If you have setup your Symfony project before v2.4.0-BETA1 you have following handlers in your config_dev.yml
monolog:
chromephp:
type: chromephp
level: info
This configuration is generating very HUGE headers wich break Nginx default limit.
[error] 28#0: *2 upstream sent too big header while reading response header from upstream
A solution could be to remove chromephp handler. If you want to use this handler, you have to increase Nginx buffer limits with custom directives.
fastcgi_buffers 16 512k;
fastcgi_buffer_size 512k;
Look at the README how to load custom directives.
Check Symfony related PR for more details.