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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 245:
* A new tool "systemd-repart" has been added, that operates as an
idempotent declarative repartitioner for GPT partition tables.
Specifically, a set of partitions that must or may exist can be
configured via drop-in files, and during every boot the partition
table on disk is compared with these files, creating missing
partitions or growing existing ones based on configurable relative
and absolute size constraints. The tool is strictly incremental,
i.e. does not delete, shrink or move partitions, but only adds and
grows them. The primary use-case is OS images that ship in minimized
form, that on first boot are grown to the size of the underlying
block device or augmented with additional partitions. For example,
the root partition could be extended to cover the whole disk, or a
swap or /home partitions could be added on first boot. It can also be
used for systems that use an A/B update scheme but ship images with
just the A partition, with B added on first boot. The tool is
primarily intended to be run in the initrd, shortly before
transitioning into the host OS, but can also be run after the
transition took place. It automatically discovers the disk backing
the root file system, and should hence not require any additional
configuration besides the partition definition drop-ins. If no
configuration drop-ins are present, no action is taken.
* A new component "userdb" has been added, along with a small daemon
"systemd-userdb.service" and a client tool "userdbctl". The framework
allows defining rich user and group records in a JSON format,
extending on the classic "struct passwd" and "struct group"
structures. Various components in systemd have been updated to
process records in this format, including systemd-logind and
pam-systemd. The user records are intended to be extensible, and
allow setting various resource management, security and runtime
parameters that shall be applied to processes and sessions of the
user as they log in. This facility is intended to allow associating
such metadata directly with user/group records so that they can be
produced, extended and consumed in unified form. We hope that
eventually frameworks such as sssd will generate records this way, so
that for the first time resource management and various other
per-user settings can be configured in LDAP directories and then
provided to systemd (specifically to systemd-logind and pam-system)
to apply on login. For further details see:
https://systemd.io/USER_RECORD
https://systemd.io/GROUP_RECORD
https://systemd.io/USER_GROUP_API
* A small new service systemd-homed.service has been added, that may be
used to securely manage home directories with built-in encryption.
The complete user record data is unified with the home directory,
thus making home directories naturally migratable. Its primary
back-end is based on LUKS volumes, but fscrypt, plain directories,
and other storage schemes are also supported. This solves a couple of
problems we saw with traditional ways to manage home directories, in
particular when it comes to encryption. For further discussion of
this, see the video of Lennart's talk at AllSystemsGo! 2019:
https://media.ccc.de/v/ASG2019-164-reinventing-home-directories
For further details about the format and expectations on home
directories this new daemon makes, see:
https://systemd.io/HOME_DIRECTORY
* systemd-journald is now multi-instantiable. In addition to the main
instance systemd-journald.service there's now a template unit
systemd-journald@.service, with each instance defining a new named
log 'namespace' (whose name is specified via the instance part of the
unit name). A new unit file setting LogNamespace= has been added,
taking such a namespace name, that assigns services to the specified
log namespaces. As each log namespace is serviced by its own
independent journal daemon, this functionality may be used to improve
performance and increase isolation of applications, at the price of
losing global message ordering. Each instance of journald has a
separate set of configuration files, with possibly different disk
usage limitations and other settings.
journalctl now takes a new option --namespace= to show logs from a
specific log namespace. The sd-journal.h API gained
sd_journal_open_namespace() for opening the log stream of a specific
log namespace. systemd-journald also gained the ability to exit on
idle, which is useful in the context of log namespaces, as this means
log daemons for log namespaces can be activated automatically on
demand and will stop automatically when no longer used, minimizing
resource usage.
* When systemd-tmpfiles copies a file tree using the 'C' line type it
will now label every copied file according to the SELinux database.
* When systemd/PID 1 detects it is used in the initrd it will now boot
into initrd.target rather than default.target by default. This should
make it simpler to build initrds with systemd as for many cases the
only difference between a host OS image and an initrd image now is
the presence of the /etc/initrd-release file.
* A new kernel command line option systemd.cpu_affinity= is now
understood. It's equivalent to the CPUAffinity= option in
/etc/systemd/system.conf and allows setting the CPU mask for PID 1
itself and the default for all other processes.
* When systemd/PID 1 is reloaded (with systemctl daemon-reload or
equivalent), the SELinux database is now reloaded, ensuring that
sockets and other file system objects are generated taking the new
database into account.
* systemd/PID 1 accepts a new "systemd.show-status=error" setting, and
"quiet" has been changed to imply that instead of
"systemd.show-status=auto". In this mode, only messages about errors
and significant delays in boot are shown on the console.
* The sd-event.h API gained native support for the new Linux "pidfd"
concept. This permits watching processes using file descriptors
instead of PID numbers, which fixes a number of races and makes
process supervision more robust and efficient. All of systemd's
components will now use pidfds if the kernel supports it for process
watching, with the exception of PID 1 itself, unfortunately. We hope
to move PID 1 to exclusively using pidfds too eventually, but this
requires some more kernel work first. (Background: PID 1 watches
processes using waitid() with the P_ALL flag, and that does not play
together nicely with pidfds yet.)
* Closely related to this, the sd-event.h API gained two new calls
sd_event_source_send_child_signal() (for sending a signal to a
watched process) and sd_event_source_get_child_process_own() (for
marking a process so that it is killed automatically whenever the
event source watching it is freed).
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring Token Bucket Filter
(TBF) parameters in its qdisc configuration support. Similarly,
support for Stochastic Fairness Queuing (SFQ), Controlled-Delay
Active Queue Management (CoDel), and Fair Queue (FQ) has been added.
* systemd-networkd gained support for Intermediate Functional Block
(IFB) network devices.
* systemd-networkd gained support for configuring multi-path IP routes,
using the new MultiPathRoute= setting in the [Route] section.
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 client has been updated to support a new
SendDecline= option. If enabled, duplicate address detection is done
after a DHCP offer is received from the server. If a conflict is
detected, the address is declined. The DHCPv4 client also gained
support for a new RouteMTUBytes= setting that allows to configure the
MTU size to be used for routes generated from DHCPv4 leases.
* The PrefixRoute= setting in systemd-networkd's [Address] section of
.network files has been deprecated, and replaced by AddPrefixRoute=,
with its sense inverted.
* The Gateway= setting of [Route] sections of .network files gained
support for a special new value "_dhcp". If set, the configured
static route uses the gateway host configured via DHCP.
* New User= and SuppressPrefixLength= settings have been implemented
for the [RoutingPolicyRule] section of .network files to configure
source routing based on UID ranges and prefix length, respectively.
* sd-bus gained a new API call sd_bus_message_sensitive() that marks a
D-Bus message object as "sensitive". Those objects are erased from
memory when they are freed. This concept is intended to be used for
messages that contain security sensitive data. A new flag
SD_BUS_VTABLE_SENSITIVE has been introduced as well to mark methods
in sd-bus vtables, causing any incoming and outgoing messages of
those methods to be implicitly marked as "sensitive".
* sd-bus gained a new API call sd_bus_message_dump() for dumping the
contents of a message (or parts thereof) to standard output for
debugging purposes.
* systemd-sysusers gained support for creating users with the primary
group named differently than the user.
* systemd-resolved's DNS-over-TLS support gained SNI validation.
* systemd-growfs (i.e. the x-systemd.growfs mount option in /etc/fstab)
gained support for growing XFS partitions. Previously it supported
only ext4 and btrfs partitions.
* The support for /etc/crypttab gained a new x-initrd.attach option. If
set, the specified encrypted volume is unlocked already in the
initrd. This concept corresponds to the x-initrd.mount option in
/etc/fstab.
* systemd-cryptsetup gained native support for unlocking encrypted
volumes utilizing PKCS#11 smartcards, i.e. for example to bind
encryption of volumes to YubiKeys. This is exposed in the new
pkcs11-uri= option in /etc/crypttab.
* The /etc/fstab support in systemd now supports two new mount options
x-systemd.{required,wanted}-by=, for explicitly configuring the units
that the specified mount shall be pulled in by, in place of
the usual local-fs.target/remote-fs.target.
* The https://systemd.io/ web site has been relaunched, directly
populated with most of the documentation included in the systemd
repository. systemd also acquired a new logo, thanks to Tobias
Bernard.
* systemd-udevd gained support for managing "alternative" network
interface names, as supported by new Linux kernels. For the first
time this permits assigning multiple (and longer!) names to a network
interface. systemd-udevd will now by default assign the names
generated via all supported naming schemes to each interface. This
may be further tweaked with .link files and the AlternativeName= and
AlternativeNamesPolicy= settings. Other components of systemd have
been updated to support the new alternative names wherever
appropriate. For example, systemd-nspawn will now generate
alternative interface names for the host-facing side of container
veth links based on the full container name without truncation.
* systemd-nspawn interface naming logic has been updated in another way
too: if the main interface name (i.e. as opposed to new-style
"alternative" names) based on the container name is truncated, a
simple hashing scheme is used to give different interface names to
multiple containers whose names all begin with the same prefix. Since
this changes the primary interface names pointing to containers if
truncation happens, the old scheme may still be requested by
selecting an older naming scheme, via the net.naming-scheme= kernel
command line option.
* PrivateUsers= in service files now works in services run by the
systemd --user per-user instance of the service manager.
* A new per-service sandboxing option ProtectClock= has been added that
locks down write access to the system clock. It takes away device
node access to /dev/rtc as well as the system calls that set the
system clock and the CAP_SYS_TIME and CAP_WAKE_ALARM capabilities.
Note that this option does not affect access to auxiliary services
that allow changing the clock, for example access to
systemd-timedated.
* The systemd-id128 tool gained a new "show" verb for listing or
resolving a number of well-known UUIDs/128bit IDs, currently mostly
GPT partition table types.
* The Discoverable Partitions Specification has been updated to support
/var and /var/tmp partition discovery. Support for this has been
added to systemd-gpt-auto-generator. For details see:
https://systemd.io/DISCOVERABLE_PARTITIONS
* "systemctl list-unit-files" has been updated to show a new column
with the suggested enablement state based on the vendor preset files
for the respective units.
* "systemctl" gained a new option "--with-dependencies". If specified
commands such as "systemctl status" or "systemctl cat" will now show
all specified units along with all units they depend on.
* networkctl gained support for showing per-interface logs in its
"status" output.
* systemd-networkd-wait-online gained support for specifying the maximum
operational state to wait for, and to wait for interfaces to
disappear.
* The [Match] section of .link and .network files now supports a new
option PermanentMACAddress= which may be used to check against the
permanent MAC address of a network device even if a randomized MAC
address is used.
* The [TrafficControlQueueingDiscipline] section in .network files has
been renamed to [NetworkEmulator] with the "NetworkEmulator" prefix
dropped from the individual setting names.
* Any .link and .network files that have an empty [Match] section (this
also includes empty and commented-out files) will now be
rejected. systemd-udev and systemd-networkd started warning about
such files in version 243.
* systemd-logind will now validate access to the operation of changing
the virtual terminal via a PolicyKit action. By default, only users
with at least one session on a local VT are granted permission.
* When systemd sets up PAM sessions that invoked service processes
shall run in, the pam_setcred() API is now invoked, thus permitting
PAM modules to set additional credentials for the processes.
* portablectl attach/detach verbs now accept --now and --enable options
to combine attachment with enablement and invocation, or detachment
with stopping and disablement.
Contributions from: AJ Bagwell, Alin Popa, Andreas Rammhold, Anita
Zhang, Ansgar Burchardt, Antonio Russo, Arian van Putten, Ashley Davis,
Balint Reczey, Bart Willems, Bastien Nocera, Benjamin Dahlhoff, Charles
(Chas) Williams, cheese1, Chris Down, Chris Murphy, Christian Ehrhardt,
Christian Göttsche, cvoinf, Daan De Meyer, Daniele Medri, Daniel Rusek,
Daniel Shahaf, Dann Frazier, Dan Streetman, Dariusz Gadomski, David
Michael, Dimitri John Ledkov, Emmanuel Bourg, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
ezst036, Felipe Sateler, Filipe Brandenburger, Florian Klink, Franck
Bui, Fran Dieguez, Frantisek Sumsal, Greg "GothAck" Miell, Guilhem
Lettron, Guillaume Douézan-Grard, Hans de Goede, HATAYAMA Daisuke, Iain
Lane, James Buren, Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig), Jérémy Rosen, Jin
Park, Jun'ichi Nomura, Kai Krakow, Kevin Kuehler, Kevin P. Fleming,
Lennart Poettering, Leonid Bloch, Leonid Evdokimov, lothrond, Luca
Boccassi, Lukas K, Lynn Kirby, Mario Limonciello, Mark Deneen, Matthew
Leeds, Michael Biebl, Michal Koutný, Michal Sekletár, Mike Auty, Mike
Gilbert, mtron, nabijaczleweli, Naïm Favier, Nate Jones, Norbert Lange,
Oliver Giles, Paul Davey, Paul Menzel, Peter Hutterer, Piotr Drąg, Rafa
Couto, Raphael, rhn, Robert Scheck, Rocka, Romain Naour, Ryan Attard,
Sascha Dewald, Shengjing Zhu, Slava Kardakov, Spencer Michaels, Sylvain
Plantefeve, Stanislav Angelovič, Susant Sahani, Thomas Haller, Thomas
Schmitt, Timo Schlüßler, Timo Wilken, Tobias Bernard, Tobias Klauser,
Tobias Stoeckmann, Topi Miettinen, tsia, WataruMatsuoka, Wieland
Hoffmann, Wilhelm Schuster, Will Fleming, xduugu, Yong Cong Sin, Yuri
Chornoivan, Yu Watanabe, Zach Smith, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, Zeyu
DONG
– Warsaw, 2020-03-06
CHANGES WITH 244:
* Support for the cpuset cgroups v2 controller has been added.
Processes may be restricted to specific CPUs using the new
AllowedCPUs= setting, and to specific memory NUMA nodes using the new
AllowedMemoryNodes= setting.
* The signal used in restart jobs (as opposed to e.g. stop jobs) may
now be configured using a new RestartKillSignal= setting. This
allows units which signals to request termination to implement
different behaviour when stopping in preparation for a restart.
* "systemctl clean" may now be used also for socket, mount, and swap
units.
* systemd will also read configuration options from the EFI variable
SystemdOptions. This may be used to configure systemd behaviour when
modifying the kernel command line is inconvenient, but configuration
on disk is read too late, for example for the options related to
cgroup hierarchy setup. 'bootctl systemd-efi-options' may be used to
set the EFI variable.
* systemd will now disable printk ratelimits in early boot. This should
allow us to capture more logs from the early boot phase where normal
storage is not available and the kernel ring buffer is used for
logging. Configuration on the kernel command line has higher priority
and overrides the systemd setting.
systemd programs which log to /dev/kmsg directly use internal
ratelimits to prevent runaway logging. (Normally this is only used
during early boot, so in practice this change has very little
effect.)
* Unit files now support top level dropin directories of the form
<unit_type>.d/ (e.g. service.d/) that may be used to add configuration
that affects all corresponding unit files.
* systemctl gained support for 'stop --job-mode=triggering' which will
stop the specified unit and any units which could trigger it.
* Unit status display now includes units triggering and triggered by
the unit being shown.
* The RuntimeMaxSec= setting is now supported by scopes, not just
.service units. This is particularly useful for PAM sessions which
create a scope unit for the user login. systemd.runtime_max_sec=
setting may used with the pam_systemd module to limit the duration
of the PAM session, for example for time-limited logins.
* A new @pkey system call group is now defined to make it easier to
whitelist memory protection syscalls for containers and services
which need to use them.
* systemd-udevd: removed the 30s timeout for killing stale workers on
exit. systemd-udevd now waits for workers to finish. The hard-coded
exit timeout of 30s was too short for some large installations, where
driver initialization could be prematurely interrupted during initrd
processing if the root file system had been mounted and init was
preparing to switch root. If udevd is run without systemd and workers
are hanging while udevd receives an exit signal, udevd will now exit
when udev.event_timeout is reached for the last hanging worker. With
systemd, the exit timeout can additionally be configured using
TimeoutStopSec= in systemd-udevd.service.
* udev now provides a program (fido_id) that identifies FIDO CTAP1
("U2F")/CTAP2 security tokens based on the usage declared in their
report and descriptor and outputs suitable environment variables.
This replaces the externally maintained whitelists of all known
security tokens that were used previously.
* Automatically generated autosuspend udev rules for whitelisted
devices have been imported from the Chromium OS project. This should
improve power saving with many more devices.
* udev gained a new "CONST{key}=value" setting that allows matching
against system-wide constants without forking a helper binary.
Currently "arch" and "virt" keys are supported.
* udev now opens CDROMs in non-exclusive mode when querying their
capabilities. This should fix issues where other programs trying to
use the CDROM cannot gain access to it, but carries a risk of
interfering with programs writing to the disk, if they did not open
the device in exclusive mode as they should.
* systemd-networkd does not create a default route for IPv4 link local
addressing anymore. The creation of the route was unexpected and was
breaking routing in various cases, but people who rely on it being
created implicitly will need to adjust. Such a route may be requested
with DefaultRouteOnDevice=yes.
Similarly, systemd-networkd will not assign a link-local IPv6 address
when IPv6 link-local routing is not enabled.
* Receive and transmit buffers may now be configured on links with
the new RxBufferSize= and TxBufferSize= settings.
* systemd-networkd may now advertise additional IPv6 routes. A new
[IPv6RoutePrefix] section with Route= and LifetimeSec= options is
now supported.
* systemd-networkd may now configure "next hop" routes using the
[NextHop] section and Gateway= and Id= settings.
* systemd-networkd will now retain DHCP config on restarts by default
(but this may be overridden using the KeepConfiguration= setting).
The default for SendRelease= has been changed to true.
* The DHCPv4 client now uses the OPTION_INFORMATION_REFRESH_TIME option
received from the server.
The client will use the received SIP server list if UseSIP=yes is
set.
The client may be configured to request specific options from the
server using a new RequestOptions= setting.
The client may be configured to send arbitrary options to the server
using a new SendOption= setting.
A new IPServiceType= setting has been added to configure the "IP
service type" value used by the client.
* The DHCPv6 client learnt a new PrefixDelegationHint= option to
request prefix hints in the DHCPv6 solicitation.
* The DHCPv4 server may be configured to send arbitrary options using
a new SendOption= setting.
* The DHCPv4 server may now be configured to emit SIP server list using
the new EmitSIP= and SIP= settings.
* systemd-networkd and networkctl may now renew DHCP leases on demand.
networkctl has a new 'networkctl renew' verb.
* systemd-networkd may now reconfigure links on demand. networkctl
gained two new verbs: "reload" will reload the configuration, and
"reconfigure DEVICE…" will reconfigure one or more devices.
* .network files may now match on SSID and BSSID of a wireless network,
i.e. the access point name and hardware address using the new SSID=
and BSSID= options. networkctl will display the current SSID and
BSSID for wireless links.
.network files may also match on the wireless network type using the
new WLANInterfaceType= option.
* systemd-networkd now includes default configuration that enables
link-local addressing when connected to an ad-hoc wireless network.
* systemd-networkd may configure the Traffic Control queueing
disciplines in the kernel using the new
[TrafficControlQueueingDiscipline] section and Parent=,
NetworkEmulatorDelaySec=, NetworkEmulatorDelayJitterSec=,
NetworkEmulatorPacketLimit=, NetworkEmulatorLossRate=,
NetworkEmulatorDuplicateRate= settings.
* systemd-tmpfiles gained a new w+ setting to append to files.
* systemd-analyze dump will now report when the memory configuration in
the kernel does not match what systemd has configured (usually,
because some external program has modified the kernel configuration
on its own).
* systemd-analyze gained a new --base-time= switch instructs the
'calendar' verb to resolve times relative to that timestamp instead
of the present time.
* journalctl --update-catalog now produces deterministic output (making
reproducible image builds easier).
* A new devicetree-overlay setting is now documented in the Boot Loader
Specification.
* The default value of the WatchdogSec= setting used in systemd
services (the ones bundled with the project itself) may be set at
configuration time using the -Dservice-watchdog= setting. If set to
empty, the watchdogs will be disabled.
* systemd-resolved validates IP addresses in certificates now when GnuTLS
is being used.
* libcryptsetup >= 2.0.1 is now required.
* A configuration option -Duser-path= may be used to override the $PATH
used by the user service manager. The default is again to use the same
path as the system manager.
* The systemd-id128 tool gained a new switch "-u" (or "--uuid") for
outputting the 128bit IDs in UUID format (i.e. in the "canonical
representation").
* Service units gained a new sandboxing option ProtectKernelLogs= which
makes sure the program cannot get direct access to the kernel log
buffer anymore, i.e. the syslog() system call (not to be confused
with the API of the same name in libc, which is not affected), the
/proc/kmsg and /dev/kmsg nodes and the CAP_SYSLOG capability are made
inaccessible to the service. It's recommended to enable this setting
for all services that should not be able to read from or write to the
kernel log buffer, which are probably almost all.
Contributions from: Aaron Plattner, Alcaro, Anita Zhang, Balint Reczey,
Bastien Nocera, Baybal Ni, Benjamin Bouvier, Benjamin Gilbert, Carlo
Teubner, cbzxt, Chen Qi, Chris Down, Christian Rebischke, Claudio
Zumbo, ClydeByrdIII, crashfistfight, Cyprien Laplace, Daniel Edgecumbe,
Daniel Gorbea, Daniel Rusek, Daniel Stuart, Dan Streetman, David
Pedersen, David Tardon, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominique Martinet, Donald
A. Cupp Jr, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Fabian Henneke, Filipe Brandenburger,
Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Georg Müller, Hans de Goede, Haochen
Tong, HATAYAMA Daisuke, Iwan Timmer, Jan Janssen, Jan Kundrát, Jan
Synacek, Jan Tojnar, Jay Strict, Jérémy Rosen, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson,
Jonas Jelten, Jonas Thelemann, Justin Trudell, J. Xing, Kai-Heng Feng,
Kenneth D'souza, Kevin Becker, Kevin Kuehler, Lennart Poettering,
Léonard Gérard, Lorenz Bauer, Luca Boccassi, Maciej Stanczew, Mario
Limonciello, Marko Myllynen, Mark Stosberg, Martin Wilck, matthiasroos,
Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Tretter, Michal Sekletar,
Michal Sekletár, Michal Suchanek, Mike Gilbert, Mike Kazantsev, Nicolas
Douma, nikolas, Norbert Lange, pan93412, Pascal de Bruijn, Paul Menzel,
Pavel Hrdina, Peter Wu, Philip Withnall, Piotr Drąg, Rafael Fontenelle,
Renaud Métrich, Riccardo Schirone, RoadrunnerWMC, Ronan Pigott, Ryan
Attard, Sebastian Wick, Serge, Siddharth Chandrasekara, Steve Ramage,
Steve Traylen, Susant Sahani, Thibault Nélis, Tim Teichmann, Tom
Fitzhenry, Tommy J, Torsten Hilbrich, Vito Caputo, ypf791, Yu Watanabe,
Zach Smith, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
– Warsaw, 2019-11-29
CHANGES WITH 243:
* This release enables unprivileged programs (i.e. requiring neither
setuid nor file capabilities) to send ICMP Echo (i.e. ping) requests
by turning on the "net.ipv4.ping_group_range" sysctl of the Linux
kernel for the whole UNIX group range, i.e. all processes. This
change should be reasonably safe, as the kernel support for it was
specifically implemented to allow safe access to ICMP Echo for
processes lacking any privileges. If this is not desirable, it can be
disabled again by setting the parameter to "1 0".
* Previously, filters defined with SystemCallFilter= would have the
effect that any calling of an offending system call would terminate
the calling thread. This behaviour never made much sense, since
killing individual threads of unsuspecting processes is likely to
create more problems than it solves. With this release the default
action changed from killing the thread to killing the whole
process. For this to work correctly both a kernel version (>= 4.14)
and a libseccomp version (>= 2.4.0) supporting this new seccomp
action is required. If an older kernel or libseccomp is used the old
behaviour continues to be used. This change does not affect any
services that have no system call filters defined, or that use
SystemCallErrorNumber= (and thus see EPERM or another error instead
of being killed when calling an offending system call). Note that
systemd documentation always claimed that the whole process is
killed. With this change behaviour is thus adjusted to match the
documentation.
* On 64 bit systems, the "kernel.pid_max" sysctl is now bumped to
4194304 by default, i.e. the full 22bit range the kernel allows, up
from the old 16bit range. This should improve security and
robustness, as PID collisions are made less likely (though certainly
still possible). There are rumours this might create compatibility
problems, though at this moment no practical ones are known to
us. Downstream distributions are hence advised to undo this change in
their builds if they are concerned about maximum compatibility, but
for everybody else we recommend leaving the value bumped. Besides
improving security and robustness this should also simplify things as
the maximum number of allowed concurrent tasks was previously bounded
by both "kernel.pid_max" and "kernel.threads-max" and now effectively
only a single knob is left ("kernel.threads-max"). There have been
concerns that usability is affected by this change because larger PID
numbers are harder to type, but we believe the change from 5 digits
to 7 digits doesn't hamper usability.
* MemoryLow= and MemoryMin= gained hierarchy-aware counterparts,
DefaultMemoryLow= and DefaultMemoryMin=, which can be used to
hierarchically set default memory protection values for a particular
subtree of the unit hierarchy.
* Memory protection directives can now take a value of zero, allowing
explicit opting out of a default value propagated by an ancestor.
* systemd now defaults to the "unified" cgroup hierarchy setup during
build-time, i.e. -Ddefault-hierarchy=unified is now the build-time
default. Previously, -Ddefault-hierarchy=hybrid was the default. This
change reflects the fact that cgroupsv2 support has matured
substantially in both systemd and in the kernel, and is clearly the
way forward. Downstream production distributions might want to
continue to use -Ddefault-hierarchy=hybrid (or even =legacy) for
their builds as unfortunately the popular container managers have not
caught up with the kernel API changes.
* Man pages are not built by default anymore (html pages were already
disabled by default), to make development builds quicker. When
building systemd for a full installation with documentation, meson
should be called with -Dman=true and/or -Dhtml=true as appropriate.
The default was changed based on the assumption that quick one-off or
repeated development builds are much more common than full optimized
builds for installation, and people need to pass various other
options to when doing "proper" builds anyway, so the gain from making
development builds quicker is bigger than the one time disruption for
packagers.
Two scripts are created in the *build* directory to generate and
preview man and html pages on demand, e.g.:
build/man/man systemctl
build/man/html systemd.index
* libidn2 is used by default if both libidn2 and libidn are installed.
Please use -Dlibidn=true if libidn is preferred.
* The D-Bus "wire format" of the CPUAffinity= attribute is changed on
big-endian machines. Before, bytes were written and read in native
machine order as exposed by the native libc __cpu_mask interface.
Now, little-endian order is always used (CPUs 0–7 are described by
bits 0–7 in byte 0, CPUs 8–15 are described by byte 1, and so on).
This change fixes D-Bus calls that cross endianness boundary.
The presentation format used for CPUAffinity= by "systemctl show" and
"systemd-analyze dump" is changed to present CPU indices instead of
the raw __cpu_mask bitmask. For example, CPUAffinity=0-1 would be
shown as CPUAffinity=03000000000000000000000000000… (on
little-endian) or CPUAffinity=00000000000000300000000000000… (on
64-bit big-endian), and is now shown as CPUAffinity=0-1, matching the
input format. The maximum integer that will be printed in the new
format is 8191 (four digits), while the old format always used a very
long number (with the length varying by architecture), so they can be
unambiguously distinguished.
* /usr/sbin/halt.local is no longer supported. Implementation in
distributions was inconsistent and it seems this functionality was
very rarely used.
To replace this functionality, users should:
- either define a new unit and make it a dependency of final.target
(systemctl add-wants final.target my-halt-local.service)
- or move the shutdown script to /usr/lib/systemd/system-shutdown/
and ensure that it accepts "halt", "poweroff", "reboot", and
"kexec" as an argument, see the description in systemd-shutdown(8).
* When a [Match] section in .link or .network file is empty (contains
no match patterns), a warning will be emitted. Please add any "match
all" pattern instead, e.g. OriginalName=* or Name=* in case all
interfaces should really be matched.
* A new setting NUMAPolicy= may be used to set process memory
allocation policy. This setting can be specified in
/etc/systemd/system.conf and hence will set the default policy for
PID1. The default policy can be overridden on a per-service
basis. The related setting NUMAMask= is used to specify NUMA node
mask that should be associated with the selected policy.
* PID 1 will now listen to Out-Of-Memory (OOM) events the kernel
generates when processes it manages are reaching their memory limits,
and will place their units in a special state, and optionally kill or
stop the whole unit.
* The service manager will now expose bus properties for the IO
resources used by units. This information is also shown in "systemctl
status" now (for services that have IOAccounting=yes set). Moreover,
the IO accounting data is included in the resource log message
generated whenever a unit stops.
* Units may now configure an explicit time-out to wait for when killed
with SIGABRT, for example when a service watchdog is hit. Previously,
the regular TimeoutStopSec= time-out was applied in this case too —
now a separate time-out may be set using TimeoutAbortSec=.
* Services may now send a special WATCHDOG=trigger message with
sd_notify() to trigger an immediate "watchdog missed" event, and thus
trigger service termination. This is useful both for testing watchdog
handling, but also for defining error paths in services, that shall
be handled the same way as watchdog events.
* There are two new per-unit settings IPIngressFilterPath= and
IPEgressFilterPath= which allow configuration of a BPF program
(usually by specifying a path to a program uploaded to /sys/fs/bpf/)
to apply to the IP packet ingress/egress path of all processes of a
unit. This is useful to allow running systemd services with BPF
programs set up externally.
* systemctl gained a new "clean" verb for removing the state, cache,
runtime or logs directories of a service while it is terminated. The
new verb may also be used to remove the state maintained on disk for
timer units that have Persistent= configured.
* During the last phase of shutdown systemd will now automatically
increase the log level configured in the "kernel.printk" sysctl so
that any relevant loggable events happening during late shutdown are
made visible. Previously, loggable events happening so late during
shutdown were generally lost if the "kernel.printk" sysctl was set to
high thresholds, as regular logging daemons are terminated at that
time and thus nothing is written to disk.
* If processes terminated during the last phase of shutdown do not exit
quickly systemd will now show their names after a short time, to make
debugging easier. After a longer time-out they are forcibly killed,
as before.
* journalctl (and the other tools that display logs) will now highlight
warnings in yellow (previously, both LOG_NOTICE and LOG_WARNING where
shown in bright bold, now only LOG_NOTICE is). Moreover, audit logs
are now shown in blue color, to separate them visually from regular
logs. References to configuration files are now turned into clickable
links on terminals that support that.
* systemd-journald will now stop logging to /var/log/journal during
shutdown when /var/ is on a separate mount, so that it can be
unmounted safely during shutdown.
* systemd-resolved gained support for a new 'strict' DNS-over-TLS mode.
* systemd-resolved "Cache=" configuration option in resolved.conf has
been extended to also accept the 'no-negative' value. Previously,
only a boolean option was allowed (yes/no), having yes as the
default. If this option is set to 'no-negative', negative answers are
not cached while the old cache heuristics are used positive answers.
The default remains unchanged.
* The predictable naming scheme for network devices now supports
generating predictable names for "netdevsim" devices.
Moreover, the "en" prefix was dropped from the ID_NET_NAME_ONBOARD
udev property.
Those two changes form a new net.naming-policy-scheme= entry.
Distributions which want to preserve naming stability may want to set
the -Ddefault-net-naming-scheme= configuration option.
* systemd-networkd now supports MACsec, nlmon, IPVTAP and Xfrm
interfaces natively.
* systemd-networkd's bridge FDB support now allows configuration of a
destination address for each entry (Destination=), as well as the
VXLAN VNI (VNI=), as well as an option to declare what an entry is
associated with (AssociatedWith=).
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 support now understands a new MaxAttempts=
option for configuring the maximum number of DHCP lease requests. It
also learnt a new BlackList= option for blacklisting DHCP servers (a
similar setting has also been added to the IPv6 RA client), as well
as a SendRelease= option for configuring whether to send a DHCP
RELEASE message when terminating.
* systemd-networkd's DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 stacks can now be configured
separately in the [DHCPv4] and [DHCPv6] sections.
* systemd-networkd's DHCP support will now optionally create an
implicit host route to the DNS server specified in the DHCP lease, in
addition to the routes listed explicitly in the lease. This should
ensure that in multi-homed systems DNS traffic leaves the systems on
the interface that acquired the DNS server information even if other
routes such as default routes exist. This behaviour may be turned on
with the new RoutesToDNS= option.
* systemd-networkd's VXLAN support gained a new option
GenericProtocolExtension= for enabling VXLAN Generic Protocol
Extension support, as well as IPDoNotFragment= for setting the IP
"Don't fragment" bit on outgoing packets. A similar option has been
added to the GENEVE support.
* In systemd-networkd's [Route] section you may now configure
FastOpenNoCookie= for configuring per-route TCP fast-open support, as
well as TTLPropagate= for configuring Label Switched Path (LSP) TTL
propagation. The Type= setting now supports local, broadcast,
anycast, multicast, any, xresolve routes, too.
* systemd-networkd's [Network] section learnt a new option
DefaultRouteOnDevice= for automatically configuring a default route
onto the network device.
* systemd-networkd's bridging support gained two new options ProxyARP=
and ProxyARPWifi= for configuring proxy ARP behaviour as well as
MulticastRouter= for configuring multicast routing behaviour. A new
option MulticastIGMPVersion= may be used to change bridge's multicast
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version.
* systemd-networkd's FooOverUDP support gained the ability to configure
local and peer IP addresses via Local= and Peer=. A new option
PeerPort= may be used to configure the peer's IP port.
* systemd-networkd's TUN support gained a new setting VnetHeader= for
tweaking Generic Segment Offload support.
* networkctl gained a new "delete" command for removing virtual network
devices, as well as a new "--stats" switch for showing device
statistics.
* networkd.conf gained a new setting SpeedMeter= and
SpeedMeterIntervalSec=, to measure bitrate of network interfaces. The
measured speed may be shown by 'networkctl status'.
* "networkctl status" now displays MTU and queue lengths, and more
detailed information about VXLAN and bridge devices.
* systemd-networkd's .network and .link files gained a new Property=
setting in the [Match] section, to match against devices with
specific udev properties.
* systemd-networkd's tunnel support gained a new option
AssignToLoopback= for selecting whether to use the loopback device
"lo" as underlying device.
* systemd-networkd's MACAddress= setting in the [Neighbor] section has
been renamed to LinkLayerAddress=, and it now allows configuration of
IP addresses, too.
* systemd-networkd's handling of the kernel's disable_ipv6 sysctl is
simplified: systemd-networkd will disable the sysctl (enable IPv6) if
IPv6 configuration (static or DHCPv6) was found for a given
interface. It will not touch the sysctl otherwise.
* The order of entries is $PATH used by the user manager instance was
changed to put bin/ entries before the corresponding sbin/ entries.
It is recommended to not rely on this order, and only ever have one
binary with a given name in the system paths under /usr.
* A new tool systemd-network-generator has been added that may generate
.network, .netdev and .link files from IP configuration specified on
the kernel command line in the format used by Dracut.
* The CriticalConnection= setting in .network files is now deprecated,
and replaced by a new KeepConfiguration= setting which allows more
detailed configuration of the IP configuration to keep in place.
* systemd-analyze gained a few new verbs:
- "systemd-analyze timestamp" parses and converts timestamps. This is
similar to the existing "systemd-analyze calendar" command which
does the same for recurring calendar events.
- "systemd-analyze timespan" parses and converts timespans (i.e.
durations as opposed to points in time).
- "systemd-analyze condition" will parse and test ConditionXYZ=
expressions.
- "systemd-analyze exit-status" will parse and convert exit status
codes to their names and back.
- "systemd-analyze unit-files" will print a list of all unit
file paths and unit aliases.
* SuccessExitStatus=, RestartPreventExitStatus=, and
RestartForceExitStatus= now accept exit status names (e.g. "DATAERR"
is equivalent to "65"). Those exit status name mappings may be
displayed with the systemd-analyze exit-status verb describe above.
* systemd-logind now exposes a per-session SetBrightness() bus call,
which may be used to securely change the brightness of a kernel
brightness device, if it belongs to the session's seat. By using this
call unprivileged clients can make changes to "backlight" and "leds"
devices securely with strict requirements on session membership.
Desktop environments may use this to generically make brightness
changes to such devices without shipping private SUID binaries or
udev rules for that purpose.
* "udevadm info" gained a --wait-for-initialization switch to wait for
a device to be initialized.
* systemd-hibernate-resume-generator will now look for resumeflags= on
the kernel command line, which is similar to rootflags= and may be
used to configure device timeout for the hibernation device.
* sd-event learnt a new API call sd_event_source_disable_unref() for
disabling and unref'ing an event source in a single function. A
related call sd_event_source_disable_unrefp() has been added for use
with gcc's cleanup extension.
* The sd-id128.h public API gained a new definition
SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR for formatting a 128bit ID in UUID format
with printf().
* "busctl introspect" gained a new switch --xml-interface for dumping
XML introspection data unmodified.
* PID 1 may now show the unit name instead of the unit description
string in its status output during boot. This may be configured in
the StatusUnitFormat= setting in /etc/systemd/system.conf or the
kernel command line option systemd.status_unit_format=.
* PID 1 now understands a new option KExecWatchdogSec= in
/etc/systemd/system.conf to set a watchdog timeout for kexec reboots.
Previously watchdog functionality was only available for regular
reboots. The new setting defaults to off, because we don't know in
the general case if the watchdog will be reset after kexec (some
drivers do reset it, but not all), and the new userspace might not be
configured to handle the watchdog.
Moreover, the old ShutdownWatchdogSec= setting has been renamed to
RebootWatchdogSec= to more clearly communicate what it is about. The
old name is still accepted for compatibility.
* The systemd.debug_shell kernel command line option now optionally
takes a tty name to spawn the debug shell on, which allows a
different tty to be selected than the built-in default.
* Service units gained a new ExecCondition= setting which will run
before ExecStartPre= and either continue execution of the unit (for
clean exit codes), stop execution without marking the unit failed
(for exit codes 1 through 254), or stop execution and fail the unit
(for exit code 255 or abnormal termination).
* A new service systemd-pstore.service has been added that pulls data
from /sys/fs/pstore/ and saves it to /var/lib/pstore for later
review.
* timedatectl gained new verbs for configuring per-interface NTP
service configuration for systemd-timesyncd.
* "localectl list-locales" won't list non-UTF-8 locales anymore. It's
2019. (You can set non-UTF-8 locales though, if you know their name.)
* If variable assignments in sysctl.d/ files are prefixed with "-" any
failures to apply them are now ignored.
* systemd-random-seed.service now optionally credits entropy when
applying the seed to the system. Set $SYSTEMD_RANDOM_SEED_CREDIT to
true for the service to enable this behaviour, but please consult the
documentation first, since this comes with a couple of caveats.
* systemd-random-seed.service is now a synchronization point for full
initialization of the kernel's entropy pool. Services that require
/dev/urandom to be correctly initialized should be ordered after this
service.
* The systemd-boot boot loader has been updated to optionally maintain
a random seed file in the EFI System Partition (ESP). During the boot
phase, this random seed is read and updated with a new seed
cryptographically derived from it. Another derived seed is passed to
the OS. The latter seed is then credited to the kernel's entropy pool
very early during userspace initialization (from PID 1). This allows
systems to boot up with a fully initialized kernel entropy pool from
earliest boot on, and thus entirely removes all entropy pool
initialization delays from systems using systemd-boot. Special care
is taken to ensure different seeds are derived on system images
replicated to multiple systems. "bootctl status" will show whether
a seed was received from the boot loader.
* bootctl gained two new verbs:
- "bootctl random-seed" will generate the file in ESP and an EFI
variable to allow a random seed to be passed to the OS as described
above.
- "bootctl is-installed" checks whether systemd-boot is currently
installed.
* bootctl will warn if it detects that boot entries are misconfigured
(for example if the kernel image was removed without purging the
bootloader entry).
* A new document has been added describing systemd's use and support
for the kernel's entropy pool subsystem:
https://systemd.io/RANDOM_SEEDS
* When the system is hibernated the swap device to write the
hibernation image to is now automatically picked from all available
swap devices, preferring the swap device with the highest configured
priority over all others, and picking the device with the most free
space if there are multiple devices with the highest priority.
* /etc/crypttab support has learnt a new keyfile-timeout= per-device
option that permits selecting the timout how long to wait for a
device with an encryption key before asking for the password.
* IOWeight= has learnt to properly set the IO weight when using the
BFQ scheduler officially found in kernels 5.0+.
* A new mailing list has been created for reporting of security issues:
systemd-security@redhat.com. For mode details, see
https://systemd.io/CONTRIBUTING#security-vulnerability-reports.
Contributions from: Aaron Barany, Adrian Bunk, Alan Jenkins, Albrecht
Lohofener, Andrej Valek, Anita Zhang, Arian van Putten, Balint Reczey,
Bastien Nocera, Ben Boeckel, Benjamin Robin, camoz, Chen Qi, Chris
Chiu, Chris Down, Christian Göttsche, Christian Kellner, Clinton Roy,
Connor Reeder, Daniel Black, Daniel Lublin, Daniele Medri, Dan
Streetman, Dave Reisner, Dave Ross, David Art, David Tardon, Debarshi
Ray, Dimitri John Ledkov, Dominick Grift, Donald Buczek, Douglas
Christman, Eric DeVolder, EtherGraf, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Feldwor,
Felix Riemann, Florian Dollinger, Francesco Pennica, Franck Bui,
Frantisek Sumsal, Franz Pletz, frederik, Hans de Goede, Iago López
Galeiras, Insun Pyo, Ivan Shapovalov, Iwan Timmer, Jack, Jakob
Unterwurzacher, Jan Chren, Jan Klötzke, Jan Losinski, Jan Pokorný, Jan
Synacek, Jan-Michael Brummer, Jeka Pats, Jeremy Soller, Jérémy Rosen,
Jiri Pirko, Joe Lin, Joerg Behrmann, Joe Richey, Jóhann B. Guðmundsson,
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