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@MISC{Ward2018-ix,
  title        = "10 years of active learning in the anatomy curriculum",
  author       = "Ward, Carol V and Aldridge, Kristina and Hill, Cheryl A and
                  Holliday, Casey M and Johnson, Laura and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Sherwood, Richard",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Medical Education Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "78800199-a12d-0825-af52-884b1fb47bd8"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_three-dimensional_1999,
  title       = "{Three-dimensional preservation of foot movements in Triassic
                 theropod dinosaurs}",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M and Jenkins, Jr,
                 Farish A and Shubin, Neil H",
  abstract    = "Dinosaur footprints have been used extensively as
                 biostratigraphic markers, environmental indicators, measures
                 of faunal diversity and evidence of group behaviour1, 2, 3,
                 4,. Trackways have also been used to estimate locomotor
                 posture, gait and speed6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, but most prints,
                 being shallow impressions of a foot's plantar surface, provide
                 little evidence of the details of limb excursion. Here we
                 describe Late Triassic trackways from East Greenland, made by
                 theropods walking on substrates of different consistency and
                 sinking to variable depths, that preserve three-dimensional
                 records of foot movement. Triassic theropod prints share many
                 features with those of ground-dwelling birds, but also
                 demonstrate significant functional differences in position of
                 the hallux (digit I), foot posture and hindlimb excursion.",
  journal     = "Nature",
  publisher   = "nature.com",
  volume      =  399,
  number      =  6732,
  pages       = "141--144",
  year        =  1999,
  url         = "https://www.nature.com/articles/20167",
  keywords    = "Alligator\_Morphology;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0028-0836, 1476-4687",
  doi         = "10.1038/20167",
  original_id = "93ab089b-f27e-0042-af17-823a9a6cd1be"
}

@ARTICLE{McGechie2018-sd,
  title    = "Plastic and evolved responses to postural behavior in the
              morphology of the cranium",
  author   = "McGechie, F and Aldridge, K and Middleton, K M",
  journal  = "Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",
  volume   =  165,
  pages    = "171",
  year     =  2018,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0002-9483"
}

@ARTICLE{Sherwood2021-le,
  title    = "Bayesian approach to longitudinal craniofacial growth: the
              {Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study}",
  author   = "Sherwood, Richard J and Oh, Hee Soo and Valiathan, Manish and
              McNulty, Kieran P and Duren, Dana L and Knigge, Ryan P and
              Hardin, Anna M and Holzhauser, Christina L and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract = "Early in the 20th century, a series of studies were initiated
              across North America to investigate and characterize childhood
              growth. The Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study (CGCS) combines
              craniofacial records from six of those growth studies (15,407
              lateral cephalograms from 1,913 individuals; 956 females, 957
              males, primarily European descent). Standard cephalometric points
              collected from the six studies in the CGCS allows direct
              comparison of craniofacial growth patterns across six North
              American locations. Three assessors collected all cephalometric
              points and the coordinates were averaged for each point. Twelve
              measures were calculated from the averaged coordinates. We
              implemented a multilevel double logistic equation to estimate
              growth trajectories fitting each trait separately by sex. Using
              Bayesian inference, we fit three models for each trait with
              different random effects structures to compare differences in
              growth patterns among studies. The models successfully identified
              important growth milestones (e.g., age at peak growth velocity,
              age at cessation of growth) for most traits. In a small number of
              cases, these milestones could not be determined due to truncated
              age ranges for some studies and slow, steady growth in some
              measurements. Results demonstrate great similarity among the six
              growth studies regarding craniofacial growth milestone estimates
              and the overall shape of the growth curve. These similarities
              suggest minor variation among studies resulting from differences
              in protocol, sample, or possible geographic variation. The
              analyses presented support combining the studies into the CGCS
              without substantial concerns of bias. The CGCS, therefore,
              provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine craniofacial
              growth from childhood into adulthood.",
  journal  = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume   =  304,
  number   =  5,
  pages    = "991--1019",
  month    =  may,
  year     =  2021,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24520",
  keywords = "Bayesian inference; cephalometrics; craniofacial growth; double
              logistic; growth modeling;CV/Papers;XS\_Longitudinal",
  issn     = "1932-8486, 1932-8494",
  pmid     = "33015973",
  doi      = "10.1002/ar.24520"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_theropod_1999,
  title       = "Theropod hind limb disparity revisited: a response",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  publisher   = "Taylor \& Francis",
  volume      =  19,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "606--606",
  year        =  1999,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011173",
  keywords    = "CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  doi         = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011173",
  original_id = "1c08601d-f695-08cf-b417-5dedf353ce0c"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_challenges_2015,
  title       = "Challenges and advances in the study of pterosaur flight",
  author      = "Middleton, K M and English, L T",
  abstract    = "Pterosaurs have fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike
                 for over 200 years, as one of the three known clades of
                 vertebrates to have evolved flapping flight. The smallest
                 pterosaurs were comparable in size to the smallest extant
                 birds and bats, but the largest pterosaurs were vastly larger
                 than any extant flier. This immense size range, coupled with
                 poor preservation and adaptations for flight unknown in extant
                 vertebrates, have made interpretations of pterosaur flight
                 problematic and often contentious. Here we review the
                 anatomical, evolutionary, and phylogenetic history of
                 pterosaurs, as well as the views, perspectives, and biases
                 regarding their interpretation. In recent years, three areas
                 of pterosaur biology have faced challenges and made advances:
                 structure of the wing membrane, function of the pteroid, body
                 size and mass estimates, as well as flight mechanics and
                 aerodynamics. Comparative anatomical and fossil study,
                 simulated bone loading, and aerodynamic modeling have all
                 proved successful in furthering our understanding of pterosaur
                 flight. We agree with previous authors that pterosaurs should
                 be studied as pterosaurs, a diverse but phylogenetically,
                 anatomically, and mechanically constrained clade that can
                 offer new insights into the diversity of vertebrate flight.",
  journal     = "Can. J. Zool.",
  publisher   = "NRC Research Press",
  volume      =  93,
  number      =  12,
  pages       = "945--959",
  month       =  aug,
  year        =  2014,
  url         = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0219",
  keywords    = "CV/Reviews",
  issn        = "0008-4301",
  doi         = "10.1139/cjz-2013-0219",
  original_id = "8d3073e1-6243-092f-8ec2-cfb733c66166"
}

@ARTICLE{cheney_membrane_2014,
  title       = "Membrane muscle function in the compliant wings of bats",
  author      = "Cheney, J A and Konow, N and Middleton, K M and Breuer, K S
                 and Roberts, T J and Giblin, E L and Swartz, S M",
  abstract    = "Unlike flapping birds and insects, bats possess membrane wings
                 that are more similar to many gliding mammals. The vast
                 majority of the wing is composed of a thin compliant skin
                 membrane stretched between the limbs, hand, and body. Membrane
                 wings are of particular interest because they may offer many
                 advantages to micro air vehicles. One critical feature of
                 membrane wings is that they camber passively in response to
                 aerodynamic load, potentially allowing for simplified wing
                 control. However, for maximum membrane wing performance,
                 tuning of the membrane structure to aerodynamic conditions is
                 necessary. Bats possess an array of muscles, the
                 plagiopatagiales proprii, embedded within the wing membrane
                 that could serve to tune membrane stiffness, or may have
                 alternative functions. We recorded the electromyogram from the
                 plagiopatagiales proprii muscles of Artibeus jamaicensis, the
                 Jamaican fruit bat, in flight at two different speeds and
                 found that these muscles were active during downstroke. For
                 both low- and high-speed flight, muscle activity increased
                 between late upstroke and early downstroke and decreased at
                 late downstroke. Thus, the array of plagiopatagiales may
                 provide a mechanism for bats to increase wing stiffness and
                 thereby reduce passive membrane deformation. These muscles
                 also activate in synchrony, presumably as a means to maximize
                 force generation, because each muscle is small and, by
                 estimation, weak. Small differences in activation timing were
                 observed when comparing low- and high-speed flight, which may
                 indicate that bats modulate membrane stiffness differently
                 depending on flight speed.",
  journal     = "Bioinspir. Biomim.",
  volume      =  9,
  number      =  2,
  pages       = "025007",
  year        =  2014,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/2/025007",
  keywords    = "CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1748-3182, 1748-3190",
  pmid        = "24855069",
  doi         = "10.1088/1748-3182/9/2/025007",
  original_id = "a9ac9e4e-39db-0c3b-8c80-c97d081c491f"
}

@ARTICLE{Tsai2018-xp,
  title     = "Hip joint articular soft tissues of non-dinosaurian
               {Dinosauromorpha} and early {Dinosauria}: evolutionary and
               biomechanical implications for {Saurischia}",
  author    = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Hutchinson, John R and
               Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract  = "ABSTRACTDinosauromorphs evolved a wide diversity of hind limb
               skeletal morphologies, suggesting highly divergent articular
               soft tissue anatomies. However, poor preservation of articular
               soft tissues in fossils has hampered any follow-on functional
               inferences. We reconstruct the hip joint soft tissue anatomy of
               non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs and early dinosaurs using
               osteological correlates derived from extant sauropsids and infer
               trends in character transitions along the theropod and
               sauropodomorph lineagues. Femora and pelves of 107
               dinosauromorphs and outgroup taxa were digitized using 3D
               imaging techniques. Key transitions were estimated using maximum
               likelihood ancestral state reconstruction. The hips of
               dinosauromorphs possessed wide a disparity of soft tissue
               morphologies beyond the types and combinations exhibited by
               extant archosaurs. Early evolution of the dinosauriform hip
               joint was characterized by the retention of a prominent femoral
               hyaline cartilage cone in post-neonatal individuals, with the
               cartilage cone independently reduced within theropods and
               sauropodomorphs. The femur of Dinosauriformes possessed a
               fibrocartilage sleeve on the metaphysis, which surrounded a
               hyaline core. The acetabulum of Dinosauriformes possessed
               distinct labrum and antitrochanter structures. In
               sauropodomorphs, hip congruence was maintained by thick hyaline
               cartilage on the femoral head, whereas theropods relied on
               acetabular tissues such as ligaments and articular pads. In
               particular, the craniolaterally ossified hip capsule of
               non-Avetheropoda neotheropods permitted mostly parasagittal
               femoral movements. These data indicate that the dinosauromorph
               hip underwent mosaic evolution within the saurischian lineage
               and that sauropodomorphs and theropods underwent both
               convergence and divergence in articular soft tissues, correlated
               with transitions in body size, locomotor posture, and joint
               loading.SUPPLEMENTAL DATA?Supplemental materials are available
               for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVPCitation
               for this article: Tsai, H. P., K. M. Middleton, J. R.
               Hutchinson, and C. M. Holliday. 2018. Hip joint articular soft
               tissues of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha and early Dinosauria:
               evolutionary and biomechanical implications for Saurischia.
               Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI:
               10.1080/02724634.2017.1427593.",
  journal   = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  publisher = "Taylor \& Francis",
  volume    = "e1427593",
  pages     = "1--23",
  year      =  2018,
  url       = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1427593",
  keywords  = "CV/Papers",
  issn      = "0272-4634",
  doi       = "10.1080/02724634.2017.1427593"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_bipedalism_1997,
  title       = "Bipedalism, flight, and the evolution of theropod locomotor
                 diversity",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract    = "ABSTRACT The evolution of theropod flight has been
                 characterized as a shift from one to three locomotor modules.
                 Basal theropods, which were terrestrial bipeds, had a single
                 locomotor module composed of the hind limb and tail. In birds,
                 aerial locomotion was acquired with the origination of the
                 wing module and a decoupling of the hind limb and tail into
                 separate pelvic and caudal modules. This increase in
                 modularity is thought to have granted birds more locomotor
                 ?options? than non-avian theropods. More specifically, an
                 aerial locomotor system could have eased constraints on the
                 hind limb and allowed specialization for habitats and
                 lifestyles unavailable to non-birds. If so, bird hind limbs
                 should be more disparate than those of non-avian theropods. We
                 addressed this hypothesis by visualizing one aspect of limb
                 design, the proportions of the three main segments, using
                 ternary diagrams. Our results show that avian hind limb
                 proportions are much more disparate than those of non-avian
                 theropods. This broad range of limb design correlates with a
                 radiation in locomotor diversity founded on three locomotor
                 modules. We propose that birds have reached regions of
                 proportion morphospace that are off limits to bipeds with only
                 one locomotor module. In comparison, the limbs of non-avian
                 theropods are conservatively proportioned. Despite great
                 variation in body size, theropods other than birds do not
                 exhibit specializations for locomotion other than terrestrial
                 bipedalism. Although other aspects of size and shape need to
                 be analyzed, the relationship between modular flexibility and
                 morphological disparity appears to play an important role in
                 theropod locomotor evolution.",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  publisher   = "Taylor \& Francis",
  volume      =  17,
  number      =  2,
  pages       = "308--329",
  year        =  1997,
  url         = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10010977",
  keywords    = "CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  doi         = "10.1080/02724634.1997.10010977",
  original_id = "16040ca7-4547-0890-8230-49d4510e8743"
}

@ARTICLE{Sullivan2019-vq,
  title     = "{3D} Muscle Architecture of the Pectoral Muscles of {European
               Starling} ({Sturnus vulgaris})",
  author    = "Sullivan, S P and McGechie, F R and Middleton, K M and Holliday,
               C M",
  abstract  = "Avian flight is achieved through a number of modifications to
               the body, including the pectoral girdle, yet little is known
               about the architecture of the pectoral musculature. Muscle
               architecture is a critical variable in determining the
               biomechanical function of the vertebrate musculoskeletal system;
               however, accurate three-dimensional (3D) understanding of muscle
               architecture has been historically difficult to acquire. Here,
               we present a musculoskeletal model of a European starling
               (Sturnus vulgaris) pectoral girdle generated from iodine
               contrast-enhanced micro-computed-tomography (CT) data and 3D
               fiber tracking analysis. We used a template-based fiber-tracking
               algorithm to reconstruct muscle fibers in 3D based on grayscale
               differences in CT images, which allowed us to estimate fascicle
               lengths, pennation angles, muscle volumes, and physiological
               cross-sectional area. Our modeled muscles were qualitatively
               accurate; however, quantitative muscle architecture data
               differed between digital and traditional gross-dissection
               methods reflecting the complex organization of the tissue and
               differing natures of data collection. We found that model
               quality is affected by the resolution of CT image data and the
               fiber-tracking program's input parameters. Nonetheless, digital
               fiber tracking offers numerous advantages over gross-dissection
               methods, most importantly, the ability to visualize and quantify
               entire muscles in three-dimensions, yielding a much more
               accurate estimation of whole muscle architecture.",
  journal   = "Integr Org Biol",
  publisher = "Oxford University Press",
  volume    =  1,
  number    =  1,
  pages     = "oby010",
  year      =  2019,
  url       = "https://academic.oup.com/iob/article/1/1/oby010/5305850",
  keywords  = "CV/Papers",
  doi       = "10.1093/iob/oby010"
}

@ARTICLE{Boeyer2020-jn,
  title     = "Estimating peak height velocity in individuals: a comparison of
               statistical methods",
  author    = "Boeyer, Melanie E and Middleton, Kevin M and Duren, Dana L and
               Leary, Emily V",
  abstract  = "Background: Estimates pertaining to the timing of the adolescent
               growth spurt (e.g. peak height velocity; PHV), including age at
               peak height velocity (aPHV), play a critical role in the
               diagnosis, treatment, and management of skeletal growth and/or
               developmental disorders. Yet, distinct statistical methodologies
               often result in large estimate discrepancies.Aim: The aim of the
               present study was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of
               three modelling methodologies for height as well as to determine
               how estimates derived from these methodologies may differ,
               particularly those that may be useful in paediatric clinical
               practice.Subjects and methods: Height data from 686 individuals
               of the Fels Longitudinal Study were modelled using 5th order
               polynomials, natural cubic splines, and SuperImposition by
               Translation and Rotation (SITAR) to determine aPHV and PHV for
               all individuals together (i.e. population average) by sex and
               separately for each individual. Estimates within and between
               methodologies were calculated and compared.Results: In general,
               mean aPHV was earlier, and PHV was greater for individuals when
               compared to estimates from population average models.
               Significant differences between mean aPHV and PHV for
               individuals were observed in all three methodologies, with SITAR
               exhibiting the latest aPHV and largest PHV estimates.Conclusion:
               Each statistical methodology has a number of advantages when
               used for specific purposes. For modelling growth in individuals,
               as one would in paediatric clinical practice, we recommend the
               use of the 5th order polynomial methodology due to its parameter
               flexibility.",
  journal   = "Ann. Hum. Biol.",
  publisher = "Taylor \& Francis",
  volume    =  47,
  number    =  5,
  pages     = "434--445",
  month     =  jun,
  year      =  2020,
  url       = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2020.1763458",
  keywords  = "Growth spurt; SITAR; growth trajectory; natural cubic spline;
               polynomial;CV/Papers;a Percentiles MS;XS\_Longitudinal",
  issn      = "0301-4460, 1464-5033",
  pmid      = "32543236",
  doi       = "10.1080/03014460.2020.1763458"
}

@MISC{Holliday2018-ei,
  title        = "Inside Dinosaurs: a broader impacts program for research,
                  teaching and public education through using biology, physics
                  \& evolution",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Hill, Cheryl A and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Knocke, Melanie and {MU Integrative Anatomy}",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Medical Education Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@MISC{Johnson2018-mb,
  title        = "Integrating patient-based learning into the anatomy lab:
                  design and implementation of a new multi-use anatomy facility",
  author       = "Johnson, Laura E and Aldridge, Kristina and Hill, Cheryl A
                  and Holliday, Casey M and Middleton, Kevin M and Nesbitt,
                  Allison and Sherwood, Richard J and Ward, Carol V",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Medical Education Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@MISC{Smith2018-kz,
  title        = "Bending properties of the lower temporal bar in ducks and its
                  significance for cranial biomechanics",
  author       = "Smith, Caitlyn J and Middleton, Kevin M and Bailleul, Alida M
                  and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "127c3f82-b16e-0f16-9ecd-859ebf2114cd"
}

@MISC{middleton_data_2000,
  title       = "Data from: Theropod forelimb design and evolution",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Gatesy, Stephen M",
  abstract    = "We examined the relationship between forelimb design and
                 function across the 230-million-year history of theropod
                 evolution. Forelimb disparity was assessed by plotting the
                 relative contributions of the three main limb elements on a
                 ternary diagram. Theropods were divided into five functional
                 groups: predatory, reduced, flying, wing-propelled diving, and
                 flighdess. Forelimbs which maintained their primitive
                 function, predation, are similarly proportioned, but non-avian
                 theropods with highly reduced forelimbs have relatively longer
                 humeri. Despite the dramatically different forces imparted by
                 the evolution of flight, forelimb proportions of basal birds
                 are only slighdy different from those of their non-avian
                 relatives. An increase in disparity accompanied the subsequent
                 radiation of birds. Each transition to flightlessness has been
                 accompanied by an increase in relative humeral length, which
                 results from relatively short distal limb elements. We
                 introduce theoretical predictions based on five biomechanical
                 and developmental factors that may have influenced the
                 evolution of theropod limb proportions.",
  year        =  2000,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jf6ht",
  keywords    = "CV/Datasets",
  doi         = "10.5061/dryad.jf6ht",
  original_id = "a9dca193-7bbc-00a0-ba30-441f514d4d80"
}

@ARTICLE{harper-judd_dinosaurs_2014,
  title       = "{Dinosaurs \& Cavemen Science Expo}: Science outreach using
                 interactive and experiential anatomical learning",
  author      = "Harper-Judd, Jill and Holliday, Casey M and Knocke, Melanie
                 and Butaric, Lauren N and George, Ian D and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Moffett, Elizabeth A and Swartz, Sarah and Tsai, Henry P
                 and Warren, Amy L",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2014,
  pages       = "241",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "6e040d33-f016-0293-b53a-cf3610c34575"
}

@ARTICLE{Smith_undated-hm,
  title       = "Bending Properties of the Jugal Bone in Mallard Ducks and Its
                 Significance for Cranial Biomechanics",
  author      = "Smith, Caitlyn J and Holliday, Casey M and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Bailleul, Alida M",
  journal     = "Anatomical Record",
  keywords    = "CV/In prep",
  original_id = "e3c6d128-dfd6-02ba-b945-39a54923ca98"
}

@MISC{Sellers2018-sc,
  title        = "Biomechanics and Evolution of the Crocodyliform Skull",
  author       = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "3600087d-7e2d-0f85-84a1-aa3cb58b0ec3"
}

@MISC{Holliday2018-nh,
  title        = "Using ternary plots to convey {3D} jaw muscle orientation in
                  space and time",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Cost, Ian N and Sellers, Kaleb C and
                  Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "8a102b11-f506-05fc-8c63-e0aad128ab93"
}

@MISC{Smolinsky2018-sy,
  title        = "Muscle- and impact-dominated activities differentially affect
                  bone morphology and mineral apposition in young outbred mice",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "ca17b6e8-6750-0f7e-9b38-15e4c89b615b"
}

@MISC{Wilkin2018-ya,
  title        = "Finite element analysis of the {Savannah Monitor}, {Varanus
                  exanthematicus}, and its implications for lepidosaur cranial
                  kinesis",
  author       = "Wilkin, Alec T and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C
                  and Cost, Ian N and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "9c2c809e-22e2-0e1d-9c53-8c23a36b5c8e"
}

@MISC{Sullivan2018-kt,
  title        = "Digital reconstruction of the avian pectoral girdle with
                  implications for furcula function",
  author       = "Sullivan, Samuel P and Holliday, Casey M and Bailleul, Alida
                  M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "7edb8028-e831-0900-9da2-5f390446b7b8"
}

@MISC{Sethi2018-ga,
  title        = "{3D} fiber tracking of jaw muscles reveals a diversity of
                  muscle architectures in the heads of reptiles",
  author       = "Sethi, Anmol and Sellers, Kaleb C and Cost, Ian N and
                  McGechie, Faye and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "cde444c8-ce6d-052e-81c7-a7303b14274d"
}

@MISC{Cost2018-lx,
  title           = "Mechanical performance in the skulls of parrots ({Aves:
                     Psittaciformes})",
  author          = "Cost, Ian N and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year            =  2018,
  howpublished    = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology",
  keywords        = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id     = "cb73ec08-5511-08a4-8a04-d2a50416da9e"
}

@MISC{Ngoma2017-ck,
  title        = "Evolutionary potential of nutrition-dependent effects on
                  lifespan in a multi-parental population of \textit{Drosophila
                  melanogaster}",
  author       = "Ng'oma, Enoch and Perinchery, Anna and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  King, Elizabeth G",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "Evolution 2017",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "5038a99e-b926-0c59-b85b-70766fa9366f"
}

@MISC{Smolinsky2017-ht,
  title        = "The effects of muscle- and impact-dominated loading on
                  femoral cross-section morphology and mineral apposition in
                  young outbred mice",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "eb32e1ef-f38a-05d5-b0cc-dadee86892d8"
}

@MISC{Ngoma2017-vs,
  title        = "Coordination of resource availability with allocation in a
                  synthetic population: lifespan and its heritability across
                  dietary regimes",
  author       = "Ng'oma, Enoch and Perinchery, Anna and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  King, Elizabeth G",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "d8d1d005-573b-0487-b0d1-b6bada334837"
}

@MISC{Ward2017-jh,
  title        = "10 years of active learning in the anatomy curriculum",
  author       = "Ward, Carol V and Aldridge, Kristina and Hill, Cheryl A and
                  Holliday, Casey M and Johnson, Laura and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Sherwood, Richard",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri School of Medicine Health Sciences
                  Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "78800199-a12d-0825-af52-884b1fb47bd8"
}

@MISC{Holliday2017-xi,
  title        = "Inside Dinosaurs: a broader impacts program for research,
                  teaching and public education through dinosaur biology,
                  physics and evolution",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Hill, Cheryl A and Davis, Julian L and
                  Witmer, Lawrence M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri School of Medicine Health Sciences
                  Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "039ed9bc-7d5b-0012-aeaa-29bc4808afc6"
}

@MISC{Hill2017-jr,
  title        = "Approaches for Active Learning in a Flipped Undergraduate
                  Health Sciences Anatomy Classroom",
  author       = "Hill, Cheryl A and Aldridge, Kristina and Holliday, Casey M
                  and Johnson, Laura and Middleton, Kevin M and Sherwood,
                  Richard and Ward, Carol V",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri School of Medicine Health Sciences
                  Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "41cb4c95-427d-08bd-b121-c391c7804045"
}

@ARTICLE{lujan_effects_2012,
  title       = "Effects of hypoxia on growth and biomechanics in limb bones of
                 {Alligator mississippiensis}",
  author      = "Lujan, Susan L and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Elsey, Ruth M and
                 Hicks, James W and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  26,
  pages       = "908.4",
  year        =  2012,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "d9d70bc9-7110-0f6e-a2a3-6c3b91b56102"
}

@MISC{lujan_hypoxia_2011,
  title        = "Hypoxia-induced alterations in limb bone growth and geometry
                  in {Alligator mississippiensis}",
  author       = "Lujan, Susan L and Middleton, Kevin M and Owerkowicz, Tomasz
                  and Elsey, Ruth M and Hicks, James W",
  year         =  2011,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. Salt Lake
                  City.",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "e3cda683-4c26-0a8d-8847-708bcad17e81"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_sinking_1995,
  title       = "Sinking dinosaurs: Sub-surface foot kinematics in
                 {Greenlandic} theropods",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Am. Zool.",
  volume      =  35,
  number      =  5,
  pages       = "120A",
  year        =  1995,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-1569",
  original_id = "b47a8c33-9bbd-0986-85fe-2a3097e57f5b"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_comparative_2000,
  title       = "Comparative morphology and evolution of the hallux in extant
                 and fossil birds",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Vert PalAsiatica",
  volume      =  38,
  number      = "supplement",
  pages       = "20",
  year        =  2000,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "7a2a0268-b4ca-0a66-9f1a-8475bf20fd1d"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_sinking_1996,
  title       = "Sinking dinosaurs: Sub-surface preservation of foot kinematics
                 in {Greenlandic} theropods",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  16,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "37A",
  year        =  1996,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "62f03ea8-586a-0187-b755-7aafe847bf94"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_reconstructing_1998,
  title       = "Reconstructing theropod foot function using {3-D}
                 computer-animated track simulation",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  18,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "45A",
  year        =  1998,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "325b20df-148d-0c67-b944-dcc5d9f59d71"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_evolution_1998,
  title       = "The evolution of theropod forelimb design and function",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Gatesy, Stephen M",
  journal     = "Am. Zool.",
  volume      =  37,
  number      =  5,
  pages       = "58A",
  year        =  1998,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-1569",
  original_id = "7d7c552e-8b9b-0304-9e31-6c6d7444ab34"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_theropod_1998,
  title       = "Theropod forelimb disparity and functional evolution",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Gatesy, Stephen M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  18,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "63A",
  year        =  1998,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "e4865d01-58e5-01ec-982e-5582f821057c"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_influence_2000,
  title       = "Influence of hallucal reversion on terrestrial locomotion in
                 birds",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Am. Zool.",
  volume      =  40,
  number      =  5,
  pages       = "303A",
  year        =  2000,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-1569",
  original_id = "c6bd67f0-1241-0ada-8e1f-05ae4399d4ac"
}

@ARTICLE{swartz_role_2005,
  title       = "The role of thickness and curvature in dictating subchondral
                 bone stresses in mammalian joints",
  author      = "Swartz, Sharon M and Kay, Noa and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Blume, Janet A",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  44,
  number      =  6,
  pages       = "649",
  year        =  2005,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "f8da970a-7bd6-0445-a13a-eba077fff209"
}

@MISC{wallace_activity_2010,
  title        = "Activity, genes, and diaphyseal structure",
  author       = "Wallace, Ian J and Middleton, Kevin M and Lublinsky, Svetlana
                  and Kelly, Scott A and Judex, Stefan and Garland, Jr,
                  Theodore and Demes, Brigitte",
  year         =  2010,
  howpublished = "American Association of Physical Anthropology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "4ef40cc0-424e-0e32-ba0b-d7a1e7c9ba0e"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_morphological_1999,
  title       = "Morphological basis for hallucal orientation in fossil birds",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  19,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "64A",
  year        =  1999,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "f8559dfb-0f30-01ac-a7f8-5b196355d800"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_evolution_2002,
  title       = "Evolution of the perching foot in theropods",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  22,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "88A",
  year        =  2002,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "ce523860-12a2-0aa2-8c64-3de7c5dc4f1c"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_reconstructing_2004,
  title       = "Reconstructing leg function from osteology in {Mesozoic} birds",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Gatesy, Stephen M",
  journal     = "J. Morphol.",
  volume      =  260,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "313",
  year        =  2004,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0362-2525",
  original_id = "5bcafabc-d6ca-0279-b42f-a9c1af5a2b69"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_wing_2005,
  title       = "Wing design and disparity in flying vertebrates",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Gatesy, Stephen M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  44,
  number      =  6,
  pages       = "605",
  year        =  2005,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "cf99498e-fe40-07a4-9610-51c74ccfdfa8"
}

@ARTICLE{swartz_can_2005,
  title       = "Can bats actively control the mechanical properties of the
                 wing membrane?",
  author      = "Swartz, Sharon M and Middleton, Kevin M and Iriarte-Díaz, José
                 and Lee, Ming-Ming and Wofford, Joseph M and Breuer, Kenneth S
                 and Ritter, Dale A",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  44,
  number      =  6,
  pages       = "751",
  year        =  2005,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "38c92b38-aa2c-0b2a-9452-252b51838fed"
}

@ARTICLE{swartz_unique_2006,
  title       = "Unique characteristics of aerodynamics of bat flight: evidence
                 from direct visualization of patterns of airflow in the wakes
                 of naturally flying bats",
  author      = "Swartz, Sharon M and Galvao, Ricardo and Iriarte-Díaz, José
                 and Israeli, Emily and Middleton, Kevin M and Roemer, Abigail
                 and Tian, Xiaodong and Breuer, Kenneth S",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  45,
  number      =  6,
  pages       = "1080",
  year        =  2006,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "fbf6f064-a512-0a27-9008-bb2500497f5f"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_bone_2006,
  title       = "Within-bone variation in stiffness measured by nanoindentation
                 in high-running mice",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Garland, Jr, Theodore and Goldstein,
                 Beth D and Guduru, Pradeep R and Kelly, Scott A and Swartz,
                 Sharon M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  46,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e98",
  year        =  2006,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "bff0bf50-e176-0ee0-863c-a05e744015b3"
}

@ARTICLE{clarke_quantitative_2007,
  title       = "Quantitative approaches to the study of morphological
                 evolution using discrete characters and a {Bayesian}
                 phylogenetic approach to investigating mosaicism in avialan
                 evolution",
  author      = "Clarke, Julia A and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  27,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "59A",
  year        =  2007,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "ded8e6f4-8842-05c3-a933-3671c5c78e2b"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_exploring_2007,
  title       = "Exploring footprint morphospace by {3-D} computer-animated
                 track simulation",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  27,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "80A",
  year        =  2007,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "3d3988fb-23db-002e-b8b8-58454e3fd25d"
}

@ARTICLE{swartz_scaling_2009,
  title       = "Scaling of flight characteristics in bats",
  author      = "Swartz, Sharon M and Riskin, Daniel K and Iriarte-Díaz, José
                 and Middleton, Kevin M and Breuer, Kenneth S",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  49,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e166",
  year        =  2009,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "32ad8b5e-732c-0914-9931-c00bdec68591"
}

@ARTICLE{riskin_how_2010,
  title       = "How do bats accelerate?",
  author      = "Riskin, Daniel K and Iriarte-Díaz, José and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Breuer, Kenneth S and Swartz, Sharon M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  50,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e147",
  year        =  2010,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "0d4d73db-4201-0006-8fc6-06b12b6194fa"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_variation_2009,
  title       = "Variation in rachis cross-sectional geometry within and among
                 feathers in the Barn Owl ({Tyto alba})",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Conners, Melinda G and Swartz, Sharon M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  49,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e273",
  year        =  2009,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "c7b95293-095e-0a0e-9a74-19edb94d4ebe"
}

@ARTICLE{keeney_sex_2010,
  title       = "Sex-specific involvement of the {CB1} receptor in the high
                 voluntary wheel running of selectively bred mice",
  author      = "Keeney, Brooke K and Meek, Thomas H and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Holness, Loana and Gerdeman, Gregory L and Raichlen, David A
                 and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  50,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e88",
  year        =  2010,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "cff1169e-e1a5-0483-944a-bb791a5312b5"
}

@ARTICLE{hannon_phenotypic_2006,
  title       = "Phenotypic effects of the ``mighty mini-muscle'' allele in a
                 large {{HR} {X} {C57Bl/6J}} backcross",
  author      = "Hannon, Robert M and Kelly, Scott A and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Kolb, Erik M and Pomp, Daniel and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  46,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e55",
  year        =  2006,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "2e5bb444-ce66-0b90-b0b9-2e582a2d7879"
}

@ARTICLE{keeney_life_2006,
  title       = "Life-history traits in house mice selectively bred for high
                 voluntary wheel-running activity",
  author      = "Keeney, Brooke K and Malisch, Jessica L and Kelly, Scott A and
                 Hannon, Robert M and Kolb, Erik M and Lonquich, Brian P and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  46,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e214",
  year        =  2006,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "63e35f1a-610e-0367-ad7c-f163216466d0"
}

@ARTICLE{kolb_effects_2006,
  title       = "Effects of experimental erythropoietin elevation on voluntary
                 exercise and maximal aerobic capacity in house mice",
  author      = "Kolb, Erik M and Kelly, Scott A and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Sermsakdi, Laurie S and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  46,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e76",
  year        =  2006,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "856e52c1-6eca-04e7-926d-e0a53d3d4dff"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_bone_2007,
  title       = "Bone to run: selective breeding and skeletal response to high
                 voluntary activity in mice",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Kelly, Scott A and Garland, Jr,
                 Theodore",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  47,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e82",
  year        =  2007,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "0a631922-f36b-0ec2-94fc-c72bad636488"
}

@ARTICLE{hannon_phenotypic_2007,
  title       = "Phenotypic effects of the ``Mini-muscle'' allele in a large
                 {{HR} {X} {C57Bl/6J}} backcross",
  author      = "Hannon, Robert M and Kelly, Scott A and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Kolb, Erik M and Pomp, Daniel and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "Int Mouse Genome Conf",
  volume      = "S1-S4",
  pages       = "185",
  year        =  2007,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "4575846c-ebd4-08ff-b2df-987004778581"
}

@ARTICLE{gatesy_skin_2003,
  title       = "Skin impression microtopography in {Triassic} theropod tracks",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Kenny, Kathleen S and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Jenkins, Jr, Farish A and Shubin, Neil H",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  23,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "54A",
  year        =  2003,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "91c39355-5dbf-016e-96c5-713527980f02"
}

@MISC{kirkland_effects_2015a,
  title        = "Effects of cross sectional area on bone strength in three
                  strains of mice",
  author       = "Kirkland, J Kyle and Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R
                  and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2015,
  howpublished = "ABRCMS. Seattle, WA.",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "3cbabb83-7c97-06e5-be3a-97dc99b25ea5"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_estimating_2014,
  title       = "Estimating bending mechanics of extant and fossil penguin
                 contour feathers",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Johnson, Katherine E and Clarke, Julia
                 A",
  journal     = "Ornithol. Sci.",
  volume      =  13,
  number      = "supplement",
  pages       = "144",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1347-0558",
  original_id = "c2d272d0-f3c4-0e20-90be-be0823c82b11"
}

@MISC{casey_estimating_2014,
  title        = "Estimating comparative bending properties of feather rachises
                  in four species of birds",
  author       = "Casey, Tarrin K and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2014,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2014 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "ab92c51f-7cad-0b77-8d30-e4edc6cc2ea3"
}

@ARTICLE{proffitt_patterns_2014a,
  title       = "Patterns of morphological evolution during a locomotor
                 transition: Lessons from the evolution of wing-propelled
                 diving in penguins",
  author      = "Proffitt, James V and Middleton, Kevin M and Clarke, Julia A",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  54,
  pages       = "e334",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "9644c03a-9c17-0a44-8f18-9ded0596a3bc"
}

@MISC{kuo_tensile_2016,
  title        = "Tensile mechanical properties of isolated penguin flipper
                  feathers",
  author       = "Kuo, Sharon and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology 2016 Annual
                  Meeting. Portland, OR",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "4676ec03-54f3-0972-968f-928f4aad1a39"
}

@ARTICLE{owerkowicz_atmospheric_2010,
  title       = "Atmospheric hypoxia increases bone robusticity in the
                 {American alligator}",
  author      = "Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Andrade, Fernando and Elsey, Ruth M and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Hicks, James W",
  journal     = "J. Vert. Paleontol.",
  volume      =  28,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "142A",
  year        =  2010,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0272-4634",
  original_id = "74917f59-91ba-0582-9c82-4ed085aac6b4"
}

@ARTICLE{lujan_acute_2014,
  title       = "Acute and chronic alterations in atmospheric oxygen do not
                 alter femoral biomechanics in {Alligator mississippiensis}",
  author      = "Lujan, Susan L and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Elsey, Ruth M and
                 Hicks, James W and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  54,
  pages       = "e308",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "634e4a8b-2e9f-0777-b885-f1c9441cc122"
}

@ARTICLE{spates_using_2016,
  title       = "Using novel methods to visualize jaw muscle biomechanics and
                 its significance for the evolution of the avian feeding
                 apparatus",
  author      = "Spates, Anthony and Cost, Ian N and Sellers, Kaleb C and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  30,
  pages       = "779.6",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "0b56590c-b7ac-0f39-900c-74c3d08f6205"
}

@ARTICLE{smolinsky_material_2015,
  title       = "Material properties of the mandibular symphysis in {Alligator
                 mississippiensis}",
  author      = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M and Pfeiffer,
                 Ferris and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  55,
  pages       = "e173",
  year        =  2015,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "aa3555fc-7d92-0f4d-991e-0b66576212ad"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_dinosaurs_2003,
  title       = "\textit{Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight
                 in Dinosaurs and Birds} and \textit{Mesozoic Birds: Above the
                 Heads of Dinosaurs}",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Palaeontol. Electronica",
  volume      =  6,
  pages       = "5",
  year        =  2003,
  url         = "http://palaeo-electronica.org/2003_1/books/birds.htm",
  keywords    = "CV/Book reviews",
  original_id = "52f27b92-fa76-0530-b676-b8441147c8c1"
}

@ARTICLE{wallace_genetic_2011,
  title       = "Genetic and epigenetic effects on diaphyseal morphology in
                 selectively bred mice with the mini-muscle allele",
  author      = "Wallace, Ian J and Garland, Jr, Theodore and Wallace, S A and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Kelly, Scott A and Judex, Stefan and
                 Demes, Brigitte",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  51,
  pages       = "e263",
  year        =  2011,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "25018672-6be6-0956-9a0d-962c331a48a3"
}

@MISC{english_phylogenetic_2011,
  title        = "Phylogenetic patterns of pterosaur wing skeleton allometry",
  author       = "English, Lauren T and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2011,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 2011 Annual Meeting. Las
                  Vegas, NV.",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "fe404d9d-d5cc-0ef8-8d2f-abdb58bed9d6"
}

@ARTICLE{cheney_electromyography_2013,
  title       = "Electromyography of bat wing membrane muscles",
  author      = "Cheney, Jorn A and Middleton, Kevin M and Konow, Nicolai and
                 Giblin, Erika L and Breuer, Kenneth S and Swartz, Sharon M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  53,
  pages       = "e34",
  year        =  2013,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "18c52dc2-7dd5-02d9-b46a-f49efae6ea15"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_effects_2013,
  title       = "Effects of atmospheric oxygen on femur biomechanics in
                 {Alligator mississippiensis}",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Lujan, Susan L and Hicks, James W and
                 Owerkowicz, Tomasz",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  296,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "238--239",
  year        =  2013,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "28cebcf3-a90f-095b-867f-0f1c738ca030"
}

@ARTICLE{smolinsky_mechanical_inpreparation,
  title       = "Mechanical properties of the mandibular symphysis of American
                 Alligators (\textit{Alligator mississippiensis})",
  author      = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey
                 M",
  journal     = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  keywords    = "CV/In prep",
  issn        = "0022-0949",
  original_id = "d07c01ef-9b56-0d78-b1b9-a0e71355bed4"
}

@MISC{read_data_2016,
  title       = "Data from: Hummingbirds control turning velocity using body
                 orientation and turning radius using asymmetrical wingbeat
                 kinematics",
  author      = "Read, Tyson J G and Segre, Paolo S and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Altshuler, Douglas L",
  year        =  2016,
  url         = "https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.j77h6",
  keywords    = "CV/Datasets",
  original_id = "53c7b2f1-4692-0855-8b51-28da69d02ff4"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_energy_2013,
  title       = "Energy metabolism of small muscle phenotype mice compared to
                 inbred strains in response to exercise",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Coats, Brittney R",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  53,
  pages       = "e146",
  year        =  2013,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "b895df34-e0da-06ef-8a77-fbb5a6c80b65"
}

@MISC{clarke_bayesian_2012,
  title        = "Bayesian approaches to the investigation of morphological
                  rate heterogeneity in distinct anatomical subregions",
  author       = "Clarke, Julia A and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2012,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting 2012.
                  Raleigh, NC.",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "d2c43c2d-7649-071e-a587-c6854542b8ab"
}

@MISC{tsai_anatomy_2013,
  title        = "Anatomy of saurischian hip joint soft tissues and its
                  significance in body size evolution",
  author       = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2013,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 2013 Annual Meeting. Los
                  Angeles, CA.",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "24645cff-b01f-0958-8b08-8ad9e03bcdb7"
}

@ARTICLE{tsai_archosaur_2014,
  title       = "Archosaur hip joint and its significance in body size and
                 locomotor evolution",
  author      = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  54,
  pages       = "e211",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "c1907b5b-8292-0c8f-b6b4-6663ee569011"
}

@MISC{middleton_analysis_2014,
  title        = "Analysis of motor variability in the maneuvering flight of
                  hummingbirds",
  author       = "Middleton, Kevin M and Altshuler, Douglas L",
  year         =  2014,
  howpublished = "World Congress of Biomechanics. Boston, MA.",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "28661aa2-03bc-0ef8-95eb-399743f50595"
}

@ARTICLE{proffitt_patterns_2014,
  title       = "Patterns of morphological evolution during the evolution of
                 wing-propelled diving in penguins: Insights into the evolution
                 of form and function",
  author      = "Proffitt, James V and Middleton, Kevin M and Clarke, Julia A",
  journal     = "Ornithol. Sci.",
  volume      =  13,
  number      = "supplement",
  pages       = "342",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1347-0558",
  original_id = "d01470dc-5c9d-01b1-8bf8-a64a73b5bdbc"
}

@ARTICLE{tsai_more_2014a,
  title       = "More than one way to be a giant: convergence and disparity in
                 saurischian dinosaur hip joints during body size evolution",
  author      = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  55,
  pages       = "e186",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "741ec2ec-f2ba-07b1-9a88-2317392d5abd"
}

@ARTICLE{holliday_modeling_2014,
  title       = "Modeling cranial biomechanics in archosaurs using {3D}
                 computational methods",
  author      = "Holliday, Casey M and Sellers, Kaleb C and Davis, Julian L and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence M",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2014,
  pages       = "149",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "e094eb11-2be6-0664-94d5-cd31c8b4112d"
}

@ARTICLE{tsai_solutions_2015,
  title       = "Solutions for gigantism: evolutionary and biomechanical
                 implications of dinosaur hip joint soft tissues",
  author      = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  29,
  number      = "supplement",
  pages       = "351.4",
  year        =  2015,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "ba373d32-4771-0509-9a5c-f6b8d9c44945"
}

@ARTICLE{cheney_shaping_2015,
  title       = "Shaping the wings of bats: Muscle and wing skin interactions
                 in flight",
  author      = "Cheney, Jorn A and Konow, Nicolai and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Breuer, Kenneth S and Roberts, Thomas J and Giblin, Erika L
                 and Swartz, Sharon M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  55,
  pages       = "e29",
  year        =  2015,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "2bb7ecda-35c6-0631-bb9c-f837514df74b"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_comparison_2016,
  title       = "Comparison of morphology and bending mechanics of femora in
                 response to chronic exercise in three strains of mice",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Peacock, Sarah J and Kirkland, J Kyle
                 and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  30,
  pages       = "368.2",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "7fb5abfe-f0ac-0650-ae8f-b1f934dce5ab"
}

@MISC{peacock_history_2016,
  title        = "History of exercise, cross-sectional geometry, and bending
                  mechanics: inferences based on three strains of mice",
  author       = "Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R and Kirkland, J Kyle
                  and Tanner, Courtney A and Garland, Jr, Theodore and
                  Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Atlanta,
                  GA.",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "cff59657-cbe7-082f-a686-f10cf2ffc7f5"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_scaling_2016,
  title       = "Scaling of {Haversian} systems in a phylogenetically diverse
                 sample of mammals is consistent with physical and
                 physiological constraints",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Hurtado, Alex C and Swartz, Sharon M",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  299,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "70",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "3ea39176-fdfc-0432-86a0-a011296dae54"
}

@ARTICLE{lujan_atmospheric_2016,
  title       = "Atmospheric oxygen conditions do not constrain growth or
                 biomechanical performance of limb bones in {Alligatoridae}:
                 {Alligator mississippiensis}",
  author      = "Lujan, Susan L and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Elsey, Ruth M and
                 Hicks, James W and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  299,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "72--73",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "CF Growth/My model comp;CF Growth/My Bayes cites;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "f831391e-59b1-07e9-a906-ef3f8d9acd21"
}

@ARTICLE{smolinsky_comparison_2016,
  title       = "Comparison of impact loading and wheel running on femoral
                 cross-section morphology in young outbred mice",
  author      = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  299,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "246",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "95f9f548-fc08-080c-92e3-dd36e27145bd"
}

@ARTICLE{sellers_high_2016,
  title       = "A high-fidelity, {3D} model of the skull of {Alligator
                 mississippiensis} ({Archosauria: Crocodylia}) and its
                 significance for vertebrate feeding biomechanics",
  author      = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  299,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "120--121",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "d56c48e5-fe97-0f5d-98dd-1f60dac17b4e"
}

@ARTICLE{cost_relative_2016,
  title       = "Relative kinetic competency in the palatal complexes of birds
                 and other diapsids",
  author      = "Cost, Ian N and Spates, Anthony and Sellers, Kaleb C and
                 Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence M
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  299,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "208--209",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "019da30f-5e48-06cf-b1f0-5564db1dba33"
}

@ARTICLE{tsai_cartilage_2016a,
  title       = "The cartilage cone of archosauromorphs: biomechanical
                 implications for hip joint loading and femoral ossification",
  author      = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume      =  299,
  number      = "special feature",
  pages       = "197",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-276X",
  original_id = "1b83d400-69f3-037d-9421-88c867e39f1a"
}

@ARTICLE{tsai_cartilage_2016,
  title       = "The cartilage cone of archosauromorphs: implications of
                 chondro-osseous junction on hip joint loading and femoral
                 ossification",
  author      = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2016,
  pages       = "239",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "6dcb681f-2ddc-0772-9dfe-4e77f2576f2e"
}

@MISC{bahlman_flying_2007,
  title        = "Flying squirrels don't glide steady: Implications for bat
                  evolution",
  author       = "Bahlman, Joseph W and Riskin, Daniel K and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Iriarte-Díaz, José and Swartz, Sharon M",
  year         =  2007,
  howpublished = "North American Symposium on Bat Research",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "c0a28e81-df5c-0bd4-a523-cfcc4dadc81b"
}

@MISC{cooper_impact_2016,
  title        = "The impact of muscle anatomy on skull loading in hard-biting
                  animals",
  author       = "Cooper, Jake and Herbst, Eva and Sellers, Kaleb C and Cost,
                  Ian N and Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2016 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "cf04e7f2-8cfa-0cda-96f8-9af4c75fe349"
}

@MISC{herbst_3d_2016,
  title        = "{3D} reconstruction of the feeding biomechanics of the North
                  American aetosaur \textit{Desmatosuchus}",
  author       = "Herbst, Eva and Cooper, Jake and Cost, Ian N and Sellers,
                  Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2016 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "734f3dd1-aec9-0e97-bbc6-c28766350ace"
}

@MISC{middleton_material_2007,
  title        = "Material properties of bat wing bones estimated by cantilever
                  bending",
  author       = "Middleton, Kevin M and Swartz, Sharon M and Kovnats, Jennifer
                  M and Lee, Ming-Ming and McComas, Katherine M",
  year         =  2007,
  howpublished = "North American Symposium on Bat Research",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "180ef9c7-307a-074d-9588-bb13bc613767"
}

@MISC{riskin_effects_2008,
  title        = "Effects of body size on the wing kinematics of bats",
  author       = "Riskin, Daniel K and Iriarte-Díaz, José and Middleton, Kevin
                  M and Breuer, Kenneth S and Swartz, Sharon M",
  year         =  2008,
  howpublished = "Society for Experimental Biology Annual Meeting. Marseille,
                  France",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "b01e110d-f40a-010c-bacd-c91285432a19"
}

@MISC{riskin_how_2010a,
  title        = "How do bats modulate thrust and lift production during
                  flight?",
  author       = "Riskin, Daniel K and Iriarte-Díaz, José and Middleton, Kevin
                  M and Breuer, Kenneth S and Swartz, Sharon M",
  year         =  2010,
  howpublished = "North American Symposium on Bat Research",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "169e8e4f-4cea-0cdd-ae16-bec4efc21af4"
}

@MISC{bira_development_2014,
  title        = "Development of an inexpensive method for studying small
                  animal locomotion through indirect scientific rotoscoping",
  author       = "Bira, Nicholas P and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2014,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2014 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "f70c5428-1b2b-0149-a2cf-7a5b57a2e9b4"
}

@ARTICLE{sellers_biomechanics_2016,
  title       = "Biomechanics and the evolution of the crocodyliform skull",
  author      = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2016,
  pages       = "221",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "dbc3ee28-9470-0dac-9b85-84809a5b8c77"
}

@MISC{middleton_physiology_2013,
  title        = "The physiology, function, and evolution of vertebrate
                  locomotor tissues",
  author       = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2013,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "ed22b38a-3c36-04ad-8ebd-ceeb1fb03a09"
}

@MISC{cheney_wing_2014,
  title        = "Wing membrane muscle activity in bats",
  author       = "Cheney, Jorn A and Konow, Nicolai and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  Breuer, Kenneth S and Roberts, Thomas J and Giblin, Erika L
                  and Swartz, Sharon M",
  year         =  2014,
  howpublished = "North American Society for Bat Research. Albany, NY",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "00395e4a-2da6-08b3-8540-3f7496acd15b"
}

@MISC{smolinsky_fracture_2015,
  title        = "Fracture mechanics of the mandible in \textit{Alligator
                  mississippiensis}",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Pfeiffer, Ferris and Middleton, Kevin
                  M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2015,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "78f3c36b-5959-0e0a-8b30-6c4c49e013e9"
}

@MISC{tsai_hip_2015,
  title        = "The hip joint functional module and its significance in the
                  evolution of avian locomotor posture",
  author       = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2015,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "f4f21c74-1b7f-0fda-b317-f147c255cefb"
}

@MISC{bira_inexpensive_2015,
  title        = "Inexpensive study of small animal locomotion through indirect
                  scientific rotoscoping",
  author       = "Bira, Nicholas P and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2015,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Spring 2015 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "57a2632c-2bf1-062f-8733-7aff734d5df8"
}

@MISC{rashid_axial_2015,
  title        = "Axial loading of caudal and lumbar vertebrae of selected high
                  running lines of mice with different exercise regimens",
  author       = "Rashid, Imran S and Carter, Patrick A and Garland, Jr.,
                  Theodore and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2015,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2015 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "a47efcfc-8d3f-0bb4-b9cb-e043b610a1f7"
}

@MISC{peacock_predicting_2016,
  title        = "Predicting the bending properties of long bones: insights
                  from an experimental mouse model",
  author       = "Peacock, Sarah J and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "2ed5b5e0-53e2-0c37-93ae-7bad5f6b0dc3"
}

@MISC{smolinsky_comparison_2016a,
  title        = "Comparison of impact loading and wheel running on femoral
                  cross-section morphology and growth in young outbred mice",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "c7a43a4a-ad16-087b-93a9-f818f38242e0"
}

@ARTICLE{cost_postural_2016,
  title       = "Postural changes and kinetic competency in the palates of
                 birds and other diapsids",
  author      = "Cost, Ian N and Sellers, Kaleb C and Davis, Julian L and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence M and Holliday, Casey
                 M",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2016,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "120--121",
  year        =  2016,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "9de87c90-fd2f-0223-a2d5-008417f66cc1"
}

@MISC{tsai_cartilage_2017,
  title        = "The cartilage cone of archosauromorphs: implications for hip
                  loading and femoral ossification",
  author       = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Annual
                  Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "New Orleans, LA",
  original_id  = "4ca5c7cb-50e4-00ca-b5a2-dc1a73636362"
}

@ARTICLE{hill_aaa_2017,
  title       = "{The Minute Clinic}: Increasing Student Engagement in an
                 Undergraduate {Systems-Based} Anatomy Course",
  author      = "Hill, Cheryl A and Aldridge, Kristina and Holliday, Casey M
                 and Middleton, Kevin M and Ward, Carol V and Maiolino,
                 Stephanie and Jorgensen, Michael E",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "733.8",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "bd8e45b4-ed1d-08de-b64a-c516aa76472f"
}

@ARTICLE{kuo_tensile_inreview,
  title    = "Tensile mechanical properties of isolated penguin flipper
              feathers",
  author   = "Kuo, Sharon and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "J. Morphol.",
  keywords = "CV/In prep",
  issn     = "0362-2525"
}

@ARTICLE{holliday_dinosaurs_2017,
  title    = "{Inside Dinosaurs}: a broader impacts program for research,
              teaching and public education through dinosaur biology, physics
              and evolution",
  author   = "Holliday, Casey M and Hill, Cheryl A and Davis, Julian L and
              Witmer, Lawrence M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   =  31,
  number   = "Supplement 1",
  pages    = "734.8",
  year     =  2017,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0892-6638"
}

@ARTICLE{holliday_dinosaurs_2016,
  title    = "{Inside Dinosaurs}: A broader impacts program for research,
              teaching and public education through dinosaur biology, physics
              and evolution",
  author   = "Holliday, Casey M and Hill, Cheryl A and Davis, Julian L and
              Witmer, Lawrence M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume   =  2016,
  pages    = "155--156",
  year     =  2016,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{kirkland_effects_2015,
  title        = "Effects of cross sectional area on bone strength in three
                  strains of mice",
  author       = "Kirkland, J Kyle and Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R
                  and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2015,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2015 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@MISC{Peacock2017-ep,
  title        = "Effects of perinatal circadian programming on activity and
                  skeletal morphology in {C57BL/6} mice",
  author       = "Peacock, Sarah J and Bates, Keenan A and Talton, Omoseigho O
                  and Schulz, Laura C and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@MISC{Peacock2018-lc,
  title    = "Data from: Predicting the bending properties of long bones:
              Insights from an experimental mouse model",
  author   = "Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R and Kirkland, J Kyle and
              Tanner, Courtney A and Garland, Jr, Theodore and Middleton, Kevin
              M",
  year     =  2018,
  url      = "https://osf.io/3wxnh/",
  keywords = "CV/Datasets"
}

@MISC{Smolinsky2017-fj,
  title        = "Comparing Femur Cross-sectional Morphology in Young Outbred
                  Mice Following Daily Exposure to Muscle-, Impact-, or
                  Combined Loading of the Hind Limb Skeleton",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Science Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "fae83804-2a07-008a-9fe6-b332b435b284"
}

@MISC{Peacock2016-cs,
  title        = "History of exercise, cross-sectional geometry, and bending
                  mechanics: inferences based on three strains of mice",
  author       = "Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R and Kirkland, J Kyle
                  and Tanner, Courtney A and Garland, Jr., Theodore and
                  Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Health Science Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "cff59657-cbe7-082f-a686-f10cf2ffc7f5"
}

@MISC{Smolinsky2016-ox,
  title        = "Comparison of impact loading and wheel running on femoral
                  cross-section morphology and growth in young outbred mice",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Health Science Research Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "c7a43a4a-ad16-087b-93a9-f818f38242e0"
}

@MISC{Smith2017-io,
  title        = "Bending Properties of the Jugal Bone in Mallard Ducks and Its
                  Significance for Cranial Biomechanics",
  author       = "Smith, Caitlyn J and Holliday, Casey M and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Bailleul, Alida M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "e3c6d128-dfd6-02ba-b945-39a54923ca98"
}

@MISC{Sellers2016-vb,
  title        = "A high-fidelity, {3D} model of the skull of \textit{Alligator
                  mississippiensis} (Archosauria: Crocodylia) and its
                  significance for vertebrate feeding biomechanics",
  author       = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2016,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Health Sciences Research Day",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "d56c48e5-fe97-0f5d-98dd-1f60dac17b4e"
}

@MISC{Sellers2017-nv,
  title        = "Biomechanics and the Evolution of the Crocodyliform Skull",
  author       = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Davis, Julian L
                  and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "adc7f6a3-f9d0-0d61-ae59-51b474808c03"
}

@MISC{Wilkin2017-md,
  title        = "Modeling Complex Cranial Joints in \textit{Varanus
                  exanthematicus}",
  author       = "Wilkin, Alec T and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C
                  and Cost, Ian N and Davis, Julian L and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "6655e1b9-52a8-0cf7-b3ee-d5eb4cda49bf"
}

@MISC{Cost2017-qq,
  title        = "Biomechanics of the Feeding Apparatus of Parrots (Aves:
                  Psittaciformes)",
  author       = "Cost, Ian N and Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence M and
                  Echols, M Scott and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "1bdb1cad-cdf9-0392-8d1c-9f8baa4a07f3"
}

@ARTICLE{Lujan_undated-rq,
  title    = "Atmospheric oxygen level does not alter growth or size-specific
              femoral cross-sectional geometry in the American alligator
              (\textit{Alligator mississippiensis})",
  author   = "Lujan, Susan L and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Hicks, James W and
              Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "Anat. Rec.",
  keywords = "CV/In prep",
  issn     = "0003-276X"
}

@ARTICLE{Middleton_undated-dc,
  title    = "Scaling of cortical and subchondral bone thickness in the femora
              of terrestrial mammals",
  author   = "Middleton, Kevin M and Prior, Sean C and Swartz, Sharon M",
  journal  = "J. Morphol.",
  keywords = "CV/In prep",
  issn     = "0362-2525"
}

@MISC{Peacock2018-hs,
  title        = "Effects of nocturnal blue light exposure on physiology and
                  skeletal morphology in two strains of mice",
  author       = "Peacock, Sarah J and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@MISC{Smolinsky2018-st,
  title        = "Muscle-intensive and {High-Impact} Exercises Differentially
                  Influence Whole Bone {3D} Morphology in Young Outbred Male
                  Mice",
  author       = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Aldridge, Kristina and Middleton,
                  Kevin M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@MISC{Smith2018-ms,
  title        = "Bending properties of the lower temporal bar in ducks and its
                  significance for cranial biomechanics",
  author       = "Smith, Caitlyn J and Middleton, Kevin M and Bailleul, Alida M
                  and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "127c3f82-b16e-0f16-9ecd-859ebf2114cd"
}

@ARTICLE{Smolinsky_undated-uh,
  title    = "Endurance and impact activities differentially influence femoral
              cross-sectional geometry and mineral apposition",
  author   = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  keywords = "CV/In prep",
  issn     = "0022-0949"
}

@MISC{Wilken2020-ks,
  title        = "Comparative biomechanics of the otic joint and suspensorium
                  in sauropsids",
  author       = "Wilken, Alec T and Sellers, Kaleb C and Rozin, Rachel and
                  Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Sellers2018-lh,
  title        = "Cranial joints and the evolution of extreme feeding
                  performance in {Crocodyliformes}",
  author       = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Clark, James M
                  and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Palentology Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Albuquerque, NM"
}

@ARTICLE{Smolinsky2018-iz,
  title    = "Muscle-intensive and high-impact exercises differentially
              influence whole bone {3D} morphology in young male mice",
  author   = "Smolinsky, A N and Aldridge, K and Middleton, K M",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   =  32,
  pages    = "9650",
  year     =  2018,
  keywords = "CF Growth/My Bayes cites;CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0892-6638"
}

@ARTICLE{McGechie2019-ov,
  title    = "Using novel {3D} techniques to visualize and quantify primate
              neck anatomy",
  author   = "McGechie, F and Sullivan, S and Middleton, K M and Holliday, C M
              and Nalley, Thierra K and Grider-Potter, N and Ward, C V",
  journal  = "Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",
  volume   =  168,
  number   = "S68",
  pages    = "160",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0002-9483"
}

@ARTICLE{Ruth2019-mq,
  title    = "Mechanical stimulus vs. selection in determining enthesis
              morphology in mice",
  author   = "Ruth, Aidan A and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",
  volume   =  168,
  number   = "S68",
  pages    = "212",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0002-9483"
}

@ARTICLE{Smolinsky2019-lf,
  title    = "Artificial Selection for Increased Voluntary Wheel Running Alters
              Limb Skeleton Shape and Exercise Plasticity in Mice",
  author   = "Smolinsky, A N and Aldridge, K and Castro, A A and Garland, Jr, T
              and Middleton, K M",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   = "10.6",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0892-6638"
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{Owerkowicz2018-hr,
  title     = "Selective forces behind the evolution of respiratory turbinates
               in mammals and birds",
  booktitle = "5th International Palaeontological Congress",
  author    = "Owerkowicz, T and Middleton, K M and Crompton, A W",
  pages     = "893",
  year      =  2018,
  keywords  = "CV/Abstracts",
  location  = "Paris"
}

@MISC{Ngoma2018-kf,
  title    = "Lifespan and fecundity data for: The evolutionary potential of
              diet-dependent effects on lifespan and fecundity in a
              multi-parental population of \textit{Drosophila melanogaster}",
  author   = "Ng'oma, Enoch and Fidelis, Wilton and Middleton, Kevin M and
              King, Elizabeth G",
  year     =  2018,
  url      = "https://zenodo.org/record/1285237",
  keywords = "CV/Datasets"
}

@MISC{swartz_unique_2005,
  title        = "Unique characteristics of aerodynamics of bat flight:
                  Evidence from direct visualization of patterns of airflow in
                  the wakes of naturally flying bats",
  author       = "Swartz, Sharon M and Galvao, Ricardo and Iriarte-Díaz, José
                  and Israeli, Emily and Middleton, Kevin M and Roemer, Abigail
                  and Sullivan, Allyce and Tian, Xiaodong and Breuer, Kenneth S",
  year         =  2005,
  howpublished = "North American Symposium on Bat Research",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_osteology_1999,
  title       = "Osteology and evolution of the avian reversed hallux",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Am. Zool.",
  volume      =  39,
  number      =  5,
  pages       = "17A",
  year        =  1999,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0003-1569",
  original_id = "cd519dfd-9ec5-0142-88ea-e411df0f38b6"
}

@MISC{Lough2020-qg,
  title        = "Mechanical Properties Of {3D} Printed Orthopaedic Internal
                  Fixation Implants",
  author       = "Lough, Connor P and Gieg, Samuel D and Bezold, Will A and
                  Feltz, Kevin P and Middleton, Kevin M and Skelley, Nathan Wm",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "ORS 2020 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Phoenix, AZ"
}

@ARTICLE{McGechie2019-xy,
  title    = "{3D} Analysis of Primate Neck Anatomy using {Contrast-Enhanced}
              {CT} Imaging, {Fascicle-Tracking} Algorithms, and Muscle
              Mechanics",
  author   = "McGechie, Faye and Sullivan, Samuel and Middleton, Kevin M and
              Holliday, Casey M and Nalley, Thierra K and Grider-Potter, Neysa
              and Ward, Carol V",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   = "612.1",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0892-6638"
}

@MISC{Middleton2020-ye,
  title        = "Bayesian Modelling to Address the Challenges of Estimating
                  Craniofacial Growth Patterns",
  author       = "Middleton, Kevin M and Hardin, Anna M and Knigge, Ryan P and
                  Duren, Dana L and Mcnulty, Kieran P and Valiathan, Manish and
                  Sherwood, Richard J",
  month        =  mar,
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "International Association for Dental Research",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Washington, DC"
}

@MISC{Sullivan2020-df,
  title        = "Morphology and Function of the Avian Furcula",
  author       = "Sullivan, Samuel P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey
                  M",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society for Experimental Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Austin, TX"
}

@MISC{Sellers2020-gf,
  title        = "Joint Loading and Transformation in Suchian Evolution",
  author       = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society for Experimental Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Austin, TX"
}

@MISC{Wilken2020-ws,
  title        = "Functional Morphology of the Palate of {Varanus
                  exanthematicus} and its Significance for the Evolution of
                  Cranial Kinesis",
  author       = "Wilken, Alec T and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C
                  and Cost, Ian N and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society for Experimental Biology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Austin, TX"
}

@MISC{Sellers2020-lz,
  title           = "Muscle and Joint Evolution in Crocodyliforms",
  author          = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday,
                     Casey M",
  year            =  2020,
  howpublished    = "Experimental Biology",
  keywords        = "CV/Abstracts",
  location        = "San Diego"
}

@MISC{Owerkowicz2019-hc,
  title        = "Metabolic and Environmental Factors Shaping the Morphology of
                  Respiratory Turbinates in Mammals and Archosaurs",
  author       = "Owerkowicz, T and Poff, M and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  Crompton, A W",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Wilken2019-up,
  title        = "Functional Morphology of the Palate in {Varanus
                  exanthematicus} ({Squamata: Varanidae}) and Its Significance
                  for the Evolution of Cranial Kinesis",
  author       = "Wilken, Alec T and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C
                  and Cost, Ian N and Holliday, C M",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Sullivan2019-yv,
  title        = "Morphology and Function of the Avian Furcula",
  author       = "Sullivan, Samuel P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, C M",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Middleton2019-ll,
  title        = "Methods for Visualizing and Comparing Force Vectors in Two-
                  and {Three-Dimensions}, with Applications for Vertebrate
                  Feeding and Locomotion",
  author       = "Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, K C and Cost, I N and Spates,
                  A T and Holliday, C M",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Sellers2019-js,
  title        = "Joint Loading and Transformation in Suchian Evolution",
  author       = "Sellers, K C and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, C M",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Smolinsky2019-in,
  title        = "Effects of Artificial Selection for Increased Voluntary Wheel
                  Running on Hindlimb Skeletal Shape in Mice",
  author       = "Smolinsky, A N and Aldridge, K and Castro, A A and Garland,
                  Jr, T and Middleton, K M",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Holliday2019-tp,
  title        = "Connecting the Chondrocranium: Biomechanics of the
                  Palatocranial Joints of Sauropsids",
  author       = "Holliday, C M and Wilken, A T and Bailleul, A M and Sellers,
                  K C and Cost, I N and Rozin, R E and Middleton, K M",
  year         =  2019,
  howpublished = "International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Prague, CZ"
}

@MISC{Sullivan2020-jk,
  title           = "Evolutionary Variation and Biomechanics of the Avian
                     Furcula",
  author          = "Sullivan, Samuel P and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday,
                     Casey M",
  year            =  2020,
  howpublished    = "Experimental Biology",
  keywords        = "CV/Abstracts",
  location        = "San Diego"
}

@MISC{Holliday2020-ua,
  title           = "Myology of the {Reptilia}",
  author          = "Holliday, Casey M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year            =  2020,
  howpublished    = "Experimental Biology",
  keywords        = "CV/Abstracts",
  location        = "San Diego"
}

@MISC{Fortner2020-qa,
  title        = "The role of symphyseal tissues and sutures on mandible
                  function in archosaurs",
  author       = "Fortner, John D and Wilkin, Alec T and Cost, Ian N and
                  Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Holliday2020-to,
  title        = "Myology of the {Reptilia}: 3d modeling of jaw muscles and its
                  utility in paleobiology",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Wilkin, Alec T and Sullivan, Samuel and
                  Verhulst, Connor and Sellers, Kaleb C and Lessner, Emily and
                  Fortner, John D and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Palenotology Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Holliday2020-vt,
  title        = "Paleontology engagement in rural public science expos",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Wilken, Alec T and Sullivan, Samuel and
                  Lessner, Emily and Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M
                  and Ward, Carol V",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@ARTICLE{Hill_undated-nf,
  title    = "How attendance policies affect student performance in
              undergraduate anatomy lecture",
  author   = "Hill, Cheryl A and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "Anat. Sci. Educ.",
  keywords = "CV/In prep",
  issn     = "1935-9772"
}

@MISC{McGechie2021-io,
  title        = "Primate nuchal anatomy and function",
  author       = "McGechie, F and Grider-Potter, N and Nalley, T K and Fricano,
                  E and Middleton, K M and Holliday, C M and Ward, C V",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "SICB 2021 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Wilken2021-fv,
  title        = "Bird brains, jaw muscles, and the origin of avian cranial
                  kinesis",
  author       = "Wilken, A T and Sellers, K C and Cost, I N and Middleton, K M
                  and Witmer, L M and Holliday, C M",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "SICB 2021 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Sellers2021-uv,
  title        = "Skull shape, muscle orientation, and joint loading in a
                  biomechanical transformation: Evolution of the suchian skull",
  author       = "Sellers, K C and Clark, J M and Middleton, K M and Holliday,
                  C A",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "SICB 2021 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Holliday2021-vl,
  title        = "Myology of the {Reptilia}",
  author       = "Holliday, C M and Wilken, A T and Sullivan, S P and Sellers,
                  K C and Cost, I N and Middleton, K M",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "SICB 2021 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Cho2021-le,
  title        = "The influence of climate and population structure on {East
                  Asian} skeletal morphology",
  author       = "Cho, E O and Cowgill, L W and Blomquist, G E and Middleton, K
                  M",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "AAPA Annual Meeting 2021",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{McGechie2021-ho,
  title        = "{3D} Functional Anatomy of Nuchal Musculature in Primates",
  author       = "McGechie, F and Grider-Potter, N and Fricano, E and
                  Middleton, K M and Holliday, C M and Ward, C V",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "AAPA Annual Meeting 2021",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Fortner2021-un,
  title        = "The Role of the Intramandibular Joint, Symphyseal Tissues,
                  and Wrapping Muscles on Theropod Dinosaur Mandibular Function",
  author       = "Fortner, John and Wilken, Alec and Sellers, Kaleb C and Cost,
                  Ian N and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "American Association for Anatomy Annual Meeting 2021",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Sellers2021-ut,
  title        = "Skull Shape, Muscle Orientation, and Joint Loading in a
                  Biomechanical Transformation: Evolution of the Suchian Skull",
  author       = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Clark, James and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  Holliday, Casey M",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "American Association for Anatomy Annual Meeting 2021",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{McGechie2021-jm,
  title        = "Functional Myology of the Neck in Primates",
  author       = "McGechie, Faye and Grider-Potter, Neysa and Nalley, Thierra
                  and Fricano, Ellen and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey
                  M and Ward, Carol V",
  year         =  2021,
  howpublished = "American Association for Anatomy Annual Meeting 2021",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@ARTICLE{Cho2022-cg,
  title    = "The influence of climate and population structure on East Asian
              skeletal morphology",
  author   = "Cho, Elizabeth O and Cowgill, Libby W and Middleton, Kevin M and
              Blomquist, Gregory E and Savoldi, Fabio and Tsoi, James and
              Bornstein, Michael M",
  journal  = "J. Hum. Evol.",
  year     =  2022,
  keywords = "CV/Papers"
}

@MISC{Lawrence2022-eb,
  title        = "A New Method for Quantifying {3D} Skeletal Morphology in
                  Living Subjects Using {Low-Dose} Stereo Radiographs",
  author       = "Lawrence, Austin B and Boeyer, M E and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2022,
  howpublished = "American Association for Anatomy 2022 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Holliday2022-ue,
  title        = "Flat or flexible? Evolutionary cranial biomechanics and the
                  origins of modern archosaur skulls",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Sellers, Kaleb C and Wilken, Alec T and
                  Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2022,
  howpublished = "American Association for Anatomy 2022 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Oh2022-vm,
  title        = "Craniofacial growth percentiles based on the {CGCS}",
  author       = "Oh, H S and Sherwood, R J and McNulty, K P and Duren, D L and
                  Valiathan, M and Middleton, K M",
  year         =  2022,
  howpublished = "Annual Meeting of the International Association of Dental
                  Research",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts",
  location     = "Chengdu, China"
}

@MISC{Fields2022-te,
  title        = "Three-dimensional functional capacity of the intrinsic hand
                  musculature in humans and chimpanzees",
  author       = "Fields, Mara G and Mackereth, Eden M and Sullivan, S P and
                  Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, C M and McGechie, F R and
                  Ward, Carol V",
  year         =  2022,
  howpublished = "American Associate of Biologists Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{Lawrence2022-qs,
  title        = "A new method for quantifying {3D} anatomy of living subjects
                  using low-dose stereo radiographs",
  author       = "Lawrence, Austin B and Boeyer, M E and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2022,
  howpublished = "American Association of Biological Anthropologists Annual
                  Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@MISC{McGechie2022-at,
  title        = "Comparing {3D} Estimates of Neck Muscle Function in Primates",
  author       = "McGechie, F R and Middleton, K M and Holliday, C M and
                  Nalley, T K and Fricano, E and Grider-Potter, N and Ward, C V",
  year         =  2022,
  howpublished = "American Association of Biological Anthropologists Annual
                  Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@ARTICLE{Holliday2022-eu,
  title    = "Flat or flexible? Evolutionary cranial biomechanics and the
              origins of modern archosaur skulls",
  author   = "Holliday, Casey M and Wilken, Alec and Sellers, Kaleb and Cost,
              Ian and Middleton, Kevin",
  abstract = "The divergent specializations of living archosaurs, crocodilians
              and birds, represent two of the great transformations in
              vertebrate evolution. Despite hailing from common ancestor with a
              tall skull, braced palate and relatively unspecialized jaw
              muscles, these two living clades followed disparate paths in
              cranial biomechanics and feeding functional morphology during the
              Mesozoic era, resulting in the flat, rigid skulls in crocodylians
              and the bulbous and beaked, flexible skulls of birds. Here we use
              new approaches in imaging, 3D modeling, morphometrics, lever
              mechanics, finite element modeling and phylogenetic comparative
              methods of living and extinct reptiles to show how morphological
              and functional changes in the palate, cranial joints and jaw
              musculature occurred within the fossil record of these lineages
              that were key features in acquisition of the modern forms. We
              show how jaw muscles reoriented their resultants and moments
              about jaw joints during skull flattening, palatocranial suturing
              and feeding specializations in Jurassic crocodyliforms. These
              morphological changes resulted in a decrease in mechanical
              efficiency of the feeding apparatus that was compensated for by
              an increase in jaw muscle sizes and canalized muscle
              architecture. Meanwhile, along the line to living birds, the
              acquisition of enlarged brains in coelurosaur dinosaurs resulted
              in a shifting of temporal and palatal muscle positions, a
              canalization of vertically-oriented of muscle forces and
              consequently reorientation of their moments about palatocranial
              joints. These changes in loading environment, along with a
              concatenate increase in the propulsive and bending properties of
              the palate, facilitated cranial kinesis in neoavian birds.
              Together, these examples of evolutionary innovation in reptile
              cranial biomechanics reveal powerful new approaches to testing
              biomechanical and evolutionary hypotheses in any cranial or
              appendicular musculoskeletal system.",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   = "36 Suppl 1",
  month    =  may,
  year     =  2022,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R6156",
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "0892-6638, 1530-6860",
  pmid     = "35553194",
  doi      = "10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R6156"
}

@ARTICLE{Lawrence2022-jb,
  title    = "A New Method for Quantifying {3D} Skeletal Morphology in Living
              Subjects Using {Low-Dose} Stereo Radiographs",
  author   = "Lawrence, Austin B and Boeyer, Melanie E and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract = "Accurate and repeatable assessments of three-dimensional (3D)
              skeletal morphology are critical to interpretations of vertebrate
              functional anatomy. In skeletal specimens, these goals can be
              accomplished using in-silico models derived from 3D laser scan,
              photogrammetry, or computed tomography (CT) data. Assessments of
              skeletal morphology in living subjects, especially humans, are
              more challenging and are often either cost-prohibitive (e.g.,
              magnetic resonance) or expose subjects to high doses of ionizing
              radiation (e.g., CT). Here, we present a new, open-source method
              for assessing 3D skeletal morphology using ultra-low dose
              biplanar radiographs. Biplanar radiographs were obtained using an
              EOS Imaging System (EOS Imaging, Inc., Paris, France). A
              custom-built calibration frame with radiopaque markers was
              scanned using this system on multiple days in multiple positions
              inside the scanning space. We quantified the 3D coordinates of
              markers by placing landmarks at the center of each marker in both
              anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs. Landmark data for
              each scan were collected independently by two observers to
              determine inter-observer error. 3D coordinates of landmarks in
              each scan differed by <1 mm between observers, suggesting strong
              repeatability in assessing morphology of living subjects. To
              assess distortion in EOS images, we constructed a second
              calibration device, a flat plate with radiopaque markers at the
              corners of three squares with 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm sides,
              respectively, surrounding an origin point. The calibration plate
              was scanned with the origin point at the center of the scan area
              and the sides of the squares parallel to the detectors. We
              identified distortion at the edges of EOS images which could
              significantly impact measurements on skeletal features near the
              margins of the scan area (i.e., hips, pelvis, lower limbs) and
              developed a method to mathematically correct for resulting
              distortion in landmark data. Finally, we demonstrate this method
              using measurements of iliac blade and spinous process orientation
              in a sample of living human participants. This method will be
              applicable to studies of multiple human cohorts, including
              symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, as well as to other biplanar
              radiograph platforms and study organisms.",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   = "36 Suppl 1",
  month    =  may,
  year     =  2022,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R6099",
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "0892-6638, 1530-6860",
  pmid     = "35556893",
  doi      = "10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R6099"
}

@ARTICLE{Fields2022-ru,
  title    = "Three-dimensional functional capacity of the intrinsic hand
              musculature in humans and chimpanzees",
  author   = "Fields, Mara G and Mackereth, Eden M and Sullivan, Spiro P and
              McGechie, Faye R and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey A and
              Ward, Carol V",
  abstract = "Accurately interpreting the functional significance of variation
              in hand morphology has been central to discussions of the
              evolution of in hominoids, especially humans. Although there is
              an extensive literature on bony morphology, muscle size and
              strength, kinematics, and use of the hand, to date it has not
              been possible to visualize and quantify the mechanics of the of
              the hand in situ. This study compared the intrinsic hand muscles
              of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes in 3D. Each specimen was
              fixed, stained with Lugol's iodine, and microCT scanned [<61 µm
              resolution]. Bones, muscles and the flexor retinaculum were
              segmented using Avizo. Avizo Xfiber was used to visualize and
              quantify fascicle orientation within muscles, which permits
              quantification of both whole muscle and within muscle fascicle
              orientations. Fascicle length, pennation angles and muscle volume
              were used to calculate PCSA and estimate force output of each
              muscle. Together, these data are used to compare functional
              capability of muscles individually and in aggregate. Data reveal
              differences in force-generating capacity and force orientations
              of muscles, and with finer-scale variation of within-muscle
              fascicle orientations. The most significant differences were
              found in the adductor pollicis and opponens pollicis, which are
              larger and more transversely oriented in humans than in
              chimpanzees. Data also reveal differences in other thenar and
              hypothenar muscles, affecting the capacity to effect different
              grips. Our approach and results highlight the importance of
              evaluating of the musculoskeletal system of the hand in 3D which
              can then be used to compare to bone form across hominoids.",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   = "36 Suppl 1",
  month    =  may,
  year     =  2022,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R6316",
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "0892-6638, 1530-6860",
  pmid     = "35556018",
  doi      = "10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R6316"
}

@ARTICLE{Sellers2022-re,
  title     = "The effects of skull flattening on suchian jaw muscle evolution",
  author    = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Nieto, Mauro Nicolas and Degrange, Federico
               J and Pol, Diego and Clark, James M and Middleton, Kevin M and
               Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract  = "Jaw muscles are key features of the vertebrate feeding
               apparatus. The jaw musculature is housed in the skull whose
               morphology reflects a compromise between multiple functions,
               including feeding, housing sensory structures, and defense, and
               the skull constrains jaw muscle geometry. Thus, jaw muscle
               anatomy may be suboptimally oriented for the production of bite
               force. Crocodylians are a group of vertebrates that generate the
               highest bite forces ever measured with a flat skull suited to
               their aquatic ambush predatory style. However, basal members of
               the crocodylian line (e.g., Prestosuchus) were terrestrial
               predators with plesiomorphically tall skulls, and thus the
               origin of modern crocodylians involved a substantial
               reorganization of the feeding apparatus and its jaw muscles.
               Here, we reconstruct jaw muscles across a phylogenetic range of
               crocodylians and fossil suchians to investigate the impact of
               skull flattening on muscle anatomy. We used imaging data to
               create 3D models of extant and fossil suchians that demonstrate
               the evolution of the crocodylian skull, using osteological
               correlates to reconstruct muscle attachment sites. We found that
               jaw muscle anatomy in early fossil suchians reflected the
               ancestral archosaur condition but experienced progressive shifts
               in the lineage leading to Metasuchia. In early fossil suchians,
               musculus adductor mandibulae posterior and musculus pterygoideus
               (mPT) were of comparable size, but by Metasuchia, the jaw
               musculature is dominated by mPT. As predicted, we found that
               taxa with flatter skulls have less efficient muscle orientations
               for the production of high bite force. This study highlights the
               diversity and evolution of jaw muscles in one of the great
               transformations in vertebrate evolution.",
  journal   = "Anat. Rec.",
  publisher = "Wiley",
  month     =  jun,
  year      =  2022,
  url       = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24912",
  keywords  = "Crocodylia; biomechanics; jaw muscles; skull;CV/Papers",
  language  = "en",
  issn      = "1932-8486, 1932-8494",
  pmid      = "35661427",
  doi       = "10.1002/ar.24912"
}

@ARTICLE{Holliday2021-qm,
  title     = "Myology of the reptilia",
  author    = "Holliday, Casey M and Wilken, Alec T and Verhulst, Conner and
               Sellers, Kaleb C and Lessner, Emily and Bales, London and
               Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract  = "Sauropsid vertebrates (lepidosaurs, turtles, crocodilians and
               birds) have evolved a diversity of head shapes and feeding
               behaviors during their history. A key to understanding this
               great radiation of reptiles is the physiology of the jaw
               musculature which powers the feeding apparatus. However we still
               know little about jaw muscle mechanics within lineages of
               reptiles or how this complicated musculoskeletal system has
               evolved to employ a variety of behaviors. New imaging and
               computational methods are now enabling an extraordinary view
               into the 3D anatomy and biomechanics of reptiles and other
               vertebrates. Here we illustrate several approaches to analyzing
               jaw muscle morphology and architecture using contrast imaging,
               3D fiber tracking, biomechanical analysis, and data
               visualization methods that offer enormous potential for
               exploring the anatomy, function and evolution of jaw muscles. We
               first illustrate basic workflow of 3D jaw muscle visualization,
               morphometrics and interpretation using crocodilian jaw muscle
               anatomy. Second, we show how homologous jaw muscle bellies
               evolve among lineages of different reptiles and birds to elicit
               different functional demands. Third, we show how the 3D
               architecture of hard-to-dissect, small, deep protractor muscles
               correlate with different types of cranial kinesis among a sample
               of lizards and birds. These new imaging and analytical
               approaches offer incredible potential for the quantification of
               soft tissue morphology like muscle architecture and their
               applications to comparative biomechanics, ecomorphology, and
               evolutionary biology should prove remarkable.",
  journal   = "FASEB J.",
  publisher = "Wiley",
  volume    =  35,
  number    = "S1",
  month     =  may,
  year      =  2021,
  url       = "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.S1.02537",
  keywords  = "CV/Abstracts",
  copyright = "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor",
  language  = "en",
  issn      = "0892-6638, 1530-6860",
  doi       = "10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02537"
}

@ARTICLE{Holliday2022-zi,
  title     = "New frontiers in imaging, anatomy, and mechanics of crocodylian
               jaw muscles",
  author    = "Holliday, Casey M and Sellers, Kaleb C and Lessner, Emily J and
               Middleton, Kevin M and Cranor, Corrine and Verhulst, Conner D
               and Lautenschlager, Stephan and Bader, Kenneth and Brown,
               Matthew A and Colbert, Matthew W",
  abstract  = "Abstract New imaging and biomechanical approaches have heralded
               a renaissance in our understanding of crocodylian anatomy. Here,
               we review a series of approaches in the preparation, imaging,
               and functional analysis of the jaw muscles of crocodylians.
               Iodine-contrast microCT approaches are enabling new insights
               into the anatomy of muscles, nerves, and other soft tissues of
               embryonic as well as adult specimens of alligators. These
               imaging data and other muscle modeling methods offer increased
               accuracy of muscle sizes and attachments without destructive
               methods like dissection. 3D modeling approaches and imaging data
               together now enable us to see and reconstruct 3D muscle
               architecture which then allows us to estimate 3D muscle
               resultants, but also measurements of pennation in ways not seen
               before. These methods have already revealed new information on
               the ontogeny, diversity, and function of jaw muscles and the
               heads of alligators and other crocodylians. Such approaches will
               lead to enhanced and accurate analyses of form, function, and
               evolution of crocodylians, their fossil ancestors and
               vertebrates in general.",
  journal   = "Anat. Rec.",
  publisher = "Wiley",
  month     =  jun,
  year      =  2022,
  url       = "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25011",
  keywords  = "CV/Papers",
  copyright = "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor",
  language  = "en",
  issn      = "1932-8486, 1932-8494",
  doi       = "10.1002/ar.25011"
}

@UNPUBLISHED{McGechie_undated-ss,
  title    = "Pliopithecoid molar metric variation at the Late Miocene fossil
              locality of Rudabánya, Hungary",
  author   = "McGechie, Faye R and Glowacka, Halszka and Delezene, Lucas K and
              Middleton, Kevin M and Nargolwalla, Mariam C and Begun, David R",
  journal  = "Journal of Human Evolution",
  keywords = "CV/In review"
}

@MISC{Sherwood_undated-wc,
  title     = "Administrative Supplement: Craniofacial Growth Prediction in
               Different Facial Types",
  author    = "Sherwood, R M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  publisher = "NIH NIDCR",
  number    = "R01DE024732-05",
  keywords  = "CV/Grants"
}

@MISC{Middleton_undated-bb,
  title     = "Effects of early-life exercise on the aging body",
  author    = "Middleton, Kevin M and Aldridge, Kristina and Duren, Dana L",
  publisher = "NIH NIA",
  keywords  = "CV/Grants"
}

@MISC{Clarke2008-ht,
  title       = "Collaborative Research: Wings to flippers - phylogenetics,
                 character acquisition, and feather biomechanics across the
                 evolution of wing-propelled diving in three avian clades",
  author      = "Clarke, Julia A and Ksepka, Daniel T and Middleton, Kevin M",
  publisher   = "NSF DEB",
  year        =  2008,
  keywords    = "CV/Grants",
  original_id = "ec5ad6e7-6a29-0a03-abfa-0b5089df3847"
}

@ARTICLE{Lynch2019-ny,
  title    = "Integration involves a trade-off between fertility and status for
              {World War {II}} evacuees",
  author   = "Lynch, Robert and Lummaa, Virpi and Panchanathan, Karthik and
              Middleton, Kevin and Rotkirch, Anna and Danielsbacka, Mirkka and
              O'Brien, David and Loehr, John",
  abstract = "Understanding how refugees integrate into host societies has
              broad implications for researchers interested in intergroup
              conflict and for governments concerned with promoting social
              cohesion. Using detailed records tracking the movements and life
              histories of Finnish evacuees during World War II, we find that
              evacuees who intermarry are more likely to be educated, work in
              professional occupations, marry someone higher in social status
              and remain in the host community. Evacuees who intermarry before
              the war have fewer children, whereas those who marry into their
              host community after the war have more children. These results
              indicate that life-history and assimilation outcomes depend on
              key differences between pre-war environments-when migrants are
              living in their own communities-and post-war environments-when
              migrants are living in the host community. Overall, this suggests
              that integration involves a trade-off between reproduction and
              status such that evacuees who integrate gain social status,
              whereas those who maintain stronger bonds with their natal
              communities have higher fertility. We discuss these results
              within the framework of social capital, intergroup conflict and
              life-history theory and suggest how they can inform our
              understanding of evolutionary adaptations that affect tribalism.",
  journal  = "Nat Hum Behav",
  volume   =  3,
  number   =  4,
  pages    = "337--345",
  year     =  2019,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0542-5",
  keywords = "CF Growth/My Bayes cites;CV/Papers",
  issn     = "2397-3374",
  pmid     = "30971788",
  doi      = "10.1038/s41562-019-0542-5"
}

@ARTICLE{eisenmann_day_2009,
  title       = "Day-to-day variability in voluntary wheel running among
                 genetically differentiated lines of mice that vary in activity
                 level",
  author      = "Eisenmann, Joey C and Wickel, Eric E and Kelly, Scott A and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  abstract    = "This study examined the day-to-day variability in voluntary
                 wheel-running behavior among three genetically distinct lines
                 of young male and female mice. Daily wheel revolutions were
                 recorded at an age of 6-8 weeks in 10 males and 10 females
                 from each of 3 lines: selectively bred line for high wheel
                 running (Line 8), selectively bred for high wheel-running
                 activity and fixed for a Mendelian recessive allele that
                 reduces hind-limb muscle mass by 50\% (Line 3), non-selected
                 control (Line 2). There were significant mean differences in
                 revolutions/day among weeks (P = 0.003), but the effect size
                 was small (10\%). Significant main effects for wheel running
                 were also revealed for sex and line (P < 0.001). The grand
                 mean +/- SD for the coefficient of variation (CV) of
                 intra-individual wheel running was 23.0 +/- 10.8\%. Although a
                 significant main effect for the CV was found for week, the
                 effect size was low (7\%) (age 6 weeks, 23.4 +/- 10.9\%; age 7
                 weeks, 25.1 +/- 13.2\%; age 8 weeks, 20.1 +/- 7.8\%). The
                 overall mean CV was similar between females (21.4 +/- 9.8\%)
                 and males (24.4 +/- 12.0\%) and among lines (Line 2, 23.4 +/-
                 9.8\%; Line 3, 20.4 +/- 7.6\%; and Line 8, 25.0 +/- 14.4\%).
                 These findings are consistent with our previous work in young
                 humans and lend further support for the hypothesis that
                 biological mechanisms influence daily levels of physical
                 activity.",
  journal     = "Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.",
  volume      =  106,
  number      =  4,
  pages       = "613--619",
  year        =  2009,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1056-z",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1439-6319, 1439-6327",
  pmid        = "19381677",
  doi         = "10.1007/s00421-009-1056-z",
  original_id = "88f1564e-ebf8-0c48-a738-010c56330213"
}

@ARTICLE{clarke_bird_2006,
  title       = "Bird evolution",
  author      = "Clarke, Julia and Middleton, Kevin",
  journal     = "Curr. Biol.",
  volume      =  16,
  number      =  10,
  pages       = "R350--4",
  month       =  may,
  year        =  2006,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.023",
  keywords    = "CV/Reviews",
  issn        = "0960-9822",
  pmid        = "16713939",
  doi         = "10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.023",
  original_id = "949307ee-8012-0333-8d18-c9bc30d05a6e"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_theropod_2000,
  title       = "Theropod forelimb design and evolution",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Gatesy, Stephen M",
  abstract    = "We examined the relationship between forelimb design and
                 function across the 230-million-year history of theropod
                 evolution. Forelimb disparity was assessed by plotting the
                 relative contributions of the three main limb elements on a
                 ternary diagram. Theropods were divided into five functional
                 groups: predatory, reduced, flying, wing-propelled diving, and
                 flighdess. Forelimbs which maintained their primitive
                 function, predation, are similarly proportioned, but non-avian
                 theropods with highly reduced forelimbs have relatively longer
                 humeri. Despite the dramatically different forces imparted by
                 the evolution of flight, forelimb proportions of basal birds
                 are only slighdy different from those of their non-avian
                 relatives. An increase in disparity accompanied the subsequent
                 radiation of birds. Each transition to flightlessness has been
                 accompanied by an increase in relative humeral length, which
                 results from relatively short distal limb elements. We
                 introduce theoretical predictions based on five biomechanical
                 and developmental factors that may have influenced the
                 evolution of theropod limb proportions.",
  journal     = "Zool. J. Linn. Soc.",
  publisher   = "Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
  volume      =  128,
  number      =  2,
  pages       = "149--187",
  year        =  2000,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00160.x",
  keywords    = "Aves; bipedalism; Dinosauria; disparity; flight; limb
                 morphology; locomotion; morphospace; Theropoda; wing;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0024-4082",
  doi         = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00160.x",
  original_id = "027df100-cf42-09e7-9710-51aacea7b78f"
}

@ARTICLE{tian_direct_2006,
  title       = "Direct measurements of the kinematics and dynamics of bat
                 flight",
  author      = "Tian, Xiaodong and Iriarte-Diaz, Jose and Middleton, Kevin and
                 Galvao, Ricardo and Israeli, Emily and Roemer, Abigail and
                 Sullivan, Allyce and Song, Arnold and Swartz, Sharon and
                 Breuer, Kenneth",
  abstract    = "Experimental measurements and analysis of the flight of bats
                 are presented, including kinematic analysis of high-speed
                 stereo videography of straight and turning flight, and
                 measurements of the wake velocity field behind the bat. The
                 kinematic data reveal that, at relatively slow flight speeds,
                 wing motion is quite complex, including a sharp retraction of
                 the wing during the upstroke and a broad sweep of the
                 partially extended wing during the downstroke. The data also
                 indicate that the flight speed and elevation are not constant,
                 but oscillate in synchrony with both the horizontal and
                 vertical movements of the wing. PIV measurements in the
                 transverse (Trefftz) plane of the wake indicate a complex
                 'wake vortex' structure dominated by a strong wing tip vortex
                 shed from the wing tip during the downstroke and either the
                 wing tip or a more proximal joint during the upstroke. Data
                 synthesis of several discrete realizations suggests a
                 'cartoon' of the wake structure during the entire wing beat
                 cycle. Considerable work remains to be done to confirm and
                 amplify these results.",
  journal     = "Bioinspir. Biomim.",
  volume      =  1,
  number      =  4,
  pages       = "S10--8",
  year        =  2006,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/1/4/S02",
  keywords    = "CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1748-3182, 1748-3190",
  pmid        = "17671313",
  doi         = "10.1088/1748-3182/1/4/S02",
  original_id = "5923d12e-9875-0857-8e55-64027395addc"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_morphological_2001,
  title       = "The morphological basis of hallucal orientation in extant
                 birds",
  author      = "Middleton, K M",
  abstract    = "The perching foot of living birds is commonly characterized by
                 a reversed or opposable digit I (hallux). Primitively, the
                 hallux of nonavian theropod dinosaurs was unreversed and lay
                 parallel to digits II-IV. Among basal birds, a unique digital
                 innovation evolved in which the hallux opposes digits II-IV.
                 This digital configuration is critical for grasping and
                 perching. I studied skeletons of modern birds with a range of
                 hallucal designs, from unreversed (anteromedially directed) to
                 fully reversed (posteriorly directed). Two primary correlates
                 of hallucal orientation were revealed. First, the fossa into
                 which metatarsal I articulates is oriented slightly more
                 posteriorly on the tarsometatarsus, rotating the digit as a
                 unit. Second, metatarsal I exhibits a distinctive torsion of
                 its distal shaft relative to its proximal articulation with
                 the tarsometatarsus, reorienting the distal condyles and
                 phalanges of digit I. Herein, I present a method that
                 facilitates the re-evaluation of hallucal orientation in
                 fossil avians based on morphology alone. This method also
                 avoids potential misinterpretations of hallucal orientation in
                 fossil birds that could result from preserved appearance
                 alone.",
  journal     = "J. Morphol.",
  volume      =  250,
  number      =  1,
  pages       = "51--60",
  year        =  2001,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1058",
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0362-2525, 0022-2887",
  pmid        = "11599015",
  doi         = "10.1002/jmor.1058",
  original_id = "35d5fa68-9d5b-0177-94f0-2c0d2bdb5869"
}

@ARTICLE{hannon_phenotypic_2008a,
  title       = "Phenotypic effects of the ``mini-muscle'' allele in a large
                 {{HR} x {C57BL/6J}} mouse backcross",
  author      = "Hannon, Robert M and Kelly, Scott A and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Kolb, Erik M and Pomp, Daniel and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  abstract    = "From outbred Hsd:ICR mice, we selectively bred 4 replicate
                 lines for high running (High-Runner [HR] lines) on wheels
                 while maintaining 4 nonselected lines as controls (C lines).
                 An apparent Mendelian recessive, the ``mini-muscle'' (MM)
                 allele, whose main phenotypic effect is to reduce hindlimb
                 muscle mass by 50\%, was discovered in 2 HR lines and 1 C
                 line. This gene of major effect has gone to fixation in one
                 selected line, remains polymorphic in another, and is now
                 undetectable in the one C line. Homozygotes exhibit various
                 pleiotropic effects, including a doubling of mass-specific
                 muscle aerobic capacity, and larger hearts, livers, and
                 spleens. To create a population suitable for mapping the
                 genomic location of the MM allele and to better characterize
                 its pleiotropic effects, we crossed females fixed for the MM
                 allele with male C57BL/6J. F(1) males were then backcrossed to
                 the MM parent females. Backcross (BC) mice (N = 404) were
                 dissected, and a 50:50 ratio of normal to MM phenotype was
                 observed with no overlap in relative muscle mass. In the BC,
                 analysis of covariance revealed that MM individuals ran
                 significantly more on days 5 and 6 of a 6-day exposure to
                 running wheels (as in the routine selective-breeding
                 protocol), were smaller in body mass, and had larger
                 ventricles and spleens.",
  journal     = "J. Hered.",
  volume      =  99,
  number      =  4,
  pages       = "349--354",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esn011",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0022-1503, 1465-7333",
  pmid        = "18310069",
  doi         = "10.1093/jhered/esn011",
  original_id = "feb2dc36-02b3-0518-ad58-0968f42158c0"
}

@ARTICLE{keeney_differential_2008,
  title       = "Differential response to a selective cannabinoid receptor
                 antagonist ({{SR141716}: Rimonabant}) in female mice from
                 lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running
                 behaviour",
  author      = "Keeney, Brooke K and Raichlen, David A and Meek, Thomas H and
                 Wijeratne, Rashmi S and Middleton, Kevin M and Gerdeman,
                 Gregory L and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  abstract    = "Exercise is a naturally rewarding behaviour in human beings
                 and can be associated with feelings of euphoria and analgesia.
                 The endocannabinoid system may play a role in the perception
                 of neurobiological rewards during and after prolonged
                 exercise. Mice from lines that have been selectively bred for
                 high voluntary wheel running (high runner or HR lines) may
                 have evolved neurobiological mechanisms that increase the
                 incentive salience of endurance-type exercise. Here, we test
                 the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signalling has been
                 altered in the four replicate HR lines as compared with four
                 nonselected control lines. After 18 days of acclimation to
                 cages with attached wheels, we injected mice with rimonabant
                 (SR141716), a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist.
                 During the time of normal peak running, each mouse received,
                 in a randomized order, intraperitoneal injection of rimonabant
                 (0.1 or 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle, over 9 days. Drug response was
                 quantified as wheel revolutions, time and speed 10-70 min
                 postinjection. Rimonabant decreased running in all mice;
                 however, female HR mice differentially decreased running speed
                 and distance (but not time) as compared with control females.
                 We conclude that altered endocannabinoid signalling plays a
                 role in the high wheel running of female HR mice.",
  journal     = "Behav. Pharmacol.",
  volume      =  19,
  number      =  8,
  pages       = "812--820",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e32831c3b6b",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0955-8810, 1473-5849",
  pmid        = "19020416",
  doi         = "10.1097/FBP.0b013e32831c3b6b",
  original_id = "9e94d53c-dea3-09ec-a3fe-1c481c56db47"
}

@ARTICLE{malisch_behavioral_2009,
  title       = "Behavioral despair and home-cage activity in mice with
                 chronically elevated baseline corticosterone concentrations",
  author      = "Malisch, Jessica L and Breuner, Creagh W and Kolb, Erik M and
                 Wada, Haruka and Hannon, Robert M and Chappell, Mark A and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  abstract    = "Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
                 resulting in elevated baseline glucocorticoid concentrations
                 is a hallmark of stress-related human anxiety and affective
                 disorders, including depression. Mice from four replicate
                 lines bred for high voluntary wheel running (HR lines) run
                 almost three times as much as four non-selected control (C)
                 lines, and exhibit two fold elevated baseline circulating
                 corticosterone levels throughout the 24 h cycle. Although
                 elevated baseline CORT may be beneficial for high locomotor
                 activity, chronic elevations can have deleterious effects on
                 multiple systems, and may predispose for affective disorders.
                 Because stressful events often precede a depressive bout, we
                 quantified depressive-like behavior in the forced-swim (FST;
                 generation 41) and tail-suspension tests (TST; generation 47)
                 in HR and C mice that had wheel access for 6 days and then
                 were deprived of wheels on day seven prior to the FST or TST.
                 Male HR spent significantly more time immobile in the FST than
                 C, suggesting that HR males have a predisposition for
                 depression-like behavior. Both male and female HR (generation
                 43) were more active than same-sex controls in both wheel
                 running and home-cage activity across 22 h (pooling the sexes,
                 HR/C = 2.28 and 2.66, respectively).",
  journal     = "Behav. Genet.",
  volume      =  39,
  number      =  2,
  pages       = "192--201",
  year        =  2009,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-008-9246-8",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0001-8244, 1573-3297",
  pmid        = "19067154",
  doi         = "10.1007/s10519-008-9246-8",
  original_id = "4826743d-eba2-04e2-8c66-4faa63ac4ae3"
}

@MISC{holliday_12_2013,
  title        = "{K-12} and community outreach using interactive and
                  experiential anatomical learning: Dinosaurs \& Cavemen",
  author       = "Holliday, Casey M and Knocke, Melanie and Cowgill, Libby W
                  and Middleton, Kevin M and Woods, Alexander and Maddux, Scott
                  D and Ward, Carol V and Dufeau, David L and Warren, Amy L and
                  George, Ian D and Moffett, Elizabeth A and Tsai, Henry P and
                  Savage, Chet R and Swartz, Sarah and Lo Presti, Elizabeth J
                  and Munds, Rachel A and Hammond, Ashley S and Sellers, Kaleb
                  C and Gant, Cortaiga A and Winkler, Zachariah J",
  year         =  2013,
  howpublished = "MU School of Medicine Medical Education Day",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "ed762896-60ec-0868-a10b-15087ddc6212"
}

@ARTICLE{read_hummingbirds_2016,
  title       = "Hummingbirds control turning velocity using body orientation
                 and turning radius using asymmetrical wingbeat kinematics",
  author      = "Read, Tyson J G and Segre, Paolo S and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Altshuler, Douglas L",
  abstract    = "Turning in flight requires reorientation of force, which
                 birds, bats and insects accomplish either by shifting body
                 position and total force in concert or by using left-right
                 asymmetries in wingbeat kinematics. Although both mechanisms
                 have been observed in multiple species, it is currently
                 unknown how each is used to control changes in trajectory. We
                 addressed this problem by measuring body and wingbeat
                 kinematics as hummingbirds tracked a revolving feeder, and
                 estimating aerodynamic forces using a quasi-steady model.
                 During arcing turns, hummingbirds symmetrically banked the
                 stroke plane of both wings, and the body, into turns,
                 supporting a body-dependent mechanism. However, several
                 wingbeat asymmetries were present during turning, including a
                 higher and flatter outer wingtip path and a lower more
                 deviated inner wingtip path. A quasi-steady analysis of arcing
                 turns performed with different trajectories revealed that
                 changes in radius were associated with asymmetrical kinematics
                 and forces, and changes in velocity were associated with
                 symmetrical kinematics and forces. Collectively, our results
                 indicate that both body-dependent and -independent force
                 orientation mechanisms are available to hummingbirds, and that
                 these kinematic strategies are used to meet the separate
                 aerodynamic challenges posed by changes in velocity and
                 turning radius.",
  journal     = "J. R. Soc. Interface",
  volume      =  13,
  number      =  116,
  pages       = "20160110",
  year        =  2016,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0110",
  keywords    = "Calypte anna; banked turns; biomechanics; feeder tracking;
                 flight; manoeuvrability;CF Growth/My computational
                 cites;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1742-5689",
  pmid        = "27030042",
  doi         = "10.1098/rsif.2016.0110",
  pmc         = "PMC4843685",
  original_id = "0e229eb5-7763-0ce3-9ca4-43d489700508"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_variation_2010,
  title       = "Variation in within-bone stiffness measured by nanoindentation
                 in mice bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Goldstein, Beth D and Guduru, Pradeep R
                 and Waters, Julie F and Kelly, Scott A and Swartz, Sharon M
                 and Garland, Jr, T",
  abstract    = "The hierarchical structure of bone, involving micro-scale
                 organization and interaction of material components, is a
                 critical determinant of macro-scale mechanics. Changes in
                 whole-bone morphology in response to the actions of individual
                 genes, physiological loading during life, or evolutionary
                 processes, may be accompanied by alterations in underlying
                 mineralization or architecture. Here, we used nanoindentation
                 to precisely measure compressive stiffness in the femoral
                 mid-diaphysis of mice that had experienced 37 generations of
                 selective breeding for high levels of voluntary wheel running
                 (HR). Mice (n = 48 total), half from HR lines and half from
                 non-selected control (C) lines, were divided into two
                 experimental groups, one with 13-14 weeks of access to a
                 running wheel and one housed without wheels (n = 12 in each
                 group). At the end of the experiment, gross and micro-computed
                 tomography (microCT)-based morphometric traits were measured,
                 and reduced elastic modulus (E(r)) was estimated separately
                 for four anatomical quadrants of the femoral cortex: anterior,
                 posterior, lateral, and medial. Two-way, mixed-model analysis
                 of covariance (ancova) showed that body mass was a highly
                 significant predictor of all morphometric traits and that
                 structural change is more apparent at the microCT level than
                 in conventional morphometrics of whole bones. Both line type
                 (HR vs. C) and presence of the mini-muscle phenotype (caused
                 by a Mendelian recessive allele and characterized by a
                 approximately 50\% reduction in mass of the gastrocnemius
                 muscle complex) were significant predictors of femoral
                 cortical cross-sectional anatomy. Measurement of reduced
                 modulus obtained by nanoindentation was repeatable within a
                 single quadrant and sensitive enough to detect
                 inter-individual differences. Although we found no significant
                 effects of line type (HR vs. C) or physical activity (wheel
                 vs. no wheel) on mean stiffness, anterior and posterior
                 quadrants were significantly stiffer (P < 0.0001) than medial
                 and lateral quadrants (32.67 and 33.09 GPa vs. 29.78 and 30.46
                 GPa, respectively). Our findings of no significant difference
                 in compressive stiffness in the anterior and posterior
                 quadrants agree with previous results for mice, but differ
                 from those for large mammals. Integrating these results with
                 others from ongoing research on these mice, we hypothesize
                 that the skeletons of female HR mice may be less sensitive to
                 the effects of chronic exercise, due to decreased circulating
                 leptin levels and potentially altered endocannabinoid
                 signaling.",
  journal     = "J. Anat.",
  volume      =  216,
  number      =  1,
  pages       = "121--131",
  year        =  2010,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01175.x",
  keywords    = "Alligator\_Morphology;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;Grants/NIH Aging
                 Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;Mouse/Mouse Reading List;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0021-8782, 1469-7580",
  pmid        = "20402827",
  doi         = "10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01175.x",
  pmc         = "PMC2807980",
  original_id = "985d9cc4-a2f9-036d-b447-b1768d6d5dbe"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_selective_2008a,
  title       = "Selective breeding as a tool to probe skeletal response to
                 high voluntary locomotor activity in mice",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Kelly, Scott A and Garland, Jr,
                 Theodore",
  abstract    = "We present a novel mouse-model for the study of skeletal
                 structure and evolution, based on selective breeding for high
                 levels of voluntary wheel running. Whereas traditional models
                 (originally inbred strains, more recently knockouts and
                 transgenics) rely on the study of mutant or
                 laboratory-manipulated phenotypes, we have studied changes in
                 skeletal morphometrics resulting from many generations of
                 artificial selection for high activity in the form of wheel
                 running, in which mice engage voluntarily. Mice from the four
                 replicate High Runner (HR) lines run nearly three times as
                 many revolutions during days 5 and 6 of a 6-day exposure to
                 wheels (1.12 m circumference). We have found significant
                 changes in skeletal dimensions of the hind limbs, including
                 decreased directional asymmetry, larger femoral heads, and
                 wider distal femora. The latter two have been hypothesized as
                 evolutionary adaptations for long-distance locomotion in
                 hominids. Exercise-training studies involving experimental
                 groups with and without access to wheels have shown increased
                 diameters of both femora and tibiafibulae, and suggest genetic
                 effects on trainability (genotype-by-environment
                 interactions). Reanalysis of previously published data on bone
                 masses of hind limbs revealed novel patterns of change in bone
                 mass associated with access to wheels for 2 months. Without
                 access to wheels, HR mice have significantly heavier
                 tibiafibulae and foot bones, whereas with chronic access to
                 wheels, a significant increase in foot bone mass that was
                 linearly related to increases in daily wheel running was
                 observed. Mice exhibiting a recently discovered small-muscle
                 phenotype (``mini-muscle,'' [MM] caused by a Mendelian
                 recessive gene), in which the mass of the triceps surae muscle
                 complex is ∼50\% lower than in normal individuals, have
                 significantly longer and thinner bones in the hind limb. We
                 present new data for the ontogenetic development of muscle
                 mass in Control, HR, and MM phenotypes in mice of 1-7 weeks
                 postnatal age. Statistical comparisons reveal highly
                 significant differences both in triceps surae mass and
                 mass-corrected triceps surae mass between normal and MM mice
                 at all but the postnatal age of 1 week. Based on previously
                 observed differences in distributions of myosin isoforms in
                 adult MM mice, we hypothesize that a reduction of myosin
                 heavy-chain type-IIb isoforms with accounts for our observed
                 ontogenetic changes in muscle mass.",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  48,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "394--410",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icn057",
  keywords    = "Alligator\_Morphology;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;Grants/NIH Aging
                 Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  pmid        = "21669801",
  doi         = "10.1093/icb/icn057",
  original_id = "47363999-f44d-0606-9802-f1b2fd2b5b54"
}

@ARTICLE{wallace_functional_2010,
  title       = "Functional significance of genetic variation underlying limb
                 bone diaphyseal structure",
  author      = "Wallace, Ian J and Middleton, Kevin M and Lublinsky, Svetlana
                 and Kelly, Scott A and Judex, Stefan and Garland, Jr, Theodore
                 and Demes, Brigitte",
  abstract    = "Limb bone diaphyseal structure is frequently used to infer
                 hominin activity levels from skeletal remains, an approach
                 based on the well-documented ability of bone to adjust to its
                 loading environment during life. However, diaphyseal structure
                 is also determined in part by genetic factors. This study
                 investigates the possibility that genetic variation underlying
                 diaphyseal structure is influenced by the activity levels of
                 ancestral populations and might also have functional
                 significance in an evolutionary context. We adopted an
                 experimental evolution approach and tested for differences in
                 femoral diaphyseal structure in 1-week-old mice from a line
                 that had been artificially selected (45 generations) for high
                 voluntary wheel running and non-selected controls. As adults,
                 selected mice are significantly more active on wheels and in
                 home cages, and have thicker diaphyses. Structural differences
                 at 1 week can be assumed to primarily reflect the effects of
                 selective breeding rather than direct mechanical stimuli,
                 given that the onset of locomotion in mice is shortly after
                 Day 7. We hypothesized that if genetically determined
                 diaphyseal structure reflects the activity patterns of members
                 of a lineage, then selected animals will have relatively
                 larger diaphyseal dimensions at 1 week compared to controls.
                 The results provide strong support for this hypothesis and
                 suggest that limb bone cross sections may not always only
                 reflect the activity levels of particular fossil individuals,
                 but also convey an evolutionary signal providing information
                 about hominin activity in the past.",
  journal     = "Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",
  volume      =  143,
  number      =  1,
  pages       = "21--30",
  year        =  2010,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21286",
  keywords    = "Alligator\_Morphology;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;Grants/NIH Aging
                 Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0002-9483, 1096-8644",
  pmid        = "20310061",
  doi         = "10.1002/ajpa.21286",
  pmc         = "PMC2927726",
  original_id = "1f5cfd4e-4eb1-07ba-9834-1167874d7a73"
}

@ARTICLE{middleton_relative_2008,
  title       = "The relative importance of genetics and phenotypic plasticity
                 in dictating bone morphology and mechanics in aged mice:
                 evidence from an artificial selection experiment",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M and Shubin, Corinne E and Moore, Douglas C
                 and Carter, Patrick A and Garland, Jr, Theodore and Swartz,
                 Sharon M",
  abstract    = "Both genetic and environmental factors are known to influence
                 the structure of bone, contributing to its mechanical behavior
                 during, and adaptive response to, loading. We introduce a
                 novel approach to simultaneously address the genetically
                 mediated, exercise-related effects on bone morphometrics and
                 strength, using mice that had been selectively bred for high
                 levels of voluntary wheel running (16 generations). Female
                 mice from high running and control lines were either allowed
                 (n=12, 12, respectively) or denied (n=11, 12, respectively)
                 access to wheels for 20 months. Femoral shaft, neck, and head
                 were measured with calipers and via micro-computed tomography.
                 Fracture characteristics of the femoral head were assessed in
                 cantilever bending. After adjusting for variation in body mass
                 by two-way analysis of covariance, distal width of the femur
                 increased as a result of selective breeding, and mediolateral
                 femoral diameter was reduced by wheel access. Cross-sectional
                 area of the femoral mid-shaft showed a significant linetype x
                 activity effect, increasing with wheel access in high-running
                 lines but decreasing in control lines. Body mass was
                 significantly positively correlated with many of the
                 morphometric traits studied. Fracture load of the femoral neck
                 was strongly positively predicted by morphometric traits of
                 the femoral neck (r2>0.30), but no significant effects of
                 selective breeding or wheel access were found. The significant
                 correlations of body mass with femoral morphometric traits
                 underscore the importance of controlling for body size when
                 analyzing the response of bone size and shape to experimental
                 treatments. After controlling for body mass, measures of the
                 femoral neck remain significant predictors of femoral neck
                 strength.",
  journal     = "Zoology",
  volume      =  111,
  number      =  2,
  pages       = "135--147",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.003",
  keywords    = "Alligator\_Morphology;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;Grants/NIH Aging
                 Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;Mouse/Mouse Reading List;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0944-2006",
  pmid        = "18221861",
  doi         = "10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.003",
  pmc         = "PMC2405767",
  original_id = "0fadb885-93b9-0b8b-84ca-a6fde2722297"
}

@ARTICLE{swartz_biomechanics_2008,
  title       = "Biomechanics of the bat limb skeleton: scaling, material
                 properties and mechanics",
  author      = "Swartz, Sharon M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract    = "BACKGROUND/AIMS: Wing skeletons of bats are uniquely
                 specialized for flight, reflecting both evolutionary history
                 and the need to maintain structural integrity while generating
                 aerodynamic forces. METHODS: We analyzed the anatomical
                 structure of bat wing skeletons in the context of scaling
                 patterns relative to other mammals, material properties and
                 the mechanical function of the wing bones during flight.
                 RESULTS: Compared with nonvolant mammals, the bones of the bat
                 forelimb are elongated, even after correcting for shared
                 phylogenetic history. Bats have consistently larger-diameter
                 bones in the forelimb than do nonvolant mammals but
                 significantly narrower hindlimb bones. Mineralization in the
                 cortical bone of wings is lower than in the long bones of
                 other adult mammals, with a proximodistal gradient of
                 decreasing mineralization. The distal phalanges have only a
                 small amount of mineralized tissue underlying the articular
                 cartilage. Loads required to elicit a 10\% length deflection
                 in the wing bones of Glossophaga soricina varied approximately
                 50-fold along the wing and flexural stiffness nearly 200-fold.
                 Commensurate with low mineralization and flexural stiffness,
                 bat bones experience extraordinarily high bending strains
                 during flight. CONCLUSION: Bat limb skeletons share features
                 with other mammals and possess specialized characteristics,
                 mostly related to the mechanical demands of flight.",
  journal     = "Cells Tissues Organs",
  volume      =  187,
  number      =  1,
  pages       = "59--84",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000109964",
  keywords    = "Alligator\_Morphology;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CF Growth/My model
                 comp;CV/Papers;Quantitative Methods",
  issn        = "1422-6405, 1422-6421",
  pmid        = "18160803",
  doi         = "10.1159/000109964",
  original_id = "c33ed4d2-3fe1-0d75-8f56-de06b2711eb0"
}

@ARTICLE{riskin_effect_2010,
  title       = "The effect of body size on the wing movements of pteropodid
                 bats, with insights into thrust and lift production",
  author      = "Riskin, Daniel K and Iriarte-Díaz, José and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Breuer, Kenneth S and Swartz, Sharon M",
  abstract    = "In this study we compared the wing kinematics of 27 bats
                 representing six pteropodid species ranging more than 40 times
                 in body mass (M(b)=0.0278-1.152 kg), to determine whether wing
                 posture and overall wing kinematics scaled as predicted
                 according to theory. The smallest species flew in a wind
                 tunnel and the other five species in a flight corridor.
                 Seventeen kinematic markers on the midline and left side of
                 the body were tracked in three dimensions. We used
                 phylogenetically informed reduced major axis regression to
                 test for allometry. We found that maximum wingspan (b(max))
                 and maximum wing area (S(max)) scaled with more positive
                 allometry, and wing loading (Q(s)) with more negative
                 allometry (b(max)∝M(b)(0.423); S(max)∝M(b)(0.768);
                 Q(s)∝M(b)(0.233)) than has been reported in previous studies
                 that were based on measurements from specimens stretched out
                 flat on a horizontal surface. Our results suggest that larger
                 bats open their wings more fully than small bats do in flight,
                 and that for bats, body measurements alone cannot be used to
                 predict the conformation of the wings in flight. Several
                 kinematic variables, including downstroke ratio, wing stroke
                 amplitude, stroke plane angle, wing camber and Strouhal
                 number, did not change significantly with body size,
                 demonstrating that many aspects of wing kinematics are similar
                 across this range of body sizes. Whereas aerodynamic theory
                 suggests that preferred flight speed should increase with
                 mass, we did not observe an increase in preferred flight speed
                 with mass. Instead, larger bats had higher lift coefficients
                 (C(L)) than did small bats (C(L)∝M(b)(0.170)). Also, the slope
                 of the wingbeat period (T) to body mass regression was
                 significantly more shallow than expected under isometry
                 (T∝M(b)(0.180)), and angle of attack (α) increased
                 significantly with body mass [α∝log(M(b))7.738]. None of the
                 bats in our study flew at constant speed, so we used multiple
                 regression to isolate the changes in wing kinematics that
                 correlated with changes in flight speed, horizontal
                 acceleration and vertical acceleration. We uncovered several
                 significant trends that were consistent among species. Our
                 results demonstrate that for medium- to large-sized bats, the
                 ways that bats modulate their wing kinematics to produce
                 thrust and lift over the course of a wingbeat cycle are
                 independent of body size.",
  journal     = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  volume      =  213,
  number      = "Pt 23",
  pages       = "4110--4122",
  year        =  2010,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.043091",
  keywords    = "xx Archived/Pterosaur;CF Growth/My computational
                 cites;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0022-0949, 1477-9145",
  pmid        = "21075953",
  doi         = "10.1242/jeb.043091",
  original_id = "5acb9c7e-6495-0e96-9913-24eb8c971d77"
}

@INCOLLECTION{gatesy_skeletal_2007,
  title       = "Skeletal Adaptations for Flight",
  booktitle   = "Fins Into Limbs",
  author      = "Gatesy, Stephen M and Middleton, Kevin M",
  editor      = "Hall, Brian Keith",
  publisher   = "University of Chicago Press",
  year        =  2007,
  address     = "Chicago",
  keywords    = "xx Archived/Pterosaur;CV/Book chapters",
  isbn        = "9780226313368",
  original_id = "962384ac-8bbf-0469-9f12-4cd6fb67622f"
}

@ARTICLE{Sellers2017-kj,
  title       = "Ontogeny of bite force in a validated biomechanical model of
                 the {American alligator}",
  author      = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Davis, Julian L
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract    = "Three-dimensional computational modeling offers tools with
                 which to investigate forces experienced by the skull during
                 feeding and other behaviors. American alligators (Alligator
                 mississippiensis) generate some of the highest measured bite
                 forces among extant tetrapods. A concomitant increase in bite
                 force accompanies ontogenetic increases in body mass, which
                 has been linked with dietary changes as animals increase in
                 size. Because the flattened skull of crocodylians has
                 substantial mediolaterally oriented muscles, crocodylians are
                 an excellent model taxon in which to explore the role of
                 mediolateral force components experienced by the feeding
                 apparatus. Many previous modeling studies of archosaur cranial
                 function focused on planar analysis, ignoring the mediolateral
                 aspects of cranial forces. Here, we used three-dimensionally
                 accurate anatomical data to resolve 3D muscle forces. Using
                 dissection, imaging and computational techniques, we developed
                 lever and finite element models of an ontogenetic series of
                 alligators to test the effects of size and shape on cranial
                 loading and compared estimated bite forces with those
                 previously measured in vivo in A. mississippiensis We found
                 that modeled forces matched in vivo data well for
                 intermediately sized individuals, and somewhat overestimated
                 force in smaller specimens and underestimated force in larger
                 specimens, suggesting that ontogenetically static muscular
                 parameters and bony attachment sites alone cannot account for
                 all the variation in bite force. Adding aponeurotic muscle
                 attachments would likely improve force predictions, but such
                 data are challenging to model and integrate into analyses of
                 extant taxa and are generally unpreserved in fossils. We
                 conclude that anatomically accurate modeling of muscles can be
                 coupled with finite element and lever analyses to produce
                 reliable, reasonably accurate estimate bite forces and thus
                 both skeletal and joint loading, with known sources of error,
                 which can be applied to extinct taxa.",
  journal     = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  volume      =  220,
  pages       = "2036--2046",
  year        =  2017,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.156281",
  keywords    = "Alligator; Biomechanics; Feeding; Finite Element Analysis;
                 Modeling; Crocodylia;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0022-0949, 1477-9145",
  pmid        = "28363902",
  doi         = "10.1242/jeb.156281",
  original_id = "1394b88d-5096-0119-891b-a8e3e23e4506"
}

@ARTICLE{Sellers2017-uj,
  title       = "Biomechanics and the Evolution of the Crocodyliform Skull",
  author      = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Middleton, Kevin M and Davis, Julian L
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "579.1",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "adc7f6a3-f9d0-0d61-ae59-51b474808c03"
}

@ARTICLE{Smith2017-ws,
  title       = "Bending Properties of the Jugal Bone in Mallard Ducks and Its
                 Significance for Cranial Biomechanics",
  author      = "Smith, Caitlyn J and Holliday, Casey M and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Bailleul, Alida M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "577.6",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "e3c6d128-dfd6-02ba-b945-39a54923ca98"
}

@ARTICLE{peacock_effects_2017,
  title       = "Effects of perinatal circadian programming on activity and
                 skeletal morphology in {C57BL/6} mice",
  author      = "Peacock, Sarah J and Bates, Keenan A and Talton, Omoseigho O
                 and Schulz, Laura C and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "577.18",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "c452c820-fc62-05f0-a265-4b92a03485e9"
}

@MISC{Ngoma2017-oq,
  title        = "Coordination of resource availability with allocation in a
                  synthetic population: lifespan and its heritability across
                  dietary regimes",
  author       = "Ng'oma, Enoch and Perinchery, Anna and Middleton, Kevin M and
                  King, Elizabeth G",
  year         =  2017,
  howpublished = "58th Annual Drosophila Research Conference",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  location     = "San Diego, CA",
  original_id  = "3635405c-6a14-0459-ab73-4fd34541b72a"
}

@ARTICLE{Smolinsky2017-gk,
  title       = "The effects of muscle- and impact-dominated loading on femoral
                 cross-section morphology and mineral apposition in young
                 outbred mice",
  author      = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  57,
  number      = "Suppl. 1",
  pages       = "e395",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CF Growth/My Bayes cites;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "d6aaaa18-2d90-04ee-bb6d-8cbfc77a268c"
}

@MISC{salas_effects_2013,
  title        = "Effects of genetics and exercise on mid-femoral diaphyseal
                  mineral apposition in mice",
  author       = "Salas, Diana L and Coats, Brittney R and Kelly, Scott A and
                  Garland, Jr, Theodore and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2013,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Summer 2013 Undergraduate Research and
                  Creative Achievements Forum",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "66ae9149-b019-0031-bcbb-37e499916620"
}

@MISC{Middleton2008-uk,
  title       = "{EARDA}: Establishment of an Inbred Strain of ``Mini-muscle''
                 Phenotype, High-activity Mice",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  publisher   = "NIH NIAMS",
  year        =  2008,
  keywords    = "CV/Grants",
  original_id = "387086e9-0ef3-02d8-b39b-e37b1eea9c1e"
}

@ARTICLE{clarke_mosaicism_2008,
  title       = "Mosaicism, modules, and the evolution of birds: results from a
                 {Bayesian} approach to the study of morphological evolution
                 using discrete character data",
  author      = "Clarke, Julia A and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract    = "The study of morphological evolution after the inferred origin
                 of active flight homologous with that in Aves has historically
                 been characterized by an emphasis on anatomically disjunct,
                 mosaic patterns of change. Relatively few prior studies have
                 used discrete morphological character data in a phylogenetic
                 context to quantitatively investigate morphological evolution
                 or mosaic evolution in particular. One such previously
                 employed method, which used summed unambiguously optimized
                 synapomorphies, has been the basis for proposing disassociated
                 and sequential ``modernizing'' or ``fine-tuning'' of pectoral
                 and then pelvic locomotor systems after the origin of flight
                 (``pectoral early-pelvic late'' hypothesis). We use one of the
                 most inclusive phylogenetic data sets of basal birds to
                 investigate properties of this method and to consider the
                 application of a Bayesian phylogenetic approach. Bayes factor
                 and statistical comparisons of branch length estimates were
                 used to evaluate support for a mosaic pattern of character
                 change and the specific pectoral early-pelvic late hypothesis.
                 Partitions were defined a priori based on anatomical subregion
                 (e.g., pelvic, pectoral) and were based on those hypothesized
                 using the summed synapomorphy approach. We compare 80 models
                 all implementing the M(k) model for morphological data but
                 varying in the number of anatomical subregion partitions, the
                 models for among-partition rate variation and among-character
                 rate variation, as well as the branch length prior.
                 Statistical analysis reveals that partitioning data by
                 anatomical subregion, independently estimating branch lengths
                 for partitioned data, and use of shared or per partition
                 gamma-shaped among-character rate distribution significantly
                 increases estimated model likelihoods. Simulation studies
                 reveal that partitioned models where characters are randomly
                 assigned perform significantly worse than both the observed
                 model and the single-partition equal-rate model, suggesting
                 that only partitioning by anatomical subregion increases model
                 performance. The preference for models with partitions defined
                 a priori by anatomical subregion is consistent with a
                 disjunctive pattern of character change for the data set
                 investigated and may have implications for parameterization of
                 Bayesian analyses of morphological data more generally.
                 Statistical tests of differences in estimated branch lengths
                 from the pectoral and pelvic partitions do not support the
                 specific pectoral early-pelvic late hypothesis proposed from
                 the summed synapomorphy approach; however, results suggest
                 limited support for some pectoral branch lengths being
                 significantly longer only early at/after the origin of flight.",
  journal     = "Syst. Biol.",
  volume      =  57,
  number      =  2,
  pages       = "185--201",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150802022231",
  keywords    = "CF Growth/My computational cites;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1063-5157",
  pmid        = "18404577",
  doi         = "10.1080/10635150802022231",
  original_id = "8878fae2-3863-070c-a8d2-f5badd22efa5"
}

@MISC{Hicks2009-er,
  title       = "Effects of environmental oxygen on growth and physiological
                 performance in the American alligator: A case study in
                 experimental paleophysiology",
  author      = "Hicks, James W and Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Rourke, Bryan C and
                 Middleton, Kevin M",
  publisher   = "NSF IOS",
  year        =  2009,
  keywords    = "CV/Grants",
  original_id = "9d912b4b-1652-08b7-9c4b-86d68a886688"
}

@MISC{Clarke2009-rc,
  title       = "Collaborative Research: Wings to Flippers - Phylogenetics,
                 Character Acquisition, and Feather Biomechanics in the
                 Evolution of {Wing-Propelled} Diving",
  author      = "Clarke, Julia A and Ksepka, Daniel T and Middleton, Kevin M",
  publisher   = "NSF DEB",
  year        =  2009,
  keywords    = "CV/Grants",
  original_id = "450107d9-d5d1-0f79-9778-cb498f49c174"
}

@PHDTHESIS{middleton_morphology_2003,
  title       = "Morphology evolution and function of the avian hallux",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  year        =  2003,
  address     = "Providence, RI",
  school      = "Brown University",
  keywords    = "CV/Dissertation",
  original_id = "84d028ff-9a92-0254-934f-da09ce24db2b"
}

@MISC{Cousins2010-bm,
  title       = "Maturation of an {S-STEM} Scholarship program at a Hispanic
                 {Serving/Minority} Serving Institution",
  author      = "Cousins, Kimberley R and Fryxell, Joan E and Middleton, Kevin
                 M and Qiao, Haiyan and Wallace, Laura J",
  publisher   = "NSF",
  year        =  2010,
  keywords    = "CV/Grants",
  original_id = "e1d258e6-4196-05d3-b242-45c8d8214dbe"
}

@ARTICLE{garlandjr_how_2011,
  title       = "How to run far: multiple solutions and sex-specific responses
                 to selective breeding for high voluntary activity levels",
  author      = "Garland, Jr, Theodore and Kelly, Scott A and Malisch, Jessica
                 L and Kolb, Erik M and Hannon, Robert M and Keeney, Brooke K
                 and Van Cleave, Shana L and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract    = "The response to uniform selection may occur in alternate ways
                 that result in similar performance. We tested for multiple
                 adaptive solutions during artificial selection for high
                 voluntary wheel running in laboratory mice. At generation 43,
                 the four replicate high runner (HR) lines averaged 2.85-fold
                 more revolutions per day as compared with four non-selected
                 control (C) lines, and females ran 1.11-fold more than males,
                 with no sex-by-linetype interaction. Analysis of variance
                 indicated significant differences among C lines but not among
                 HR for revolutions per day. By contrast, average speed varied
                 significantly among HR lines, but not among C, and showed a
                 sex-by-linetype interaction, with the HR/C ratio being 2.02
                 for males and 2.45 for females. Time spent running varied
                 among both HR and C lines, and showed a sex-by-linetype
                 interaction, with the HR/C ratio being 1.52 for males but only
                 1.17 for females. Thus, females (speed) and males (speed, but
                 also time) evolved differently, as did the replicate selected
                 lines. Speed and time showed a trade-off among HR but not
                 among C lines. These results demonstrate that uniform
                 selection on a complex trait can cause consistent responses in
                 the trait under direct selection while promoting divergence in
                 the lower-level components of that trait.",
  journal     = "Proc. Biol. Sci.",
  volume      =  278,
  number      =  1705,
  pages       = "574--581",
  year        =  2011,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1584",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CF Growth/My model
                 comp;Mouse/Mouse Reading List;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0962-8452, 1471-2954",
  pmid        = "20810439",
  doi         = "10.1098/rspb.2010.1584",
  pmc         = "PMC3025687",
  original_id = "f8dacd38-8127-0521-8577-e013834a77ce"
}

@ARTICLE{coats_cross_2012,
  title       = "Cross sectional anatomy of the femoral diaphysis in mice bred
                 for high levels of voluntary wheel running",
  author      = "Coats, Brittney R and Middleton, Kevin M and Kelly, Scott A
                 and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  26,
  pages       = "723.11",
  year        =  2012,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "ead3948c-d1f0-0fce-8b99-874a0451a67f"
}

@ARTICLE{keeney_sex_2012,
  title       = "Sex differences in cannabinoid receptor-1 ({{CB1}})
                 pharmacology in mice selectively bred for high voluntary
                 wheel-running behavior",
  author      = "Keeney, Brooke K and Meek, Thomas H and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Holness, Loana F and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  abstract    = "The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in regulation of
                 various physiological functions, including locomotion,
                 antinociception, emotional states, and motivated behaviors.
                 The ECS has been implicated in regulation of voluntary wheel
                 running in mice via actions at the cannabinoid receptor-1
                 (CB1). Previously, we showed that four replicate lines of mice
                 bred for high levels of voluntary wheel running (high-runner
                 or HR lines) sex-specifically (females only) decreased running
                 in response to antagonism of the CB1 receptor, as compared
                 with four unselected Control lines. Here, we administered a
                 CB1 receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2 (WIN). We predicted that if
                 CB1 activation is involved in the regulation of voluntary
                 wheel running, then HR mice would show a greater response to
                 CB1 agonism. Following our previous protocols, mice from
                 generation 53 were acclimated to running wheels for 24 days,
                 then received, in random order, either an intra-peritoneal
                 injection of vehicle or a low (0.5 mg/kg), medium (1 mg/kg) or
                 high dosage (3 mg/kg) of WIN. Each mouse received an injection
                 and then experienced two nights without injections, for a
                 total period of 12 days. Response to WIN was quantified as
                 wheel revolutions, time spent running, and average running
                 speed in the 10-120 min immediately following injection.
                 Injection decreased wheel revolutions in all mice, but male HR
                 mice decreased their running to a greater degree relative to
                 Controls in response to the high dose of WIN over the entire
                 period analyzed, whereas HR females showed a differential
                 response relative to Controls only in the latter 70-120 min
                 post-injection. These results, in conjunction with our
                 previous study, show that (a) aspects of endocannabinoid
                 signaling have diverged in four lines of mice bred for high
                 levels of voluntary exercise and (b) male and female HR mice
                 differ from one another in CB1 signaling as it relates to
                 wheel running.",
  journal     = "Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.",
  volume      =  101,
  number      =  4,
  pages       = "528--537",
  year        =  2012,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.02.017",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0091-3057, 1873-5177",
  pmid        = "22405775",
  doi         = "10.1016/j.pbb.2012.02.017",
  original_id = "4c0289ce-8f95-082d-aed3-978f792baabb"
}

@ARTICLE{altshuler_wingbeat_2012,
  title       = "Wingbeat kinematics and motor control of yaw turns in {Anna's}
                 hummingbirds ({Calypte anna})",
  author      = "Altshuler, Douglas L and Quicazán-Rubio, Elsa M and Segre,
                 Paolo S and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract    = "The biomechanical and neuromuscular mechanisms used by
                 different animals to generate turns in flight are highly
                 variable. Body size and body plan exert some influence, e.g.
                 birds typically roll their body to orient forces generated by
                 the wings whereas insects are capable of turning via
                 left-right wingbeat asymmetries. Turns are also relatively
                 brief and have low repeatability, with almost every wingbeat
                 serving a different function throughout the change in heading.
                 Here we present an analysis of Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte
                 anna) as they fed continuously from an artificial feeder
                 revolving around the outside of the animal. This setup allowed
                 for examination of sustained changes in yaw without requiring
                 any corresponding changes in pitch, roll or body position.
                 Hummingbirds sustained yaw turns by expanding the wing stroke
                 amplitude of the outer wing during the downstroke and by
                 altering the deviation of the wingtip path during both
                 downstroke and upstroke. The latter led to a shift in the
                 inner-outer stroke plane angle during the upstroke and shifts
                 in the elevation of the stroke plane and in the deviation of
                 the wingtip path during both strokes. These features are
                 generally more similar to how insects, as opposed to birds,
                 turn. However, time series analysis also revealed considerable
                 stroke-to-stroke variation. Changes in the stroke amplitude
                 and the wingtip velocity were highly cross-correlated, as were
                 changes in the stroke deviation and the elevation of the
                 stroke plane. As was the case for wingbeat kinematics,
                 electromyogram recordings from pectoral and wing muscles were
                 highly variable, but no correlations were found between these
                 two features of motor control. The high variability of both
                 kinematic and muscle activation features indicates a high
                 level of wingbeat-to-wingbeat adjustments during sustained
                 yaw. The activation timing of the muscles was more repeatable
                 than the activation intensity, which suggests that the former
                 may be constrained by harmonic motion and that the latter may
                 play a large role in kinematic adjustments. Comparing the
                 revolution frequency of the feeder with measurements of free
                 flight yaws reveals that feeder tracking, even at one
                 revolution every 2 s, is well below the maximum yaw capacity
                 of the hummingbirds.",
  journal     = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  volume      =  215,
  number      = "Pt 23",
  pages       = "4070--4084",
  year        =  2012,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.075044",
  keywords    = "CF Growth/My computational cites;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0022-0949, 1477-9145",
  pmid        = "22933610",
  doi         = "10.1242/jeb.075044",
  original_id = "042e722d-73ec-0d02-986e-d4a4dd218c56"
}

@MISC{Middleton2007-nl,
  title       = "Foote {AMNH} Specimens",
  author      = "Middleton, Kevin M",
  year        =  2007,
  keywords    = "CV/Misc",
  original_id = "8bc6ed17-03da-052e-bdc1-92a38102b288"
}

@MISC{bradford_estimating_2011,
  title        = "Estimating bending mechanics of extant and fossil penguin
                  contour feathers",
  author       = "Bradford, Krystina K and Clarke, Julia A and Middleton, Kevin
                  M",
  year         =  2011,
  howpublished = "Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Las Vegas, NV.",
  keywords     = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id  = "27727c07-d564-0004-a8bd-4a9821b481f8"
}

@MISC{peacock_minimsc_2014,
  title        = "\textit{Minimsc} genotype increases resistance to bending in
                  mouse femora",
  author       = "Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R and Tanner, Courtney A
                  and Middleton, Kevin M",
  year         =  2014,
  howpublished = "MU Life Sciences Week 2014",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations",
  original_id  = "78ac9361-740b-0338-b623-db37ef05b97a"
}

@MISC{Holliday2014-be,
  title       = "Collaborative Research: Dinosaur Jaw Muscle Evolution and the
                 Origins of Avian Cranial Kinesis",
  author      = "Holliday, Casey M and Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence
                 M and Davis, Julian L",
  publisher   = "NSF DEB",
  year        =  2014,
  keywords    = "CV/Grants",
  original_id = "006bb65f-e84f-0d95-bfe2-9babe6f98341"
}

@ARTICLE{coats_cross_2011,
  title       = "Cross-sectional limb bone geometry in mice bred for high
                 levels of voluntary wheel running",
  author      = "Coats, Brittney R and Middleton, Kevin M and Kelly, Scott A
                 and Garland, Theodore",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  51,
  number      = "supplement 1",
  pages       = "e176",
  year        =  2011,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "b0242478-aa33-0fe0-a962-12ad86a66a15"
}

@ARTICLE{sellers_ontogeny_2015,
  title       = "Ontogeny and biomechanics of the {American alligator} skull",
  author      = "Sellers, Kaleb C and Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2015,
  pages       = "211",
  year        =  2015,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "8dc0ff6a-efa5-0a0e-aeeb-211f5be805a9"
}

@ARTICLE{johnson_comparative_2013,
  title       = "Comparative anatomy of flight and contour feathers in aquatic
                 birds",
  author      = "Johnson, Katherine E and Andrus, Christian J and Middleton,
                 Kevin M",
  journal     = "Integr. Comp. Biol.",
  volume      =  53,
  pages       = "e304",
  year        =  2013,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "1540-7063",
  original_id = "fbc3b808-5a7e-0f73-926e-17bf172345e7"
}

@ARTICLE{cost_biomechanics_2015,
  title       = "Biomechanics of the avian feeding apparatus",
  author      = "Cost, Ian N and Spates, Anthony and Sellers, Kaleb C and
                 Davis, Julian L and Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence M
                 and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts",
  volume      =  2015,
  pages       = "110",
  year        =  2015,
  keywords    = "Grants/NSF Report;Grants/NSF HRCT MRI;CV/Abstracts",
  original_id = "d9d605df-5f8e-06a3-8a11-becef1011716"
}

@ARTICLE{Malisch2016-ht,
  title       = "Acute restraint stress alters wheel-running behavior
                 immediately following stress and up to 20 hours later in house
                 mice",
  author      = "Malisch, Jessica L and deWolski, Karen and Meek, Thomas H and
                 Acosta, Wendy and Middleton, Kevin M and Crino, Ondi L and
                 Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  abstract    = "In vertebrates, acute stressors-although short in duration-can
                 influence physiology and behavior over a longer time course,
                 which might have important ramifications under natural
                 conditions. In laboratory rats, for example, acute stress has
                 been shown to increase anxiogenic behaviors for days after a
                 stressor. In this study, we quantified voluntary wheel-running
                 behavior for 22 h following a restraint stress and
                 glucocorticoid levels 24 h postrestraint. We utilized mice
                 from four replicate lines that have been selectively bred for
                 high voluntary wheel-running activity (HR mice) for 60
                 generations and their nonselected control (C) lines to examine
                 potential interactions between exercise propensity and
                 sensitivity to stress. Following 6 d of wheel access on a
                 12L∶12D photo cycle (0700-1900 hours, as during the routine
                 selective breeding protocol), 80 mice were physically
                 restrained for 40 min, beginning at 1400 hours, while another
                 80 were left undisturbed. Relative to unrestrained mice, wheel
                 running increased for both HR and C mice during the first hour
                 postrestraint (P < 0.0001) but did not differ 2 or 3 h
                 postrestraint. Wheel running was also examined at four
                 distinct phases of the photoperiod. Running in the period of
                 1600-1840 hours was unaffected by restraint stress and did not
                 differ statistically between HR and C mice. During the period
                 of peak wheel running (1920-0140 hours), restrained mice
                 tended to run fewer revolutions (-11\%; two-tailed P =
                 0.0733), while HR mice ran 473\% more than C (P = 0.0008),
                 with no restraint × line type interaction. Wheel running
                 declined for all mice in the latter part of the scotophase
                 (0140-0600 hours), restraint had no statistical effect on
                 wheel running, but HR again ran more than C (+467\%; P =
                 0.0122). Finally, during the start of the photophase
                 (0720-1200 hours), restraint increased running by an average
                 of 53\% (P = 0.0443) in both line types, but HR and C mice did
                 not differ statistically. Mice from HR lines had statistically
                 higher plasma corticosterone concentrations than C mice, with
                 no statistical effect of restraint and no interaction between
                 line type and restraint. Overall, these results indicate that
                 acute stress can affect locomotor activity (or activity
                 patterns) for many hours, with the most prominent effect being
                 an increase in activity during a period of typical inactivity
                 at the start of the photophase, 15-20 h poststressor.",
  journal     = "Physiol. Biochem. Zool.",
  volume      =  89,
  number      =  6,
  pages       = "546--552",
  year        =  2016,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/688660",
  keywords    = "behavior; corticosterone; glucocorticoids; locomotion;
                 selection experiment; stress; vigilance; voluntary
                 exercise;Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1522-2152, 1537-5293",
  pmid        = "27792529",
  doi         = "10.1086/688660",
  original_id = "0ff36dbe-ec67-0e30-89c4-10881e659896"
}

@ARTICLE{Goller2017-es,
  title       = "Visual sensory signals dominate tactile cues during docked
                 feeding in hummingbirds",
  author      = "Goller, Benjamin and Segre, Paolo S and Middleton, Kevin M and
                 Dickinson, Michael H and Altshuler, Douglas L",
  abstract    = "Animals living in and interacting with natural environments
                 must monitor and respond to changing conditions and
                 unpredictable situations. Using information from multiple
                 sensory systems allows them to modify their behavior in
                 response to their dynamic environment but also creates the
                 challenge of integrating different, and potentially
                 contradictory, sources of information for behavior control.
                 Understanding how multiple information streams are integrated
                 to produce flexible and reliable behavior is key to
                 understanding how behavior is controlled in natural settings.
                 Natural settings are rarely still, which challenges animals
                 that require precise body position control, like hummingbirds,
                 which hover while feeding from flowers. Tactile feedback,
                 available only once the hummingbird is docked at the flower,
                 could provide additional information to help maintain its
                 position at the flower. To investigate the role of tactile
                 information for hovering control during feeding, we first
                 asked whether hummingbirds physically interact with a feeder
                 once docked. We quantified physical interactions between
                 docked hummingbirds and a feeder placed in front of a
                 stationary background pattern. Force sensors on the feeder
                 measured a complex time course of loading that reflects the
                 wingbeat frequency and bill movement of feeding hummingbirds,
                 and suggests that they sometimes push against the feeder with
                 their bill. Next, we asked whether the measured tactile
                 interactions were used by feeding hummingbirds to maintain
                 position relative to the feeder. We created two experimental
                 scenarios – one in which the feeder was stationary and the
                 visual background moved and the other where the feeder moved
                 laterally in front of a white background. When the visual
                 background pattern moved, docked hummingbirds pushed
                 significantly harder in the direction of horizontal visual
                 motion. When the feeder moved, and the background was
                 stationary, hummingbirds generated aerodynamic force in the
                 opposite direction of the feeder motion. These results suggest
                 that docked hummingbirds are using visual information about
                 the environment to maintain body position and orientation, and
                 not actively tracking the motion of the feeder. The absence of
                 flower tracking behavior in hummingbirds contrasts with the
                 behavior of hawkmoths, and provides evidence that they rely
                 primarily on the visual background rather than flower-based
                 cues while feeding.",
  journal     = "Front. Neurosci.",
  volume      =  11,
  pages       = "622",
  year        =  2017,
  url         = "https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2017.00622",
  keywords    = "CF Growth/My computational cites;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "1662-4548, 1662-453X",
  doi         = "10.3389/fnins.2017.00622",
  original_id = "994dca9b-d366-04ac-9a40-074a20d7a7f4"
}

@ARTICLE{wilkin_modeling_2017,
  title       = "Modeling Complex Cranial Joints in {Varanus exanthematicus}",
  author      = "Wilkin, Alec T and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C and
                 Cost, Ian N and Davis, Julian L and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "577.5",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "6655e1b9-52a8-0cf7-b3ee-d5eb4cda49bf"
}

@ARTICLE{cost_biomechanics_2017,
  title       = "Biomechanics of the Feeding Apparatus of Parrots ({Aves:
                 Psittaciformes})",
  author      = "Cost, Ian N and Middleton, Kevin M and Witmer, Lawrence M and
                 Echols, M Scott and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "577.7",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "1bdb1cad-cdf9-0392-8d1c-9f8baa4a07f3"
}

@ARTICLE{smolinsky_comparing_2017,
  title       = "Comparing Femur Cross-sectional Morphology in Young Outbred
                 Mice Following Daily Exposure to Muscle-, Impact-, or Combined
                 Loading of the Hind Limb Skeleton",
  author      = "Smolinsky, Amanda N and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal     = "FASEB J.",
  volume      =  31,
  number      = "Supplement 1",
  pages       = "577.15",
  year        =  2017,
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/Bone;CV/Abstracts",
  issn        = "0892-6638",
  original_id = "fae83804-2a07-008a-9fe6-b332b435b284"
}

@ARTICLE{lavin_morphometrics_2008,
  title       = "Morphometrics of the avian small intestine compared with that
                 of nonflying mammals: a phylogenetic approach",
  author      = "Lavin, Shana R and Karasov, William H and Ives, Anthony R and
                 Middleton, Kevin M and Garland, Jr, Theodore",
  journal     = "Physiol. Biochem. Zool.",
  volume      =  81,
  number      =  5,
  pages       = "526--550",
  year        =  2008,
  url         = "http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=18754728&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks",
  keywords    = "Grants/Avian Kinesis;CV/Papers;Quantitative Methods",
  issn        = "1522-2152, 1537-5293",
  doi         = "10.1086/522641",
  original_id = "4a77a71a-8f8a-00f8-9982-6a4c94a213ef"
}

@INCOLLECTION{owerkowicz_respiratory_2015,
  title       = "Respiratory Turbinates and the Evolution of Endothermy in
                 Mammals and Birds",
  booktitle   = "Great Transformations in Vertebrate Evolution",
  author      = "Owerkowicz, Tomasz and Musinsky, Catherine and Middleton,
                 Kevin M and Crompton, Alfred Walter",
  editor      = "Dial, Kenneth P and Shubin, Neil H and Brainerd, Elizabeth L",
  publisher   = "University of Chicago Press",
  pages       = "143--166",
  year        =  2015,
  address     = "Chicago",
  keywords    = "CV/Book chapters",
  doi         = "10.7208/chicago/9780226268392.003.0009",
  original_id = "a9bee125-d25c-025f-891c-6113cde955b2"
}

@ARTICLE{Peacock2018-ty,
  title       = "Predicting the bending properties of long bones: Insights from
                 an experimental mouse model",
  author      = "Peacock, Sarah J and Coats, Brittney R and Kirkland, J Kyle
                 and Tanner, Courtney A and Garland, Jr, Theodore and
                 Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract    = "OBJECTIVES: Analyses of bone cross-sectional geometry are
                 frequently used by anthropologists and paleontologists to
                 infer the loading histories of past populations. To address
                 some underlying assumptions, we investigated the relative
                 roles of genetics and exercise on bone cross-sectional
                 geometry and bending mechanics in three mouse strains: high
                 bone density (C3H/He), low bone density (C57BL/6), and a
                 high-runner strain homozygous for the Myh4Minimscallele (MM).
                 METHODS AND MATERIALS: Weanlings of each strain were divided
                 into exercise (wheel) or control (sedentary) treatment groups
                 for a 7-week experimental period. Morphometrics of the femoral
                 mid-diaphysis and mechanical testing were used to assess both
                 theoretical and ex vivo bending mechanics. RESULTS: Across all
                 measured morphological and bending traits, we found relatively
                 small effects of exercise treatment compared to larger and
                 more frequent interstrain differences. In the exercised group,
                 total distance run over the experimental period was not a
                 predictor of any morphological or bending traits.
                 Cross-sectional geometry did not accurately predict bone
                 response to loading. DISCUSSION: Results from this
                 experimental model do not support hypothesized associations
                 among extreme exercise, cross-sectional geometry, and bending
                 mechanics. Our results suggest that analysis of
                 cross-sectional geometry alone is insufficient to predict
                 loading response, and questions the common assumption that
                 cross-sectional geometry differences are indicative of
                 differential loading history.",
  journal     = "Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",
  volume      =  165,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "457--470",
  year        =  2018,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23363",
  keywords    = "biomechanics; loading; mouse model; skeletal
                 plasticity;Alligator\_Morphology;xx Archived/AJPA
                 Reply;Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CF Growth/My
                 Bayes cites;Mouse/Mouse Reading List;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0002-9483, 1096-8644",
  pmid        = "29154456",
  doi         = "10.1002/ajpa.23363",
  original_id = "47837071-8aa6-0335-a1e9-e9dbb4d87305"
}

@MISC{Middleton2018-rt,
  title        = "Differential gene expression in mouse long bones and marrow
                  in response to three forms of mechanical loading",
  author       = "Middleton, Kevin M and Rahman, Aniqa J and Smolinsky, Amanda
                  N and Bivens, Nathan J and Bottoms, Christopher A and Givens,
                  Scott A and King, Elizabeth G",
  year         =  2018,
  howpublished = "University of Missouri Life Sciences Week",
  keywords     = "CV/Other presentations"
}

@UNPUBLISHED{Ngoma2018-he,
  title    = "The evolutionary potential of diet-dependent effects on lifespan
              and fecundity in a multi-parental population of
              \textit{Drosophila melanogaster}",
  author   = "Ng'oma, Enoch and Fidelis, Wilton and Middleton, Kevin and King,
              Elizabeth G",
  abstract = "The nutritional conditions experienced by a population play a
              major role in shaping trait evolution in many taxa. Constraints
              exerted by nutrient limitation or nutrient imbalance can
              influence the maximal value that fitness components such as
              reproduction and lifespan attains, and organisms may shift how
              resources are allocated to different structures and functions in
              response to changes in nutrition. Whether the phenotypic changes
              associated with changes in nutrition represent an adaptive
              response is largely unknown, and whether the response of fitness
              components to diet even has the potential to evolve in response
              to selection is not generally known. In this study, we use an
              admixed multiparental population of Drosophila melanogaster
              reared in three different diet conditions to estimate
              quantitative genetic parameters for lifespan and fecundity. We
              develop a new image analysis technique for estimating fecundity,
              removing the need to hand count eggs and use this method to show
              there is significant genetic variation for fecundity in our
              population. Our results also show that lifespan has moderate to
              high heritabilities within diets, and genetic correlations for
              lifespan between diets that are less than one demonstrate a
              genotype by diet interaction. These findings demonstrate
              substantial standing genetic variation in our population that is
              comparable to natural populations and highlights the potential
              for adaptation to changing nutritional environments.",
  journal  = "bioRxiv",
  pages    = "343947",
  month    =  jun,
  year     =  2018,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/343947",
  keywords = "CV/Preprints",
  doi      = "10.1101/343947"
}

@ARTICLE{Ngoma2018-aw,
  title    = "A model-based high throughput method for fecundity estimation in
              fruit fly studies",
  author   = "Ng'oma, Enoch and King, Elizabeth G and Middleton, Kevin M",
  abstract = "The ability to quantify fecundity is critically important to a
              wide range of experimental applications, particularly in
              widely-used model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster.
              However, the standard method of manually counting eggs is time
              consuming and limits the feasibility of large-scale experiments.
              We develop a predictive model to automate the counting of eggs
              from images of eggs removed from the media surface and washed
              onto dark filter paper. Our method uses the simple relationship
              between the white area in an image and the number of eggs present
              to create a predictive model that performs well even at high egg
              densities where clumping can complicate the individual
              identification of eggs. A cross-validation approach demonstrates
              our method performs well, with a correlation between predicted
              and manually counted values of 0.88. We show how this method can
              be applied to a large data set where egg densities vary widely.",
  journal  = "Fly",
  volume   =  12,
  number   = "3-4",
  pages    = "183--190",
  year     =  2018,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19336934.2018.1562267",
  keywords = "Drosophila melanogaster; cross-validation; fecundity; image
              analysis; quantitative biological imaging;Grants/NIH Aging
              Phenotypes/Methods;CF Growth/My computational cites;CV/Papers",
  issn     = "1933-6934, 1933-6942",
  pmid     = "30580661",
  doi      = "10.1080/19336934.2018.1562267"
}

@ARTICLE{Ngoma2019-gq,
  title    = "The evolutionary potential of diet-dependent effects on lifespan
              and fecundity in a multi-parental population of {Drosophila
              melanogaster}",
  author   = "Ng'oma, Enoch and Fidelis, Wilton and Middleton, Kevin M and
              King, Elizabeth G",
  abstract = "The nutritional conditions experienced by a population have a
              major role in shaping trait evolution in many taxa. Constraints
              exerted by nutrient limitation or nutrient imbalance can
              influence the maximal value that fitness components such as
              reproduction and lifespan attains, and organisms may shift how
              resources are allocated to different structures and functions in
              response to changes in nutrition. Whether the phenotypic changes
              associated with changes in nutrition represent an adaptive
              response is largely unknown. Further, it is unclear whether the
              response of fitness components to diet even has the potential to
              evolve in most systems. In this study, we use an admixed
              multi-parental population of Drosophila melanogaster reared in
              three different diet conditions to estimate quantitative genetic
              parameters for lifespan and fecundity. We find significant
              genetic variation for both traits in our population and show that
              lifespan has moderate to high heritabilities within diets.
              Genetic correlations for lifespan between diets were
              significantly less than one, demonstrating a strong genotype by
              diet interaction. These findings demonstrate substantial standing
              genetic variation in our population that is comparable to natural
              populations and highlights the potential for adaptation to
              changing nutritional environments.",
  journal  = "Heredity",
  volume   =  122,
  number   =  5,
  pages    = "582--594",
  year     =  2019,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-018-0154-2",
  keywords = "CF Growth/My computational cites;CV/Papers;Teaching/EvoBio 2020",
  issn     = "0018-067X, 1365-2540",
  pmid     = "30356225",
  doi      = "10.1038/s41437-018-0154-2",
  pmc      = "PMC6461879"
}

@ARTICLE{kolb_erythropoietin_2010,
  title       = "Erythropoietin elevates {VO2,max} but not voluntary wheel
                 running in mice",
  author      = "Kolb, E M and Kelly, S A and Middleton, K M and Sermsakdi, L S
                 and Chappell, M A and Garland, Jr, T",
  abstract    = "Voluntary activity is a complex trait, comprising both
                 behavioral (motivation, reward) and anatomical/physiological
                 (ability) elements. In the present study, oxygen transport was
                 investigated as a possible limitation to further increases in
                 running by four replicate lines of mice that have been
                 selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running and have
                 reached an apparent selection limit. To increase oxygen
                 transport capacity, erythrocyte density was elevated by the
                 administration of an erythropoietin (EPO) analogue. Mice were
                 given two EPO injections, two days apart, at one of two dose
                 levels (100 or 300 microg kg(-1)). Hemoglobin concentration
                 ([Hb]), maximal aerobic capacity during forced treadmill
                 exercise (VO2,max) and voluntary wheel running were measured.
                 [Hb] did not differ between high runner (HR) and non-selected
                 control (C) lines without EPO treatment. Both doses of EPO
                 significantly (P<0.0001) increased [Hb] as compared with
                 sham-injected animals, with no difference in [Hb] between the
                 100 microg kg(-1) and 300 microg kg(-1) dose levels (overall
                 mean of 4.5 g dl(-1) increase). EPO treatment significantly
                 increased VO2,max by approximately 5\% in both the HR and C
                 lines, with no dose x line type interaction. However, wheel
                 running (revolutions per day) did not increase with EPO
                 treatment in either the HR or C lines, and in fact
                 significantly decreased at the higher dose in both line types.
                 These results suggest that neither [Hb] per se nor VO2,max is
                 limiting voluntary wheel running in the HR lines. Moreover, we
                 hypothesize that the decrease in wheel running at the higher
                 dose of EPO may reflect direct action on the reward pathway of
                 the brain.",
  journal     = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  volume      =  213,
  number      =  3,
  pages       = "510--519",
  year        =  2010,
  url         = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.029074",
  keywords    = "Grants/NIH Aging Phenotypes/HR-MM Mice;CV/Papers",
  issn        = "0022-0949, 1477-9145",
  pmid        = "20086137",
  doi         = "10.1242/jeb.029074",
  original_id = "10accf7e-b5e8-0960-abff-3aa0f4e35745"
}

@ARTICLE{Middleton2019-si,
  title    = "Creation of a Novel Inbred Mouse Model for High Activity with a
              Small Muscle Phenotype",
  author   = "Middleton, K M and Smolinsky, A N and Garland, Jr, T",
  journal  = "FASEB J.",
  volume   = "769.1",
  year     =  2019,
  keywords = "CV/Abstracts",
  issn     = "0892-6638"
}

@ARTICLE{Peacock2018-uz,
  title    = "Reply to {Ruff, Warden, and Karlson}",
  author   = "Peacock, Sarah J and Garland, Jr, Theodore and Middleton, Kevin M",
  journal  = "Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.",
  volume   =  167,
  number   =  1,
  pages    = "190--193",
  year     =  2018,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23614",
  keywords = "CF Growth/My Bayes cites;CV/Papers",
  issn     = "0002-9483, 1096-8644",
  pmid     = "29900531",
  doi      = "10.1002/ajpa.23614"
}

@ARTICLE{Cost2020-jo,
  title    = "Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in
              {Tyrannosaurus} rex",
  author   = "Cost, Ian N and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C and
              Echols, Michael Scott and Witmer, Lawrence M and Davis, Julian L
              and Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract = "The extinct nonavian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex, considered one
              of the hardest biting animals ever, is often hypothesized to have
              exhibited cranial kinesis, or, mobility of cranial joints
              relative to the braincase. Cranial kinesis in T. rex is a
              biomechanical paradox in that forcefully biting tetrapods usually
              possess rigid skulls instead of skulls with movable joints. We
              tested the biomechanical performance of a tyrannosaur skull using
              a series of static positions mimicking possible excursions of the
              palate to evaluate Postural Kinetic Competency in Tyrannosaurus.
              A functional extant phylogenetic bracket was employed using taxa,
              which exhibit measurable palatal excursions: Psittacus erithacus
              (fore-aft movement) and Gekko gecko (mediolateral movement).
              Static finite element models of Psittacus, Gekko, and
              Tyrannosaurus were constructed and tested with different palatal
              postures using anatomically informed material properties, loaded
              with muscle forces derived from dissection, phylogenetic
              bracketing, and a sensitivity analysis of muscle architecture and
              tested in orthal biting simulations using element strain as a
              proxy for model performance. Extant species models showed lower
              strains in naturally occurring postures compared to alternatives.
              We found that fore-aft and neutral models of Tyrannosaurus
              experienced lower overall strains than mediolaterally shifted
              models. Protractor muscles dampened palatal strains, while
              occipital constraints increased strains about palatocranial
              joints compared to jaw joint constraints. These loading behaviors
              suggest that even small excursions can strain elements beyond
              structural failure. Thus, these postural tests of kinesis, along
              with the robusticity of other cranial features, suggest that the
              skull of Tyrannosaurus was functionally akinetic. Anat Rec,
              303:999-1017, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
  journal  = "Anat. Rec.",
  volume   =  303,
  number   =  4,
  pages    = "999--1017",
  year     =  2020,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24219",
  keywords = "Tyrannosaurus; bird; cranial kinesis; finite element model; jaw
              muscles; lizard; skull;CV/Papers",
  issn     = "1932-8486, 1932-8494",
  pmid     = "31260190",
  doi      = "10.1002/ar.24219"
}

@ARTICLE{Wilken2019-so,
  title    = "The roles of joint tissues and jaw muscles in palatal
              biomechanics of the {Savannah} monitor ({Varanus exanthematicus})
              and their significance for cranial kinesis",
  author   = "Wilken, Alec T and Middleton, Kevin M and Sellers, Kaleb C and
              Cost, Ian N and Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract = "Numerous vertebrates exhibit cranial kinesis, or movement between
              bones of the skull and mandible other than at the jaw joint. Many
              kinetic species possess a particular suite of features to
              accomplish this movement, including flexible cranial joints and
              protractor musculature. Whereas the musculoskeletal anatomy of
              these kinetic systems is well understood, how these joints are
              biomechanically loaded, how different soft tissues affect joint
              loading and kinetic capacity, and how the protractor musculature
              loads the skull remain poorly understood. Here, we present a
              finite element model of the savannah monitor, Varanus
              exanthematicus, a modestly kinetic lizard, to better elucidate
              the roles of soft tissue in mobile joints and protractor
              musculature in cranial loading. We describe the 3D resultants of
              jaw muscles and the histology of palatobasal, otic and jaw
              joints. We tested the effects of joint tissue type, bite point
              and muscle load to evaluate the biomechanical role of muscles on
              the palate and braincase. We found that the jaw muscles have
              significant mediolateral components that can impart stability
              across palatocranial joints. Articular tissues affect the
              magnitude of strains experienced around the palatobasal and otic
              joints. Without protractor muscle loading, the palate, quadrate
              and braincase experience higher strains, suggesting this muscle
              helps insulate the braincase and palatoquadrate from high loads.
              We found that the cross-sectional properties of the bones of V.
              exanthematicus are well suited for performing under torsional
              loads. These findings suggest that torsional loading regimes may
              have played a more important role in the evolution of cranial
              kinesis in lepidosaurs than previously appreciated.",
  journal  = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  volume   =  222,
  number   = "Pt 18",
  pages    = "1--14",
  year     =  2019,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201459",
  keywords = "Biomechanics; Cranial Kinesis; Evolution; Reptile; Skull;
              Cartilage; Muscle loading;CV/Papers",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "0022-0949, 1477-9145",
  pmid     = "31481636",
  doi      = "10.1242/jeb.201459"
}

@MISC{Sherwood2019-gu,
  title     = "Craniofacial Growth Prediction in Different Facial Types",
  author    = "Sherwood, Richard J",
  publisher = "NIH",
  year      =  2019,
  keywords  = "CV/Grants"
}

@ARTICLE{Tsai2020-zm,
  title    = "More than one way to be a giant: Convergence and disparity in the
              hip joints of saurischian dinosaurs",
  author   = "Tsai, Henry P and Middleton, Kevin M and Hutchinson, John R and
              Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract = "Saurischian dinosaurs evolved seven orders of magnitude in body
              mass, as well as a wide diversity of hip joint morphology and
              locomotor postures. The very largest saurischians possess
              incongruent bony hip joints, suggesting that large volumes of
              soft tissues mediated hip articulation. To understand the
              evolutionary trends and functional relationships between body
              size and hip anatomy of saurischians, we tested the relationships
              among discrete and continuous morphological characters using
              phylogenetically corrected regression. Giant theropods and
              sauropods convergently evolved highly cartilaginous hip joints by
              reducing supraacetabular ossifications, a condition unlike that
              in early dinosauromorphs. However, transitions in femoral and
              acetabular soft tissues indicate that large sauropods and
              theropods built their hip joints in fundamentally different ways.
              In sauropods, the femoral head possesses irregularly rugose
              subchondral surfaces for thick hyaline cartilage. Hip
              articulation was achieved primarily using the highly
              cartilaginous femoral head and the supraacetabular labrum on the
              acetabular ceiling. In contrast, theropods covered their femoral
              head and neck with thinner hyaline cartilage and maintained
              extensive articulation between the fibrocartilaginous femoral
              neck and the antitrochanter. These findings suggest that the hip
              joints of giant sauropods were built to sustain large compressive
              loads, whereas those of giant theropods experienced compression
              and shear forces.",
  journal  = "Evolution",
  volume   =  74,
  number   =  8,
  pages    = "1654--1681",
  year     =  2020,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.14017",
  keywords = "Allometry; cartilage; dinosaurs; fossils; locomotion;
              paleobiology;CV/Papers",
  issn     = "0014-3820, 1558-5646",
  pmid     = "32433795",
  doi      = "10.1111/evo.14017"
}

@ARTICLE{Wilken2020-wf,
  title    = "Connecting the chondrocranium: Biomechanics of the suspensorium
              in reptiles",
  author   = "Wilken, Alec T and Sellers, Kaleb C and Cost, Ian N and Rozin,
              Rachel E and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  journal  = "Vertebrate Zoology",
  volume   =  70,
  number   =  3,
  pages    = "275--290",
  year     =  2020,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-02",
  keywords = "CV/Papers",
  issn     = "1864-5755",
  doi      = "10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-02"
}

@ARTICLE{Boeyer2020-hp,
  title    = "Estimating peak height velocity in individuals: a response to
              {Cole} (2020)",
  author   = "Boeyer, Melanie E and Middleton, Kevin M and Duren, Dana L and
              Leary, Emily V",
  journal  = "Ann. Hum. Biol.",
  volume   =  47,
  number   =  6,
  pages    = "585--586",
  month    =  sep,
  year     =  2020,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2020.1837954",
  keywords = "CV/Papers",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "0301-4460, 1464-5033",
  pmid     = "33059487",
  doi      = "10.1080/03014460.2020.1837954",
  pmc      = "PMC7703697"
}

@ARTICLE{Hardin2022-qr,
  title    = "Estimating Craniofacial Growth Cessation: Comparison of
              Asymptote- and {Rate-Based} Methods",
  author   = "Hardin, Anna M and Knigge, Ryan P and Oh, Hee Soo and Valiathan,
              Manish and Duren, Dana L and McNulty, Kieran P and Middleton,
              Kevin M and Sherwood, Richard J",
  abstract = "OBJECTIVE: To identify differences between asymptote- and
              rate-based methods for estimating age and size at growth
              cessation in linear craniofacial measurements. DESIGN: This is a
              retrospective, longitudinal study. Five linear measurements were
              collected from lateral cephalograms as part of the Craniofacial
              Growth Consortium Study (CGCS). Four estimates of growth
              cessation, including 2 asymptote- (GCasym, GCerr) and 2
              rate-based (GCabs, GC10\%) methods, from double logistic models
              of craniofacial growth were compared. PARTICIPANTS: Cephalometric
              data from participants in 6 historic longitudinal growth studies
              were included in the CGCS. At least 1749 individuals (870
              females, 879 males), unaffected by craniofacial anomalies, were
              included in all analyses. Individuals were represented by a
              median of 11 images between 2.5 and 31.3 years of age. RESULTS:
              GCasym consistently occurred before GCerr and GCabs consistently
              occurred before GC10\% within the rate-based approaches. The
              ordering of the asymptote-based methods compared to the
              rate-based methods was not consistent across measurements or
              between males and females. Across the 5 measurements, age at
              growth cessation ranged from 13.56 (females, nasion-basion,
              GCasym) to 24.39 (males, sella-gonion, GCerr). CONCLUSIONS:
              Adolescent growth cessation is an important milestone for
              treatment planning. Based on our findings, we recommend careful
              consideration of specific definitions of growth cessation in both
              clinical and research settings since the most appropriate
              estimation method may differ according to patients' needs. The
              different methods presented here provide useful estimates of
              growth cessation that can be applied to raw data and to a variety
              of statistical models of craniofacial growth.",
  journal  = "Cleft Palate Craniofac. J.",
  volume   =  59,
  number   =  2,
  pages    = "230--238",
  month    =  feb,
  year     =  2022,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10556656211002675",
  keywords = "cephalometry; craniofacial growth; craniofacial morphology;
              facial growth;CV/Papers;XS\_Longitudinal",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "1055-6656, 1545-1569",
  pmid     = "33998905",
  doi      = "10.1177/10556656211002675"
}

@MISC{Lough2020-lj,
  title        = "Mechanical Comparison of {3D-Printed} Plates and Screws for
                  Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Fractures",
  author       = "Lough, Connor and Bezold, Will and Feltz, Kevin and
                  Middleton, Kevin M and Skelley, Nathan and Gieg, Samuel",
  year         =  2020,
  howpublished = "AOSSM 2020 Annual Meeting",
  keywords     = "CV/Abstracts"
}

@ARTICLE{Cost2022-zj,
  title    = "{2D} and {3D} visualizations of archosaur jaw muscle mechanics,
              ontogeny and phylogeny using ternary diagrams and {3D} modeling",
  author   = "Cost, Ian N and Sellers, Kaleb C and Rozin, Rachel E and Spates,
              Anthony T and Middleton, Kevin M and Holliday, Casey M",
  abstract = "Comparing patterns of performance and kinematics across behavior,
              development and phylogeny is crucial to understand the evolution
              of complex musculoskeletal systems such as the feeding apparatus.
              However, conveying 3D spatial data of muscle orientation
              throughout a feeding cycle, ontogenetic pathway or phylogenetic
              lineage is essential to understanding the function and evolution
              of the skull in vertebrates. Here, we detail the use of ternary
              plots for displaying and comparing the 3D orientation of muscle
              data. First, we illustrate changes in 3D jaw muscle resultants
              during jaw closing taxa the American alligator (Alligator
              mississippiensis). Second, we show changes in 3D muscle
              resultants of jaw muscles across an ontogenetic series of
              alligators. Third, we compare 3D resultants of jaw muscles of
              avian-line dinosaurs, including extant (Struthio camelus, Gallus
              gallus, Psittacus erithacus) and extinct (Tyrannosaurus rex)
              species to outline the reorganization of jaw muscles that
              occurred along the line to modern birds. Finally, we compare 3D
              resultants of jaw muscles of the hard-biting species in our
              sample (A. mississippiensis, T. rex, P. erithacus) to illustrate
              how disparate jaw muscle resultants are employed in convergent
              behaviors in archosaurs. Our findings show that these
              visualizations of 3D components of jaw muscles are immensely
              helpful towards identifying patterns of cranial performance,
              growth and diversity. These tools will prove useful for testing
              other hypotheses in functional morphology, comparative
              biomechanics, ecomorphology and organismal evolution.",
  journal  = "J. Exp. Biol.",
  volume   =  225,
  number   = "Suppl1",
  month    =  feb,
  year     =  2022,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243216",
  keywords = "3D visualization; Archosaur; Biomechanics; Orientation; Ternary
              diagram;CV/Papers",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "0022-0949, 1477-9145",
  pmid     = "35119075",
  doi      = "10.1242/jeb.243216"
}

@ARTICLE{Knigge2022-sq,
  title    = "Craniofacial growth and morphology among intersecting clinical
              categories",
  author   = "Knigge, Ryan P and Hardin, Anna M and Middleton, Kevin M and
              McNulty, Kieran P and Oh, Heesoo and Valiathan, Manish and Duren,
              Dana L and Sherwood, Richard J",
  abstract = "Differential patterns of craniofacial growth are important
              sources of variation that can result in skeletal malocclusion.
              Understanding the timing of growth milestones and morphological
              change associated with adult skeletal malocclusions is critical
              for developing individualized orthodontic growth modification
              strategies. To identify patterns in the timing and geometry of
              growth, we used Bayesian modeling of cephalometrics and geometric
              morphometric analyses with a dense, longitudinal sample
              consisting of 15,407 cephalograms from 1,913 individuals between
              2 and 31 years of age. Individuals were classified into vertical
              facial types (hyper-, normo-, hypo-divergent) and anteroposterior
              (A-P) skeletal classes (Class I, Class II, Class III) based on
              adult mandibular plane angle and ANB angle, respectively. These
              classifications yielded eight facial type-skeletal class
              categories with sufficient sample sizes to be included in the
              study. Four linear cephalometrics representing facial heights and
              maxillary and mandibular lengths were fit to standard double
              logistic model generating type-class category-specific estimates
              for age, size, and rate of growth at growth milestones. Mean
              landmark configurations were compared among type-class categories
              at four time points between 6 and 20 years of age. Overall,
              morphology and growth patterns were more similar within vertical
              facial types than within A-P classes and variation among A-P
              classes typically nested within variation among vertical types.
              Further, type-class-associated variation in the rate and
              magnitude of growth in specific regions identified here may serve
              as targets for clinical treatment of complex vertical and A-P
              skeletal malocclusion and provide a clearer picture of the
              development of variation in craniofacial form.",
  journal  = "Anat. Rec.",
  month    =  jan,
  year     =  2022,
  url      = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.24870",
  keywords = "cephalometrics; craniofacial growth; geometric morphometrics;
              growth modeling; malocclusion;CV/Papers",
  language = "en",
  issn     = "1932-8486, 1932-8494",
  pmid     = "35076186",
  doi      = "10.1002/ar.24870"
}