diff --git a/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py b/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py
index f62e7a93a7..36063c67e9 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/model/task/ener.py
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ def __init__(
             assert self.ntypes == len(bias_atom_e), "Element count mismatches!"
         bias_atom_e = torch.tensor(bias_atom_e, device=env.DEVICE)
         self.register_buffer("bias_atom_e", bias_atom_e)
+        self.exclude_types = []
 
         filter_layers_dipole = []
         for type_i in range(self.ntypes):
@@ -178,6 +179,14 @@ def output_def(self):
             ]
         )
 
+    def get_dim_fparam(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number (dimension) of frame parameters of this atomic model."""
+        return 0
+
+    def get_dim_aparam(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number (dimension) of atomic parameters of this atomic model."""
+        return 0
+
     def serialize(self) -> dict:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -192,6 +201,23 @@ def change_type_map(
     def get_type_map(self) -> List[str]:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    # make jit happy
+    exclude_types: List[int]
+
+    def get_sel_type(self) -> List[int]:
+        """Get the selected atom types of this model.
+
+        Only atoms with selected atom types have atomic contribution
+        to the result of the model.
+        If returning an empty list, all atom types are selected.
+        """
+        # make jit happy
+        sel_type: List[int] = []
+        for ii in range(self.ntypes):
+            if ii not in self.exclude_types:
+                sel_type.append(ii)
+        return sel_type
+
     def forward(
         self,
         inputs: torch.Tensor,
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/train/training.py b/deepmd/pt/train/training.py
index be9a7a5e54..f2deb5496a 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/train/training.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/train/training.py
@@ -551,9 +551,7 @@ def collect_single_finetune_params(
                             target_state_dict,
                         )
                     state_dict = new_state_dict
-                    state_dict["_extra_state"] = self.wrapper.state_dict()[
-                        "_extra_state"
-                    ]
+                state_dict["_extra_state"] = self.wrapper.state_dict()["_extra_state"]
 
                 self.wrapper.load_state_dict(state_dict)
 
diff --git a/deepmd/pt/utils/auto_batch_size.py b/deepmd/pt/utils/auto_batch_size.py
index 6dfb80067a..35c9506c1b 100644
--- a/deepmd/pt/utils/auto_batch_size.py
+++ b/deepmd/pt/utils/auto_batch_size.py
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ def execute_with_batch_size(
         returned_dict = None
         while index < total_size:
             n_batch, result = self.execute(execute_with_batch_size, index, natoms)
+            if not n_batch:
+                continue
             returned_dict = (
                 isinstance(result, dict) if returned_dict is None else returned_dict
             )
diff --git a/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py b/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py
index eab1186710..11b742a8da 100644
--- a/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py
+++ b/deepmd/utils/argcheck.py
@@ -1432,6 +1432,83 @@ def fitting_ener():
     ]
 
 
+@fitting_args_plugin.register("direct_force_ener")
+@fitting_args_plugin.register("direct_force")
+def fitting_direct_force():
+    doc_numb_fparam = "The dimension of the frame parameter. If set to >0, file `fparam.npy` should be included to provided the input fparams."
+    doc_numb_aparam = "The dimension of the atomic parameter. If set to >0, file `aparam.npy` should be included to provided the input aparams."
+    doc_neuron = "The number of neurons in each hidden layers of the fitting net. When two hidden layers are of the same size, a skip connection is built."
+    doc_activation_function = f'The activation function in the fitting net. Supported activation functions are {list_to_doc(ACTIVATION_FN_DICT.keys())} Note that "gelu" denotes the custom operator version, and "gelu_tf" denotes the TF standard version. If you set "None" or "none" here, no activation function will be used.'
+    doc_precision = f"The precision of the fitting net parameters, supported options are {list_to_doc(PRECISION_DICT.keys())} Default follows the interface precision."
+    doc_resnet_dt = 'Whether to use a "Timestep" in the skip connection'
+    doc_trainable = f"Whether the parameters in the fitting net are trainable. This option can be\n\n\
+- bool: True if all parameters of the fitting net are trainable, False otherwise.\n\n\
+- list of bool{doc_only_tf_supported}: Specifies if each layer is trainable. Since the fitting net is composed by hidden layers followed by a output layer, the length of this list should be equal to len(`neuron`)+1."
+    doc_rcond = "The condition number used to determine the inital energy shift for each type of atoms. See `rcond` in :py:meth:`numpy.linalg.lstsq` for more details."
+    doc_seed = "Random seed for parameter initialization of the fitting net"
+    doc_atom_ener = "Specify the atomic energy in vacuum for each type"
+    doc_layer_name = (
+        "The name of the each layer. The length of this list should be equal to n_neuron + 1. "
+        "If two layers, either in the same fitting or different fittings, "
+        "have the same name, they will share the same neural network parameters. "
+        "The shape of these layers should be the same. "
+        "If null is given for a layer, parameters will not be shared."
+    )
+    doc_use_aparam_as_mask = (
+        "Whether to use the aparam as a mask in input."
+        "If True, the aparam will not be used in fitting net for embedding."
+        "When descrpt is se_a_mask, the aparam will be used as a mask to indicate the input atom is real/virtual. And use_aparam_as_mask should be set to True."
+    )
+
+    return [
+        Argument("numb_fparam", int, optional=True, default=0, doc=doc_numb_fparam),
+        Argument("numb_aparam", int, optional=True, default=0, doc=doc_numb_aparam),
+        Argument(
+            "neuron",
+            List[int],
+            optional=True,
+            default=[120, 120, 120],
+            alias=["n_neuron"],
+            doc=doc_neuron,
+        ),
+        Argument(
+            "activation_function",
+            str,
+            optional=True,
+            default="tanh",
+            doc=doc_activation_function,
+        ),
+        Argument("precision", str, optional=True, default="default", doc=doc_precision),
+        Argument("resnet_dt", bool, optional=True, default=True, doc=doc_resnet_dt),
+        Argument(
+            "trainable",
+            [List[bool], bool],
+            optional=True,
+            default=True,
+            doc=doc_trainable,
+        ),
+        Argument(
+            "rcond", [float, type(None)], optional=True, default=None, doc=doc_rcond
+        ),
+        Argument("seed", [int, None], optional=True, doc=doc_seed),
+        Argument(
+            "atom_ener",
+            List[Optional[float]],
+            optional=True,
+            default=[],
+            doc=doc_atom_ener,
+        ),
+        Argument("layer_name", List[str], optional=True, doc=doc_layer_name),
+        Argument(
+            "use_aparam_as_mask",
+            bool,
+            optional=True,
+            default=False,
+            doc=doc_use_aparam_as_mask,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+
 @fitting_args_plugin.register("dos")
 def fitting_dos():
     doc_numb_fparam = "The dimension of the frame parameter. If set to >0, file `fparam.npy` should be included to provided the input fparams."