diff --git a/src/format.js b/src/format.js
index 0b8649510..6472af0a4 100644
--- a/src/format.js
+++ b/src/format.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 /* @flow */
 
-import { isNull } from './util'
-import { Vue } from './install'
+import { isNull, hasOwn } from './util'
 
 export default class BaseFormatter {
   _options: FormatterOptions
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ export function template (str: string, ...args: any): string {
       str[index + match.length] === '}') {
       return i
     } else {
-      result = Vue.util.hasOwn(args, i) ? args[i] : match
+      result = hasOwn(args, i) ? args[i] : match
       if (isNull(result)) {
         return ''
       }
diff --git a/src/index.js b/src/index.js
index 15cc31e33..32916d2c4 100644
--- a/src/index.js
+++ b/src/index.js
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 import { install, Vue } from './install'
 import { warn, isNull, parseArgs, fetchChoice } from './util'
 import BaseFormatter from './format'
-import Path from './path'
+import getPathValue from './path'
+
 import type { PathValue } from './path'
 
 export default class VueI18n {
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@ export default class VueI18n {
   _fallbackRoot: boolean
   _fallbackLocale: string
   _missing: ?MissingHandler
-  _getPathValue: Function
   _exist: Function
 
   constructor (options: I18nOptions = {}) {
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ export default class VueI18n {
     this._root = options.root || null
     this._fallbackRoot = options.fallbackRoot || false
 
-    const getPathValue: Function = Path(Vue)
-    this._getPathValue = getPathValue
     this._exist = (message: Object, key: string): boolean => {
       if (!message || !key) { return false }
       return !isNull(getPathValue(message, key))
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ export default class VueI18n {
   _interpolate (message: Messages, key: string, args: any): any {
     if (!message) { return null }
 
-    let val: PathValue = this._getPathValue(message, key)
+    let val: PathValue = getPathValue(message, key)
     if (Array.isArray(val)) { return val }
     if (isNull(val)) { val = message[key] }
     if (isNull(val)) { return null }
diff --git a/src/path.js b/src/path.js
index c184ae7ff..ee68e61e7 100644
--- a/src/path.js
+++ b/src/path.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 /* @flow */
 
+import { isObject, isPlainObject, hasOwn } from './util'
+
 /**
  *  Path paerser
  *  - Inspired:
@@ -278,56 +280,48 @@ export type PathValue = | string | number | boolean | null | PathValueObject | P
 export type PathValueObject = Dictionary<PathValue>
 export type PathValueArray = Array<PathValue>
 
-export default function (Vue: any): Function {
-  const { isObject, isPlainObject, hasOwn } = Vue.util
-
-  function empty (target: any): boolean {
-    if (target === null || target === undefined) { return true }
+function empty (target: any): boolean {
+  if (target === null || target === undefined) { return true }
 
-    if (Array.isArray(target)) {
-      if (target.length > 0) { return false }
-      if (target.length === 0) { return true }
-    } else if (isPlainObject(target)) {
-      /* eslint-disable prefer-const */
-      for (let key in target) {
-        if (hasOwn(target, key)) { return false }
-      }
-      /* eslint-enable prefer-const */
+  if (Array.isArray(target)) {
+    if (target.length > 0) { return false }
+    if (target.length === 0) { return true }
+  } else if (isPlainObject(target)) {
+    /* eslint-disable prefer-const */
+    for (let key in target) {
+      if (hasOwn(target, key)) { return false }
     }
-
-    return true
+    /* eslint-enable prefer-const */
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Get path value from path string
-   */
-
-  function getPathValue (obj: Object, path: string): PathValue {
-    if (!isObject(obj)) { return null }
+  return true
+}
 
-    const paths: Array<string> = parsePath(path)
-    if (empty(paths)) {
-      return null
-    } else {
-      const length = paths.length
-      let ret: any = null
-      let last: any = obj
-      let i = 0
-      while (i < length) {
-        const value: any = last[paths[i]]
-        if (value === undefined) {
-          last = null
-          break
-        }
-        last = value
-        i++
+/**
+ * Get path value from path string
+ */
+export default function getPathValue (obj: Object, path: string): PathValue {
+  if (!isObject(obj)) { return null }
+
+  const paths: Array<string> = parsePath(path)
+  if (empty(paths)) {
+    return null
+  } else {
+    const length = paths.length
+    let ret: any = null
+    let last: any = obj
+    let i = 0
+    while (i < length) {
+      const value: any = last[paths[i]]
+      if (value === undefined) {
+        last = null
+        break
       }
-
-      ret = last
-      return ret
+      last = value
+      i++
     }
-  }
 
-  return getPathValue
+    ret = last
+    return ret
+  }
 }
-
diff --git a/src/util.js b/src/util.js
index d307f9708..b2dd90184 100644
--- a/src/util.js
+++ b/src/util.js
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 /* @flow */
 
-import { Vue } from './install'
-
 /**
  * utilites
  */
@@ -15,6 +13,35 @@ export function warn (msg: string, err: ?Error): void {
   }
 }
 
+const hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty
+export function hasOwn (obj: Object, key: string): boolean {
+  return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)
+}
+
+export function bind (fn: Function, ctx: Object): Function {
+  function boundFn (a) {
+    const l: number = arguments.length
+    return l
+      ? l > 1
+        ? fn.apply(ctx, arguments)
+        : fn.call(ctx, a)
+      : fn.call(ctx)
+  }
+  // record original fn length
+  boundFn._length = fn.length
+  return boundFn
+}
+
+export function isObject (obj: mixed): boolean {
+  return obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object'
+}
+
+const toString = Object.prototype.toString
+const OBJECT_STRING = '[object Object]'
+export function isPlainObject (obj: any): boolean {
+  return toString.call(obj) === OBJECT_STRING
+}
+
 export function isNull (val: mixed): boolean {
   return val === null || val === undefined
 }
@@ -23,7 +50,7 @@ export function parseArgs (...args: Array<mixed>): Object {
   let locale: ?string = null
   let params: mixed = null
   if (args.length === 1) {
-    if (Vue.util.isObject(args[0]) || Array.isArray(args[0])) {
+    if (isObject(args[0]) || Array.isArray(args[0])) {
       params = args[0]
     } else if (typeof args[0] === 'string') {
       locale = args[0]
@@ -32,7 +59,7 @@ export function parseArgs (...args: Array<mixed>): Object {
     if (typeof args[0] === 'string') {
       locale = args[0]
     }
-    if (Vue.util.isObject(args[1]) || Array.isArray(args[1])) {
+    if (isObject(args[1]) || Array.isArray(args[1])) {
       params = args[1]
     }
   }
diff --git a/test/unit/path.test.js b/test/unit/path.test.js
index 9fde99749..2885156d5 100644
--- a/test/unit/path.test.js
+++ b/test/unit/path.test.js
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-import Path from '../../src/path'
-
-const getPathValue = Path(Vue)
+import getPathValue from '../../src/path'
 
 describe('path', () => {
   describe('primivite', () => {