multihash

Self identifying hashes

Multihash is a protocol for differentiating outputs from various well-established cryptographic hash functions, addressing size + encoding considerations.

It is useful to write applications that future-proof their use of hashes, and allow multiple hash functions to coexist. See jbenet/random-ideas#1 for a longer discussion.

Table of Contents

• Table of Contents
• Example
• Format
• Implementations
• Table for Multihash
  • Other Tables
• Notes
  • Multihash and randomness
  • Insecure / obsolete hash functions
  • Non-cryptographic hash functions
• Visual Examples
• Maintainers
• Contribute
• License

Example

Outputs of <encoding>.encode(multihash(<digest>, <function>)):

# sha1 - 0x11 - sha1("multihash")
111488c2f11fb2ce392acb5b2986e640211c4690073e # sha1 in hex
CEKIRQXRD6ZM4OJKZNNSTBXGIAQRYRUQA47A==== # sha1 in base32
5dsgvJGnvAfiR3K6HCBc4hcokSfmjj # sha1 in base58
ERSIwvEfss45KstbKYbmQCEcRpAHPg== # sha1 in base64

# sha2-256 0x12 - sha2-256("multihash")
12209cbc07c3f991725836a3aa2a581ca2029198aa420b9d99bc0e131d9f3e2cbe47 # sha2-256 in hex
CIQJZPAHYP4ZC4SYG2R2UKSYDSRAFEMYVJBAXHMZXQHBGHM7HYWL4RY= # sha256 in base32
QmYtUc4iTCbbfVSDNKvtQqrfyezPPnFvE33wFmutw9PBBk # sha256 in base58
EiCcvAfD+ZFyWDajqipYHKICkZiqQgudmbwOEx2fPiy+Rw== # sha256 in base64

Note: You should consider using multibase to base-encode these hashes instead of base-encoding them directly.

Format

<varint hash function code><varint digest size in bytes><hash function output>

Binary example (only 4 bytes for simplicity):

fn code  dig size hash digest
-------- -------- -----------------------------------
00010001 00000100 10110110 11111000 01011100 10110101
sha1     4 bytes  4 byte sha1 digest

Why have digest size as a separate number?

Because otherwise you end up with a function code really meaning "function-and-digest-size-code". Makes using custom digest sizes annoying, and is less flexible.

Why isn't the size first?

Because aesthetically I prefer the code first. You already have to write your stream parsing code to understand that a single byte already means "a length in bytes more to skip". Reversing these doesn't buy you much.

Why varints?

So that we have no limitation on functions or lengths.

What kind of varints?

A Most Significant Bit unsigned varint (also called base-128 varints), as defined by the multiformats/unsigned-varint.

Don't we have to agree on a table of functions?

Yes, but we already have to agree on functions, so this is not hard. The table even leaves some room for custom function codes.

Implementations

• clj-multihash
• cpp-multihash
• dart-multihash
• elixir-multihash
  • elixir-multihash
  • elixir-multihashing
• go-multihash
• haskell-multihash
• js-multihash
  • js-multiformats
  • js-multihash (archived)
• java-multihash
  • multiformats/java-multihash
  • copper multicodec and multihash
  • comodal/hash-overlay
• kotlin-multihash
  • kotlin-multihash
  • multiformat
• net-multihash
  • cs-multihash
  • MultiHash.Net
  • net-ipfs-core
• nim-libp2p
• ocaml-multihash
• php-multihash
• python-multihash
  • multiformats/py-multihash
  • ivilata/pymultihash
  • multihash sub-module of Python module multiformats
• ruby-multihash
• rust-multihash
  • by @multiformats
  • by @google
• scala-multihash
• swift-multihash
  • by @multiformats
  • by @yeeth
• zig-multihash

Table for Multihash

We use a single Multicodec table across all of our multiformat projects. The shared namespace reduces the chances of accidentally interpreting a code in the wrong context. Multihash entries are identified with a multihash value in the tag column.

The current table lives here

Other Tables

Cannot find a good standard on this. Found some different IANA ones:

• https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xhtml#tls-parameters-18
• http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6920#section-9.4

They disagree. :(

Notes

Multihash and randomness

Obviously multihash values bias the first two bytes. Do not expect them to be uniformly distributed. The entropy size is len(multihash) - 2. Skip the first two bytes when using them with bloom filters, etc. Why not _ap_pend instead of _pre_pend? Because when reading a stream of hashes, you can know the length of the whole value, and allocate the right amount of memory, skip it, or discard it.

Insecure / obsolete hash functions

Obsolete and deprecated hash functions are included in this list. MD4, MD5 and SHA-1 should no longer be used for cryptographic purposes, but since many such hashes already exist they are included in this specification and may be implemented in multihash libraries.

Non-cryptographic hash functions

Multihash is intended for "well-established cryptographic hash functions" as non-cryptographic hash functions are not suitable for content addressing systems. However, there may be use-cases where it is desireable to identify non-cryptographic hash functions or their digests by use of a multihash. Non-cryptographic hash functions are identified in the Multicodec table with a tag hash value in the tag column.

Visual Examples

These are visual aids that help tell the story of why Multihash matters.

Consider these 4 different hashes of same input

Same length: 256 bits

Different hash functions

Idea: self-describe the values to distinguish

Multihash: fn code + length prefix

Multihash: a pretty good multiformat

Multihash: has a bunch of implementations already

Contribute

Contributions welcome. Please check out the issues.

Check out our contributing document for more information on how we work, and about contributing in general. Please be aware that all interactions related to multiformats are subject to the IPFS Code of Conduct.

Small note: If editing the README, please conform to the standard-readme specification.

License

This repository is only for documents. All of these are licensed under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license © 2016 Protocol Labs Inc. Any code is under a MIT © 2016 Protocol Labs Inc.