1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

1.1.1 The Operating System as an Extended Machine

1.1.2 The Operating System as a Resource Manager

1.2 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1.2.1 The First Generation (1945-55) Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

1.2.2 The Second Generation (1955-65) Transistors and Batch Systems

1.2.3 The Third Generation (1965-1980) ICs and Multiprogramming

1.2.4 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present) Personal Computers

1.2.5 History of MINIX

1.3 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS

1.3.1 Processes

1.3.2 Files

1.3.3 The Shell

1.4 SYSTEM CALLS

1.4.1 System Calls for Process Management

1.4.2 System Calls for Signaling

1.4.3 System Calls for File Management

1.4.4 System Calls for Directory Management

1.4.5 System Calls for Protection

1.4.6 System Calls for Time Management

1.5 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

1.5.1 Monolithic Systems

1.5.2 Layered Systems

1.5.3 Virtual Machines

1.5.4 Exokernels

1.5.5 Client-Server Model

1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REST OF THIS BOOK

2 PROCESSES

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROCESSES

2.1.1 The Process Model

2.1.2 Process Creation

2.1.3 Process Termination

2.1.4 Process Hierarchies

2.1.5 Process States

2.1.6 Implementation of Processes

2.1.7 Threads

2.2 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION

2.2.1 Race Conditions

2.2.2 Critical Sections

2.2.3 Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting

2.2.4 Sleep and Wakeup

2.2.5 Semaphores

2.2.6 Mutexes

2.2.7 Monitors

2.2.8 Message Passing

2.3 CLASSICAL IPC PROBLEMS

2.3.1 The Dining Philosophers Problem

2.3.2 The Readers and Writers Problem

2.4 SCHEDULING

2.4.1 Introduction to Scheduling

2.4.2 Scheduling in Batch Systems

2.4.3 Scheduling in Interactive Systems

2.4.4 Scheduling in Real-Time Systems

2.4.5 Policy versus Mechanism

2.4.6 Thread Scheduling

2.5 OVERVIEW OF PROCESSES IN MINIX

2.5.1 The Internal Structure of MINIX

2.5.2 Process Management in MINIX

2.5.3 Interprocess Communication in MINIX

2.5.4 Process Scheduling in MINIX

2.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESSES IN MINIX

2.6.1 Organization of the MINIX 3 Source Code

2.6.2 Compiling and Runniing MINIX

2.6.3 The Common Header Files

2.6.4 The MINIX 3 Header Files

2.6.5 Process Data Structures and Header Files

2.6.6 Bootstrapping MINIX

2.6.7 System Initialization

2.6.8 Interrupt Handling in MINIX

2.6.9 Interprocess Communication in MINIX

2.6.10 Scheduling in MINIX

2.6.11 Hardware-Dependent Kernel Support

2.6.12 Utilities and the Kernel Library

2.7 THE SYSTEM TASK IN MINIX

2.7.1 Overview of the System Task

2.7.2 Implementation of the System Task

2.7.3 Implementation of the System Libarary

2.9 THE CLOCK TASK IN MINIX

2.8.1 Clock Hardware

2.8.2 Clock Software

2.8.3 Overview of the Clock Driver in MINIX

2.8.4 Implementation of the Clock Driver in MINIX

3 INPUT/OUTPUT

3.1 PRINCIPLES OF I/O HARDWARE

3.1.1 I/O Devices

3.1.2 Device Controllers

3.1.3 Memory-Mapped I/O

3.1.4 Interrupts

3.1.5 Direct Memory Access