              "question": "What Goldman Sachs CEO is also an alumni of the University of Chicago?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 312,
                  "text": "James O. McKinsey"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286951ff5b5019007da212",
              "question": "Who founded McKinsey & Company?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 72,
                  "text": "Milton Friedman"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572870b2ff5b5019007da222",
              "question": "What Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winner is also a university alumni member?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 207,
                  "text": "George Stigler"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572870b2ff5b5019007da223",
              "question": "What British Prime minister advisor is also a university alumni member?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 475,
                  "text": "Paul Samuelson"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572870b2ff5b5019007da224",
              "question": "Who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 568,
                  "text": "Eugene Fama"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572870b2ff5b5019007da225",
              "question": "What university alumni member was known for his work on portfolio theory?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "University_of_Chicago"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Kublai's government faced financial difficulties after 1279. Wars and construction projects had drained the Mongol treasury. Efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals. Mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems. Kublai's second invasion of Japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon. Kublai botched his campaigns against Annam, Champa, and Java, but won a Pyrrhic victory against Burma. The expeditions were hampered by disease, an inhospitable climate, and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the Mongols. The Tran dynasty which ruled Annam (Dai Viet) crushed and defeated the Mongols at the Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng (1288). The Chinese region of Fujian was the original home of the Chinese Tran (Chen) clan before they migrated under Tr\u1ea7n Kinh (\u9673\u4eac, Ch\u00e9n J\u012bng) to Dai Viet and whose descendants established the Tr\u1ea7n dynasty which ruled Vietnam \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, and certain members of the clan could still speak Chinese such as when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Tr\u1ea7n prince Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n (later King Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o) in 1282. Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song and they helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion. The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as \"Northern bandits\". Annam, Burma, and Champa recognized Mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the Yuan dynasty.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "after 1279"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286dfa2ca10214002da332",
              "question": "When was Kublai's administration running out of money?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "inauspicious typhoon"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286dfa2ca10214002da333",
              "question": "What interfered with Kublai's second invasion of Japan?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 641,
                  "text": "Annam"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286dfa2ca10214002da334",
              "question": "Where did the Tran dynasty rule?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 698,
                  "text": "Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286dfa2ca10214002da335",
              "question": "In what battle were the Mongols defeated by the Tran?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 719,
                  "text": "1288"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286dfa2ca10214002da336",
              "question": "When were the Mongols defeated by the Tran?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: \u5927\u5143\u901a\u5236, \"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yes\u00fcn Tem\u00fcr (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 8,
                  "text": "Gegeen Khan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5",
              "question": "Who was Ayurbarwada's son?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 85,
                  "text": "1321 to 1323"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e6",
              "question": "When was Geegen the emperor?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "Baiju"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7",
              "question": "Who did Gegeen appoint as grand chancellor?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e8",
              "question": "What did 'Da Yuan Tong Zhi' mean?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "five"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9",
              "question": "How many rival princes were involved in assassinating Gegeen?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: \u6a1e\u5bc6\u9662) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of K\u00fcl\u00fcg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e4",
              "question": "What cultures were part of Kublai's administration?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 478,
                  "text": "Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e5",
              "question": "What dynasties inspired the Chinese-like elements of Kublai's government?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 565,
                  "text": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6",
              "question": "Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 787,
                  "text": "tripartite"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e7",
              "question": "What kind of division of power did Kublai's government have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 826,
                  "text": "civil, military, and censorial offices"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e8",
              "question": "What were the three parts of Kublai's government?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "Muslim medicine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5a",
              "question": "What was huihui?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 177,
                  "text": "Jesus the Interpreter"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5b",
              "question": "Who founded the Office of Western Medicine?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 241,
                  "text": "1263"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5c",
              "question": "When was the Office of Western Medicine founded?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 451,
                  "text": "its humoral system"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5d",
              "question": "What aspect of Western medicine did the Chinese dislike?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 487,
                  "text": "yin-yang and wuxing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5e",
              "question": "What philosophies underlay Chinese medicine?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The historian Frederick W. Mote wrote that the usage of the term \"social classes\" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed \"degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 14,
                  "text": "Frederick W. Mote"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728848cff5b5019007da298",
              "question": "Who thought that the Yuan's social class system shouldn't be called social classes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 256,
                  "text": "degrees of privilege"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728848cff5b5019007da299",
              "question": "What did Mote think the Yuan class system really represented?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "rich and well socially standing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728848cff5b5019007da29a",
              "question": "There were many Chinese with what unexpected status?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "lived in poverty and were ill treated"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5728848cff5b5019007da29b",
              "question": "There were many Mongols with what unexpected status?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Yuan_dynasty"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Kenya ranks low on Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI), a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries. In 2012, the nation placed 139th out of 176 total countries in the CPI, with a score of 27/100. However, there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption from the Kenyan government, for instance, the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 12,
                  "text": "low"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290b21af94a219006a9fcf",
              "question": "Where does Kenya rang on the CPI scale?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 134,
                  "text": "public sector corruption"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290b21af94a219006a9fd0",
              "question": "What does the CPI scale measure?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 208,
                  "text": "139th"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290b21af94a219006a9fd1",
              "question": "Where is Kenya place on the scale in 2012?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 413,
                  "text": "the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290b21af94a219006a9fd2",
              "question": "How does Kenya curb coruption?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "On 28 February 2008, Kibaki and Odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister. Under the deal, the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament. The agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy Prime Ministers. After debates, it was passed by Parliament, the coalition would hold until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 3,
                  "text": "28 February 2008"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290ee2af94a219006a9fff",
              "question": "When did Kibaki and Odinga sing an agreement on the formation of government?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 146,
                  "text": "Prime Minister"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290ee2af94a219006aa000",
              "question": "What would be Odinga's role in the government?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 234,
                  "text": "PNU and ODM camps"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290ee2af94a219006aa001",
              "question": "Where did the president appoint cabinet members from?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 265,
                  "text": "each party's strength in Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290ee2af94a219006aa002",
              "question": "How was it determined how many from each camp would be appointed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 476,
                  "text": "until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57290ee2af94a219006aa003",
              "question": "How long would this coalition last?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "With International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath, US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip. Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping after a stop in Russia and not having visited the United States as president. In July 2015 Obama visited Kenya, as the first American president to visit the country while in office.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 5,
                  "text": "International Criminal Court trial dates"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572914f46aef051400154a46",
              "question": "What was the result of the 2007 election? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "US President Barack Obama"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572914f46aef051400154a47",
              "question": "Who decided not to come visit the country in 2013?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 285,
                  "text": "China"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572914f46aef051400154a48",
              "question": "Where did Kenyatta visit at the invitation of the President?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 414,
                  "text": "July 2015"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572914f46aef051400154a49",
              "question": "When did Obama finally visit Kenya?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Child labour is common in Kenya. Most working children are active in agriculture. In 2006, UNICEF estimated that up to 30% of girls in the coastal areas of Malindi, Mombasa, Kilifi, and Diani were subject to prostitution. Most of the prostitutes in Kenya are aged 9\u201318. The Ministry of Gender and Child Affairs employed 400 child protection officers in 2009. The causes of child labour include poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions. Kenya has ratified Convention No. 81 on labour inspection in industries and Convention No. 129 on labour inspection in agriculture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "agriculture"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572920d73f37b31900478055",
              "question": "Where are most working children working?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "up to 30%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572920d73f37b31900478056",
              "question": "What percent of girls are in prostution in Kenyas coastal areas?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "9\u201318"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572920d73f37b31900478057",
              "question": "What is the age range of most prostitutes in Kenya?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 394,
                  "text": "poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572920d73f37b31900478058",
              "question": "What are some of the causes of child labor?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing. The country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics, having consistently produced Olympic and Commonwealth Games champions in various distance events, especially in 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's Boston Marathon winner and two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba, 800m world record holder David Rudisha, former Marathon world record-holder Paul Tergat, and John Ngugi.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 46,
                  "text": "cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729281baf94a219006aa11f",
              "question": "What sports are Kenyans active in?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729281baf94a219006aa120",
              "question": "What is the country known for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 380,
                  "text": "Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729281baf94a219006aa121",
              "question": "Who dominates the world of long distance running?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "Morocco and Ethiopia"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729281baf94a219006aa122",
              "question": "What countries does Kenya compete with for long distance running?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Kenya"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 17,
                  "text": "Hoesung Lee"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293bc91d0469140077919b",
              "question": "Who is the chair of the IPCC?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Korean"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293bc91d0469140077919c",
              "question": "What nationality is Hoesung Lee?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 181,
                  "text": "Ismail El Gizouli"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293bc91d0469140077919d",
              "question": "Who is the vice-chair of the IPCC?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 391,
                  "text": "Bert Bolin"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293bc91d0469140077919e",
              "question": "Who was the first chair of the IPCC?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 281,
                  "text": "February 2015"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293bc91d0469140077919f",
              "question": "When did Pachauri resign as chair of the IPCC?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 \u00b0C per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293e221d046914007791d5",
              "question": "What does the WG I Summary for Policymakers report say human activities are doing to greenhouse gases?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 247,
                  "text": "additional warming of the Earth's surface"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293e221d046914007791d6",
              "question": "What do increased greenhouse gases cause?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "over half"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293e221d046914007791d7",
              "question": "How much of the greenhouse effect is due to carbon dioxide?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 423,
                  "text": "\"business as usual\" (BAU)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293e221d046914007791d8",
              "question": "What is the scenario called in which we don't change our greenhouse gas creation practices?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "0.3 to 0.6 \u00b0C"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57293e221d046914007791d9",
              "question": "How much has global mean surface air temperature changed in the last century?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for \"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\". The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "the date"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572940973f37b319004781a5",
              "question": "What did the IPCC say was mistaken?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 229,
                  "text": "\"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "572940973f37b319004781a6",
              "question": "What did the IPCC apologize for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 366,
                  "text": "the WWF report"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572940973f37b319004781a7",
              "question": "What was the source of the mistake?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 433,
                  "text": "\"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\""
                }
              ],
              "id": "572940973f37b319004781a8",
              "question": "What report had the correct date?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "1999"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294209af94a219006aa201",
              "question": "When was the paper published that the \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" graph was based on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294209af94a219006aa202",
              "question": "Who wrote the paper that the \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" graph was based on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 258,
                  "text": "hockey stick graph"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294209af94a219006aa203",
              "question": "What is the nickname for the \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" graph?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1049,
                  "text": "Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294209af94a219006aa204",
              "question": "What reconstructions supported the 1999 paper's information?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed. The Ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the IPCC process. The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals. The underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have, the better the political response will be is being doubted.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 238,
                  "text": "the Montreal Protocol"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294e6b1d04691400779275",
              "question": "What has successfully dealt with ozone depletion?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 292,
                  "text": "Climate Change"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294e6b1d04691400779276",
              "question": "What did the Kyoto Protocol try to address?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 488,
                  "text": "states and governments"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57294e6b1d04691400779277",
              "question": "Whose goals often still oppose the IPCC?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium's gram negative cell wall, and not the phagosomal membrane from the host, which was probably lost. The new cellular resident quickly became an advantage, providing food for the eukaryotic host, which allowed it to live within it. Over time, the cyanobacterium was assimilated, and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host. Some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell, and imported back into the chloroplast (formerly the cyanobacterium).",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 84,
                  "text": "eukaryotic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572957ad1d046914007792d9",
              "question": "What kind of cell did cynaobacteria enter long ago?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 10,
                  "text": "around a billion years ago"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572957ad1d046914007792da",
              "question": "How long ago did cyanobacteria enter a cell?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 214,
                  "text": "two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572957ad1d046914007792db",
              "question": "What surrounds chloroplasts?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 398,
                  "text": "phagosomal"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572957ad1d046914007792dc",
              "question": "What kind of membrane came from the host?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 640,
                  "text": "many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572957ad1d046914007792dd",
              "question": "What happened when cyanobacteria was assimilated?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "These chloroplasts, which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary plastids (\"plastid\" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages\u2014the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage. The second two are the largest, and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 172,
                  "text": "chloroplast"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729582b1d046914007792e3",
              "question": "What does 'plastid' mean?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "three"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729582b1d046914007792e4",
              "question": "How many chloroplast lineages are there?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 311,
                  "text": "red algal chloroplast lineage"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729582b1d046914007792e5",
              "question": "What does rhodophyte mean?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 369,
                  "text": "green chloroplast lineage"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729582b1d046914007792e6",
              "question": "What does chloroplastidan mean?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 432,
                  "text": "the green chloroplast lineage"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729582b1d046914007792e7",
              "question": "Which lineage includes land plants?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as ctDNA, or cpDNA. It is also known as the plastome. Its existence was first proved in 1962, and first sequenced in 1986\u2014when two Japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced, but they're mostly those of land plants and green algae\u2014glaucophytes, red algae, and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented, potentially introducing some bias in views of \"typical\" chloroplast DNA structure and content.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 54,
                  "text": "ctDNA, or cpDNA"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572968cf1d046914007793cb",
              "question": "What is chloroplast DNA abbreviated as?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "the plastome"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572968cf1d046914007793cc",
              "question": "What is a synonym for chloroplast DNA?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "1962"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572968cf1d046914007793cd",
              "question": "When was the plastome discovered?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 168,
                  "text": "1986"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572968cf1d046914007793ce",
              "question": "When was the first plastome sequenced?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 178,
                  "text": "two Japanese research teams"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572968cf1d046914007793cf",
              "question": "Who sequenced the first plastome?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages. Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost, the genes it donated to the former host's nucleus persist, providing evidence for the lost chloroplast's existence. For example, while diatoms (a heterokontophyte) now have a red algal derived chloroplast, the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor (probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too) had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point, which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Endosymbiotic gene transfer"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296b151d046914007793f1",
              "question": "What shows us lost chloroplasts?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 228,
                  "text": "the lost chloroplast's existence"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296b151d046914007793f2",
              "question": "What do donated genes give evidence of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 319,
                  "text": "a red algal derived chloroplast"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296b151d046914007793f3",
              "question": "What kind of chloroplasts do diatoms have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 512,
                  "text": "green algal derived chloroplast"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296b151d046914007793f4",
              "question": "What kind of chloroplasts did diatoms have but lost?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium\u2014which is not true\u2014both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium's original double membranes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 117,
                  "text": "surrounded by a double membrane"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d1b1d0469140077940d",
              "question": "What is evidence chloroplasts descended from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 309,
                  "text": "the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d1b1d0469140077940e",
              "question": "What is incorrectly thought about the outer chloroplast membrane?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 467,
                  "text": "homologous"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d1b1d0469140077940f",
              "question": "How do both chloroplast membranes compare to cyanobacterium's original double membranes?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Chloroplast"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory: any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering. The uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization, e.g., 3, 1 \u00b7 3, 1 \u00b7 1 \u00b7 3, etc. are all valid factorizations of 3.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 110,
                  "text": "itself"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d571d04691400779413",
              "question": "What is the only divisor besides 1 that a prime number can have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 189,
                  "text": "composite number"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d571d04691400779414",
              "question": "What are numbers greater than 1 that can be divided by 3 or more numbers called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 373,
                  "text": "fundamental theorem of arithmetic"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d571d04691400779415",
              "question": "What theorem defines the main role of primes in number theory?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 524,
                  "text": "primes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d571d04691400779416",
              "question": "Any number larger than 1 can be represented as a product of what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 625,
                  "text": "because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296d571d04691400779417",
              "question": "Why must one be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The property of being prime (or not) is called primality. A simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division. It consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . Algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers. These include the Miller\u2013Rabin primality test, which is fast but has a small probability of error, and the AKS primality test, which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical. Particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms, such as Mersenne numbers. As of January 2016[update], the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 47,
                  "text": "primality"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296f293f37b319004783a3",
              "question": "What is the name of the property that designates a number as being prime or not?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "trial division"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296f293f37b319004783a4",
              "question": "What is the name of the process which confirms the primality of a number n?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 363,
                  "text": "Miller\u2013Rabin primality test"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296f293f37b319004783a5",
              "question": "What is the name of one algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 452,
                  "text": "AKS primality test"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296f293f37b319004783a6",
              "question": "What is the name of another algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 724,
                  "text": "22,338,618"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57296f293f37b319004783a7",
              "question": "As of January 2016 how many digits does the largest known prime consist of?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2 (twin prime conjecture). Polignac's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture, it states that for every positive integer n, there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n. It is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1. These conjectures are special cases of the broad Schinzel's hypothesis H. Brocard's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2. Legendre's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and (n + 1)2 for every positive integer n. It is implied by the stronger Cram\u00e9r's conjecture.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "twin prime conjecture"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572991943f37b319004784a1",
              "question": "What conjecture holds that there is an infinite amount of twin primes?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 138,
                  "text": "pairs of primes with difference 2"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572991943f37b319004784a2",
              "question": "What is a twin prime?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 197,
                  "text": "Polignac's conjecture"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572991943f37b319004784a3",
              "question": "Which conjecture holds that for any positive integer n, there is an infinite amount of pairs of consecutive primes differing by 2n?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 439,
                  "text": "n2 + 1"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572991943f37b319004784a4",
              "question": "Of what form is the infinite amount of primes that comprise the special cases of Schinzel's hypothesis?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 521,
                  "text": "Brocard's conjecture"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572991943f37b319004784a5",
              "question": "What conjecture holds that there are always a minimum of 4 primes  between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics. Generally, \"prime\" indicates minimality or indecomposability, in an appropriate sense. For example, the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field F containing both 0 and 1. It is either Q or the finite field with p elements, whence the name. Often a second, additional meaning is intended by using the word prime, namely that any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components. For example, in knot theory, a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots. Any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots. Prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 156,
                  "text": "minimality or indecomposability"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57299a6f6aef051400155016",
              "question": "What does the word prime generally suggest?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 246,
                  "text": "the smallest subfield"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57299a6f6aef051400155017",
              "question": "For a field F containing 0 and 1, what would be the prime field?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 728,
                  "text": "as a connected sum of prime knots"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57299a6f6aef051400155019",
              "question": "How can any knot be distinctively indicated?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 459,
                  "text": "any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57299a6f6aef05140015501a",
              "question": "What is an additional meaning intended when the word prime is used?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 631,
                  "text": "it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57299a6f6aef051400155018",
              "question": "What does it mean for a knot to be considered indecomposable?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm |\u2212|p yields the field of p-adic numbers. These are essentially all possible ways to complete Q, by Ostrowski's theorem. Certain arithmetic questions related to Q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed (or local) fields. This local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes to number theory.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 25,
                  "text": "gets smaller"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729a26d6aef05140015505a",
              "question": "What happens to the norm when a number is multiplied by p?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 552,
                  "text": "completed (or local) fields"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729a26d6aef05140015505b",
              "question": "To what may general global fields be transferred to or from?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 223,
                  "text": "the absolute value"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729a26d6aef05140015505c",
              "question": "Completing Q with respect to what will produce the field of real numbers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "local-global principle"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5729a26d6aef05140015505d",
              "question": "What principle highlights the significance of primes in number theory"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Prime_number"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as \"the Romantic Rhine\", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Middle Rhine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5eb",
              "question": "What flows between the Bingen and Bonn?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "Rhine Gorge"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ec",
              "question": "What gorge is between the Bingen and Bonn?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 106,
                  "text": "erosion"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ed",
              "question": "How was the Rhine Gorge formed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "the Romantic Rhine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572f6a0ba23a5019007fc5ee",
              "question": "What is the area called near the Rhine Gorge with castles from the middle ages?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Middle Rhine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76eff",
              "question": "What flows between Bingen and Bonn?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 60,
                  "text": "Rhine Gorge"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f00",
              "question": "Where does the Middle Rhine flow between Bingen and Bonn?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "castles and vineyards"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f02",
              "question": "What is the Rhine Gorge known for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 425,
                  "text": "the Romantic Rhine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff12e04bcaa1900d76f03",
              "question": "What is the section of the Rhine Gorge recognized by UNESCO called?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The Rhine-Meuse Delta, the most important natural region of the Netherlands begins near Millingen aan de Rijn, close to the Dutch-German border with the division of the Rhine into Waal and Nederrijn. Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the shorter term Rhine Delta is commonly used. However, this name is also used for the river delta where the Rhine flows into Lake Constance, so it is clearer to call the larger one Rhine-Meuse delta, or even Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta, as the Scheldt ends in the same delta.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 4,
                  "text": "Rhine-Meuse"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff673b2c2fd1400568669",
              "question": "What is the name of the Delta in the Netherlands? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 83,
                  "text": "near Millingen aan de Rijn"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff673b2c2fd140056866a",
              "question": "Where does the Delta in the Netherlands begin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 264,
                  "text": "Rhine Delta"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff673b2c2fd140056866b",
              "question": "What is the nickname for the Delta in the Netherlands?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The last glacial ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000\u201324,000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 26,
                  "text": "~74,000 (BP = Before Present)"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e5",
              "question": "When did the last glacial start?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "11,600 BP"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e6",
              "question": "When did the last glacial end?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 346,
                  "text": "west"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e7",
              "question": "Which direction did the Rhine flow during the last cold phase?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 593,
                  "text": "120 m"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8",
              "question": "How much lower was the North Sea in the last cold phase than it is today?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 474,
                  "text": "English Channel"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e9",
              "question": "Besides the North Sea and the Irish Channel, what else was lowered in the last cold phase?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As northwest Europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward, frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring. Much of the discharge was routed to the Rhine and its downstream extension. Rapid warming and changes of vegetation, to open forest, began about 13,000 BP. By 9000 BP, Europe was fully forested. With globally shrinking ice-cover, ocean water levels rose and the English Channel and North Sea re-inundated. Meltwater, adding to the ocean and land subsidence, drowned the former coasts of Europe transgressionally.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 49,
                  "text": "22,000 years ago"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fffb404bcaa1900d76fef",
              "question": "When did Europe slowly begin to warm up from the last Ice Age?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 127,
                  "text": "thaw"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff0",
              "question": "What did frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers begin to do?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 218,
                  "text": "Rhine"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff1",
              "question": "Where did the discharge from glaciers go in Europe in the last Ice Age?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "13,000 BP"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff2",
              "question": "When did rapid warming begin and help vegetation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 337,
                  "text": "9000 BP"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fffb404bcaa1900d76ff3",
              "question": "When was Europe fully forested and recovered from the last Ice Age?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "At the end of World War I, the Rhineland was subject to the Treaty of Versailles. This decreed that it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935 and after that, it would be a demilitarised zone, with the German army forbidden to enter. The Treaty of Versailles and this particular provision, in general, caused much resentment in Germany and is often cited as helping Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The allies left the Rhineland, in 1930 and the German army re-occupied it in 1936, which was enormously popular in Germany. Although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation, Britain and France were not inclined to do so, a feature of their policy of appeasement to Hitler.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 7,
                  "text": "end of World War I"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77063",
              "question": "When was Rhineland subject to the Treaty of Versailles?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 142,
                  "text": "1935"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77064",
              "question": "When would the occupation of allies leave Rhineland?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 206,
                  "text": "German army"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77065",
              "question": "After 1935, who would be forbidden to enter Rhineland?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 370,
                  "text": "Adolf Hitler's rise to power"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77066",
              "question": "What do some believe the Treaty of Versailles assisted in?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 477,
                  "text": "1936"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57300a9a04bcaa1900d77067",
              "question": "When did the German army reoccupy Rhineland?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Rhine"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Under the terms of the Scotland Act 1978, an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh provided that the majority of the Scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 March 1979 that represented at least 40% of the total electorate. The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed. Although the vote was 51.6% in favour of a Scottish Assembly, this figure did not equal the 40% of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure, as 32.9% of the eligible voting population did not, or had been unable to, vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "Edinburgh"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fadcbb2c2fd1400568329",
              "question": "Where was an elected assembly to be set up, under the terms of the Scotland Act of 1978?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 109,
                  "text": "majority"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832a",
              "question": "How many of the Scottish electorate would need to for it on the referendum?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 368,
                  "text": "51.6%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832c",
              "question": "What percentage of the vote for a Scottish Assembly in favor of it?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "failed"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832b",
              "question": "How did trying to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly go in 1979?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "32.9%"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fadcbb2c2fd140056832d",
              "question": "What percentage of Scotland's voting population failed to actually vote?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Much of the work of the Scottish Parliament is done in committee. The role of committees is stronger in the Scottish Parliament than in other parliamentary systems, partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber. The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament is to take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation. Committee meetings take place on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday morning when Parliament is sitting. Committees can also meet at other locations throughout Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 55,
                  "text": "committee"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf5",
              "question": "Where is much of the work of the Scottish Parliament done?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "stronger"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf6",
              "question": "What are committees in the Scottish Parliament compared to other systems?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 313,
                  "text": "no revising chamber"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf7",
              "question": "What is one avenue being compensated for by having committees serve such a large role?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 338,
                  "text": "principal role"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf8",
              "question": "Taking evidence from witnesses is one of committees' what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "other locations throughout Scotland"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc6f204bcaa1900d76cf9",
              "question": "Where might committees meet outside of Parliament?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "A further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the Scottish Parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government. Private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property. Private Bill Committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network, the Glasgow Airport Rail Link, the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link and extensions to the National Gallery of Scotland.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 18,
                  "text": "committee"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d1f",
              "question": "What is set up to scrutinize private bills submitted by party outsiders?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 248,
                  "text": "large-scale development projects"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d20",
              "question": "What topic do private bills typically have?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 194,
                  "text": "Scottish Government."
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d21",
              "question": "Who decides how land or property is allowed to be used?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 355,
                  "text": "Private Bill"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fc8a904bcaa1900d76d22",
              "question": "What kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the Edinburgh Tram Network?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include abortion, broadcasting policy, civil service, common markets for UK goods and services, constitution, electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection of borders, social security and stability of UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Reserved"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847d",
              "question": "What is the name of matters outside the legislative ability of the Scottish Parliament?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 102,
                  "text": "The Scottish Parliament"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847e",
              "question": "Issues dealt with at Westminster are not ones who is able to deal with?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 205,
                  "text": "Westminster"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f",
              "question": "Where are issues like abortion and drug policy legislated on?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 267,
                  "text": "UK Government ministers"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fcc43b2c2fd1400568480",
              "question": "Most aspects of transport safety is a subject dealt with by whom?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "As in the House of Commons, a number of qualifications apply to being an MSP. Such qualifications were introduced under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981. Specifically, members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, one of the countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, a citizen of a British overseas territory, or a European Union citizen resident in the UK. Members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the Scottish Parliament as elected MSPs, and similarly, civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified. An individual may not sit in the Scottish Parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 28,
                  "text": "a number of qualifications"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851d",
              "question": "What does being an MSP share with the House of Commons?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 199,
                  "text": "1981"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851e",
              "question": "When was the British Nationality Act passed?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 235,
                  "text": "over the age of 18"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fdb17b2c2fd140056851f",
              "question": "How old most a person be to apply to be an MSP?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 483,
                  "text": "police and the armed forces"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568520",
              "question": "Members of which organizations are disqualified from sitting in the SP as elected MSPs?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 781,
                  "text": "Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572fdb17b2c2fd1400568521",
              "question": "What act sets the term for judging the boundaries of sanity to which individuals wishing to sit on the SP must adhere?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Scottish_Parliament"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Hayri Abaza argues the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "political"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd5",
              "question": "What type of role that Islamism seeks makes it a somewhat controversial concept?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 157,
                  "text": "Islam"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd6",
              "question": "What do supporters of Islamism believe their views reflect?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 107,
                  "text": "its supporters"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd7",
              "question": "The idea that Islam can be apolitical isn't able to be embraced by whom?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 517,
                  "text": "illiberal Islamic regimes"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd8",
              "question": "What does the inability to separate Islam from Islamism lead many in the West to support?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 607,
                  "text": "religion from politics"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ff932a23a5019007fcbd9",
              "question": "What do progressive moderates of Islam seek to separate?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood, \"are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups.\" All this compares very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Islamist"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686ef",
              "question": "What type of movement is the Muslim Brotherhood?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 421,
                  "text": "incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f2",
              "question": "The Muslim Brotherhood's competence compares well against what type of local governments?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 81,
                  "text": "shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f0",
              "question": "What type of assistance to out of town students is the Muslim Brotherhood known for?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 522,
                  "text": "rhetoric"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f3",
              "question": "What are incompetent government's commitment to social justice limited to?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 279,
                  "text": "avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffe6fb2c2fd14005686f1",
              "question": "Why has the Muslim Brotherhood facilitated inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 15,
                  "text": "law and philosophy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffee1947a6a140053cf14",
              "question": "What was Iqbal studying in England and Germany?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 108,
                  "text": "All India Muslim League"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffee1947a6a140053cf15",
              "question": "What organization did Iqbal join in London?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17",
              "question": "Who was Iqbal a critic of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 159,
                  "text": "1908"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffee1947a6a140053cf16",
              "question": "What year did Iqbal return to Lahore?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 639,
                  "text": "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam"
                }
              ],
              "id": "572ffee1947a6a140053cf18",
              "question": "What book was Iqbal's seven English lectures published as?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "For many years, Sudan had an Islamist regime under the leadership of Hassan al-Turabi. His National Islamic Front first gained influence when strongman General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979. Turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign Islamist banking systems, especially those linked with Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 29,
                  "text": "Islamist"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302700a23a5019007fce89",
              "question": "What type of regime ruled over Sudan for many years?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 69,
                  "text": "Hassan al-Turabi"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302700a23a5019007fce8a",
              "question": "Who was the leader of the Islamist regime in Sudan?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 91,
                  "text": "National Islamic Front"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302700a23a5019007fce8b",
              "question": "What organization did General Gaafar al-Nimeiry invite members of to serve in his government?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 273,
                  "text": "money from foreign Islamist banking systems"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302700a23a5019007fce8c",
              "question": "How did Turabi build a strong economic base?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 461,
                  "text": "university and military academy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302700a23a5019007fce8d",
              "question": "Where did Turabi place students sympathetic to his views?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "\"The Islamic State\", formerly known as the \"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant\" and before that as the \"Islamic State of Iraq\", (and called the acronym Daesh by its many detractors), is a Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of Sunni Arabs from Iraq and Syria. In 2014, the group proclaimed itself a caliphate, with religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of March 2015[update], it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in Iraq and Syria, and has nominal control over small areas of Libya, Nigeria and Afghanistan. (While a self-described state, it lacks international recognition.) The group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world, including North Africa and South Asia.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 190,
                  "text": "Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689db",
              "question": "What type of group is The Islamic State?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 278,
                  "text": "Sunni Arabs"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dc",
              "question": "Who leads The Islamic State?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 506,
                  "text": "ten million"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689de",
              "question": "How many people did the Islamic State control the territory of as of March 2015?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 674,
                  "text": "recognition"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689df",
              "question": "What does the Islamic State lack from the international community?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 348,
                  "text": "a caliphate"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57302bd0b2c2fd14005689dd",
              "question": "What did the Islamic State proclaim itself in 2014?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Islamism"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The Royal Geographical Society of London and other geographical societies in Europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries. These societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.Political geographers such as Friedrich Ratzel of Germany and Halford Mackinder of Britain also supported imperialism. Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state\u2019s survival while Mackinder supported Britain\u2019s imperial expansion; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 316,
                  "text": "Germany"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573088da069b53140083216b",
              "question": "Where was Friedrich Ratzel born?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 349,
                  "text": "Britain"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573088da069b53140083216c",
              "question": "Where was Halford Mackinder born?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 266,
                  "text": "Political"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573088da069b53140083216d",
              "question": "Halford Mackinder and Friedrich Ratzel where what kind of geographers?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 415,
                  "text": "necessary"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573088da069b53140083216e",
              "question": "Friedrich Ratzel thought imperialism was what for the country?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 121,
                  "text": "fund"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573088da069b53140083216f",
              "question": "How would the geographical societies in Europe support certain travelers?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Orientalism, as theorized by Edward Said, refers to how the West developed an imaginative geography of the East. This imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the East. Rather, by essentializing the East, this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between \"we\" the West and \"them\" the East, or \"here\" in the West and \"there\" in the East. This difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early European studies of the Orient that positioned the East as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West. Defining the East as a negative vision of itself, as its inferior, not only increased the West\u2019s sense of self, but also was a way of ordering the East and making it known to the West so that it could be dominated and controlled. The discourse of Orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early Western imperialism, as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control of other territories.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 78,
                  "text": "imaginative geography"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c580",
              "question": "Orientalism refers to how the West developed a what of the East?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 605,
                  "text": "irrational and backward"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c581",
              "question": "Early Western texts referencing the East describe the people as being what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 738,
                  "text": "inferior"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c582",
              "question": "The West saw the East as what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 928,
                  "text": "Orientalism"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c583",
              "question": "What was used by the West to justify control over eastern territories?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 650,
                  "text": "rational and progressive"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57308f6b8ab72b1400f9c584",
              "question": "The West saw themselves as what compared to the east?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Cultural imperialism is when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e. its soft power, such that it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another. This is more than just \"foreign\" music, television or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted. For example, depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas during the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama series in North Korea. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc. Nor is such a usage of culture recent, as part of Roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle, with the aim that they would then become willing participants.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Cultural imperialism"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573093598ab72b1400f9c5ae",
              "question": "When imperialism impacts social norms of a state, what is it called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 687,
                  "text": "soft power"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573093598ab72b1400f9c5af",
              "question": "What is Cultural Imperialism often referred to as?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "Dallas"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b0",
              "question": "Which American show changed the views of Romanians during the cold war?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 991,
                  "text": "Roman"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b1",
              "question": "Which historic empire used cultural imperialism to sway local elites?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 765,
                  "text": "bans"
                }
              ],
              "id": "573093598ab72b1400f9c5b2",
              "question": "How do regimes fight against cultural imperialism?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The correlation between capitalism, aristocracy, and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. A. Hobson (1858\u20131940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883\u20131950), Thorstein Veblen (1857\u20131929), and Norman Angell (1872\u20131967). While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it's impact on Europe, as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the United States from the 1950s. Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth, and encourage a peaceful, tolerant, multipolar world order.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "aristocracy"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c600",
              "question": "some debate that there is a correlation between capitalism, imperialism, and what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 620,
                  "text": "1950s"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c602",
              "question": "When was the military-political complex reflected upon within the scope of understanding imperialism?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 361,
                  "text": "before World War I"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c601",
              "question": "When were Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell at their most prolific writing period?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 699,
                  "text": "disease"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c603",
              "question": "Hobson argued that imperialism was an international what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 725,
                  "text": "removing its economic foundation"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309ef18ab72b1400f9c604",
              "question": "How did Hobson argue to rid the world of imperialism?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "France took control of Algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850, concentrating chiefly in North and West Africa, as well as South-East Asia, with other conquests in Central and East Africa, as well as the South Pacific. Republicans, at first hostile to empire, only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. It also provided crucial manpower in both World Wars.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 34,
                  "text": "1830"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf29",
              "question": "When did France take control of Algeria?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 92,
                  "text": "after 1850"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2a",
              "question": "When did France begin in earnest to rebuild its global empire?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 609,
                  "text": "Catholicism"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2d",
              "question": "What religion did the French spread along with their imperialism? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 129,
                  "text": "North and West Africa"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2b",
              "question": "Where did France focus its efforts to rebuild its empire?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 323,
                  "text": "when Germany started to build her own colonial empire"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730a4d02461fd1900a9cf2c",
              "question": "When did French Republicans back building the French empire?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Imperialism"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "The movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, met on the Oxford University campus. They focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the \"Holy Club\" and \"the Methodists\", being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle. Eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 73,
                  "text": "mid-18th century"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309921396df919000961f6",
              "question": "When did the movement that would become The United Methodist Church begin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 90,
                  "text": "within the Church of England"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309921396df919000961f7",
              "question": "Where did the movement that would become The United Methodist Church begin?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 411,
                  "text": "being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57309921396df919000961f8",
              "question": "Why was the student group called \"the Methodists?\""
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Members of the United Methodist Church who identify with the pro-life position have organized into the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership in the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference, held in May 2012, with a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee votes, but was not given a floor vote. Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth, president of the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality said he \"had every reason to believe\" that pro-life delegates would have won a floor vote.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 103,
                  "text": "Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality ("
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfad",
              "question": "What is the taskforce that was organized to identify with the pro-life position?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 383,
                  "text": "2012"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae",
              "question": "In what year was there an attempt to withdraw the UMC membership?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 507,
                  "text": "Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfaf",
              "question": "Who is the president of TUMAS?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, \"The Use of Money,\" and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. Today the United Methodist Church states that it \"affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's liberating and redeeming love for persons.\" In fact, the United Methodist Church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of Holy Communion, thus \"expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics, enabling the participation of children and youth, and supporting the church's witness of abstinence.\" Moreover, in 2011 and 2012, The United Methodist Church's General Board of Church and Society called on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 53,
                  "text": "temperance movement"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb3",
              "question": "Historically, which movement has the Methodist Church supported?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 784,
                  "text": "2011 and 2012"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb6",
              "question": "When did the UMC's General Board of Church and Society call on all United Methodists to abstain from alcohol for Lent?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 148,
                  "text": "The Use of Money"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb4",
              "question": "What was the name of Wesley's famous sermon in which he warned against the dangers of drinking?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 548,
                  "text": "unfermented grape juice"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b2ac2461fd1900a9cfb5",
              "question": "What does the United Methodist Church use in the sacrament of the Holy Communion?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that \"as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God.\"",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "conscription"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b9852461fd1900a9cff9",
              "question": "What does the UMC oppose as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 592,
                  "text": "the way of military action"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffa",
              "question": "The church states that, as Christians, they are aware that neither the way of what is righteous before God?\""
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 201,
                  "text": "war"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb",
              "question": "The Church supports those persons who conscientiously oppose what?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The first Methodist clergy were ordained by John Wesley, a priest of the Church of England, because of the crisis caused by the American Revolution which isolated the Methodists in the States from the Church of England and its sacraments. Today, the clergy includes men and women who are ordained by bishops as elders and deacons and are appointed to various ministries. Elders in the United Methodist Church itenerate and are subject to the authority and appointment of their bishops. They generally serve as pastors in local congregations. Deacons are in service ministry and may serve as musicians, liturgists, educators, business administrators, and a number of other areas. Elders and deacons are required to obtain a master's degree (generally an M.Div.), or another equivalent degree, before commissioning and then ultimately ordination. Elders in full connection are each a member of their Annual Conference Order of Elders. Likewise each deacon in full connection is a member of their Annual Conference Order of Deacons.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 44,
                  "text": "John Wesley"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc94",
              "question": "Who ordained the first Methodist clergy?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 510,
                  "text": "pastors"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc95",
              "question": "Clergy usually serve as what in local congregations?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 898,
                  "text": "Annual Conference Order of Elders"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc96",
              "question": "Elders in full connection are each a member of what?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 994,
                  "text": "Annual Conference Order of Deacons"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5730d26fb54a4f140068cc97",
              "question": "Each deacon in full connection is a member of what?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "United_Methodist_Church"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. \"Seven Years\" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 250,
                  "text": "1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d4c8d058e614000b6353",
              "question": "What time framd does the Seven Years War cover?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 450,
                  "text": "six years"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354",
              "question": "How long did the fighting last in Seven Years War?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 534,
                  "text": "1760"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d4c8d058e614000b6355",
              "question": "When was Montreal captured?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 470,
                  "text": "Battle of Jumonville Glen"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d4c8d058e614000b6356",
              "question": "What was first battle in 1754?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south. Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west, as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted. While their population centers were along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior. Nova Scotia, which had been captured from France in 1713, still had a significant French-speaking population. Britain also claimed Rupert's Land, where the Hudson's Bay Company traded for furs with local tribes.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 40,
                  "text": "20 to 1"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d68ed058e614000b637f",
              "question": "What was the ratio of British settler to French?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d68ed058e614000b6380",
              "question": "Where did British settlers live?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 426,
                  "text": "along the coast"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733d68ed058e614000b6381",
              "question": "Where were populations centered in colonies?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrec\u0153ur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrec\u0153ur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. When these forces arrived at the fort on April 16, Contrec\u0153ur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 65,
                  "text": "40"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733f1784776f41900661575",
              "question": "How many men did Duquesne send to relieve  Saint-Pierre ?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 136,
                  "text": "1754"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733f1784776f41900661576",
              "question": "When did British begin to build fort under William Trent?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 586,
                  "text": "Fort Duquesne"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733f1784776f41900661577",
              "question": "What was the fort that was being built to be named?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "After Washington had returned to Williamsburg, Dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work. While en route, Washington learned of Trent's retreat. Since Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British, Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with the Mingo leader. Learning of a French scouting party in the area, Washington, with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen. They killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk. The historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships. One of Tanaghrisson's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 399,
                  "text": "surprised the Canadians on May 28"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733f309d058e614000b6648",
              "question": "Upon learning of a French scounting party in the area, what did Washington do?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 500,
                  "text": "many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733f309d058e614000b6649",
              "question": "What were casualties of battle?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 763,
                  "text": "regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733f309d058e614000b664a",
              "question": "Why was Tanaghrisson supporting British efforts?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers France sent to North America. French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de L\u00e9vis and Colonel Fran\u00e7ois-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. During that time in Europe, on May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe, which was later to be known as the Seven Years' War.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 63,
                  "text": "Major General James Abercrombie"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733fb7bd058e614000b66ff",
              "question": "Who was appointed as second in command to Lor Loudoun in 1756?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 305,
                  "text": "Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733fb7bd058e614000b6700",
              "question": "Who led New France reinforcements in 1756?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 525,
                  "text": "May 18, 1756"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5733fb7bd058e614000b6701",
              "question": "When did England formally declare war on France?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "French_and_Indian_War"
    },
    {
      "paragraphs": [
        {
          "context": "Aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of Aristotelian cosmology. In Aristotle's view, the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different \"natural places\" therein. Aristotle believed that motionless objects on Earth, those composed mostly of the elements earth and water, to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone. He distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their \"natural place\" (e.g., for heavy bodies to fall), which led to \"natural motion\", and unnatural or forced motion, which required continued application of a force. This theory, based on the everyday experience of how objects move, such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving, had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles, such as the flight of arrows. The place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight, and while the projectile sailed through the air, no discernible efficient cause acts on it. Aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile's path carries the projectile to its target. This explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general.",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 0,
                  "text": "Aristotle"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e85",
              "question": "Who provided a philosophical discussion of force?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 95,
                  "text": "Aristotelian cosmology"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e86",
              "question": "What was the concept of force an integral part of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 173,
                  "text": "four"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e87",
              "question": "How many elements did Aristotle believe the terrestrial sphere to be made up of?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 381,
                  "text": "on the ground"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e88",
              "question": "Where did Aristotle believe the natural place for earth and water elements?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 598,
                  "text": "unnatural"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57373d0cc3c5551400e51e89",
              "question": "What did Aristotle refer to forced motion as?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "The development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas. For example, Isaac Newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation. Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism. In the 20th century, the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces (all except gravity) are manifestations of matter (fermions) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons. This standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation. The complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved Higgs mechanism, but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete. A Grand Unified Theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics. Physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything. Einstein tried and failed at this endeavor, but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory.:212\u2013219",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 125,
                  "text": "Isaac Newton"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737821cc3c5551400e51f19",
              "question": "Who formed the universal theory of gravitation?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 479,
                  "text": "20th"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1a",
              "question": "In what century was quantum mechanics made? "
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1457,
                  "text": "unification"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1b",
              "question": "What kind of self-consistent models are physicists trying to make that would create a theory of everything?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1441,
                  "text": "self-consistent unification"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737821cc3c5551400e51f1c",
              "question": "What type of physics model did Einstein fail to make?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Since then, and so far, general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity. In GR, gravitation is not viewed as a force, but rather, objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time \u2013 defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events. From the perspective of the object, all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever. It is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object's curved path. Thus, the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space, and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object. For example, a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola, as it is in a uniform gravitational field. Its space-time trajectory (when the extra ct dimension is added) is almost a straight line, slightly curved (with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years). The time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as \"gravitational force\".",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 24,
                  "text": "general relativity"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378b141c4567190057449f",
              "question": "What theory best explains gravity?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 716,
                  "text": "ballistic trajectory"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378b141c456719005744a0",
              "question": "What space-time path is seen as a curved line in space?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 1117,
                  "text": "gravitational force"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378b141c456719005744a1",
              "question": "What is the derivative of an object's changing momentum called?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 498,
                  "text": "global"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378b141c456719005744a2",
              "question": "In what sense must you be observing the curvature of space-time?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "Through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge, a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. The connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge. This force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force (due to the electric field) and the magnetic force (due to the magnetic field). Fully stated, this is the law:",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 36,
                  "text": "electric current"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378c9b1c456719005744a8",
              "question": "What is  the time rate of change of electric charge?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 294,
                  "text": "unified electromagnetic force"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378c9b1c456719005744a9",
              "question": "What magnetic and electric force acts on a charge?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 139,
                  "text": "Lorentz's Law"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378c9b1c456719005744a7",
              "question": "What is the law named that defines a charge moving through a magnetic field?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 389,
                  "text": "electrostatic force"
                }
              ],
              "id": "57378c9b1c456719005744aa",
              "question": "Whatare the electrostatic and magnetic force awritten as the sum of?"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "context": "where  is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area (the off-diagonal elements). The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains (deformations) including also tensile stresses and compressions.:133\u2013134:38-1\u201338-11",
          "qas": [
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 376,
                  "text": "stress tensor"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f51",
              "question": "What causes strain in structures?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "pressure terms"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f52",
              "question": "What is used to calculate cross section area in the volume of an object?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 132,
                  "text": "pressure terms"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f53",
              "question": "What are associated with normal forces?"
            },
            {
              "answers": [
                {
                  "answer_start": 113,
                  "text": "formalism"
                }
              ],
              "id": "5737a25ac3c5551400e51f54",
              "question": "What includes pressure terms when calculating area in volume?"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "title": "Force"
    }
  ],
  "version": "1.1"
}